<div dir="ltr"><div>I am mystified how you can be using the numbers package with mypy. Example:<br><br>import numbers<br>def f(a: numbers.Integral, b: numbers.Integral) -> numbers.Integral:<br> return a + b<br>f(12, 12)<br><br></div>This gives an two errors on the last line when checked by mypy:<br><br>_.py:10: error: Argument 1 to "f" has incompatible type "int"; expected "Integral"<br>_.py:10: error: Argument 2 to "f" has incompatible type "int"; expected "Integral"<br><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Feb 13, 2018 at 1:21 AM, Sylvain MARIE <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sylvain.marie@schneider-electric.com" target="_blank">sylvain.marie@schneider-electric.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">The main use case I had in mind was PEP484-based type hinting/checking actually:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">def my_function(foo: Boolean):<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> pass<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">explicitly states that my_function accepts any Boolean value, whether it is a python bool or a np.bool that would come from a numpy
array or pandas dataframe.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Note that type hinting is also the use case for which I make extensive use of the types from the ‘numbers’ package, for the same reasons.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Sylvain<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">De :</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> Python-ideas [mailto:<a href="mailto:python-ideas-bounces%2Bsylvain.marie" target="_blank">python-ideas-bounces+<wbr>sylvain.marie</a>=<a href="mailto:schneider-electric.com@python.org" target="_blank">schneider-<wbr>electric.com@python.org</a>]
<b>De la part de</b> David Mertz<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> mardi 13 février 2018 07:08<br>
<b>À :</b> Nick Coghlan <<a href="mailto:ncoghlan@gmail.com" target="_blank">ncoghlan@gmail.com</a>><span class=""><br>
<b>Cc :</b> python-ideas <<a href="mailto:python-ideas@python.org" target="_blank">python-ideas@python.org</a>><br>
<b>Objet :</b> Re: [Python-ideas] Boolean ABC similar to what's provided in the 'numbers' module<u></u><u></u></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'm not sure I'm convinced by Sylvain that Boolean needs to be an ABC in the standard library; Guido expresses skepticism. Of course it is possible to define it in some other library that actually needs to use `isinstance(x, Boolean)`
as Sylvain demonstraits in his post. I'm not sure I'm unconvinced either, I can see a certain value to saying a given value is "fully round-trippable to bool" (as is np.bool_).<u></u><u></u></p><div><div class="h5">
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<p class="MsoNormal">But just for anyone who doesn't know NumPy, here's a quick illustration of what I alluded to:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [1]: import numpy as np</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [2]: arr = np.array([7,8,12,33])</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [3]: ndx1 = np.array([0,1,1,0], dtype=int)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [4]: ndx2 = np.array([0,1,1,0], dtype=bool)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [5]: arr[ndx1]</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">Out[5]: array([7, 8, 8, 7])</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [6]: arr[ndx2]</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">Out[6]: array([ 8, 12])</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">ndx1 and ndx2 are both nice things (and are both often programmatically constructed by operations in NumPy). But indexing using ndx1 gives us an array of the things in the listed
<i>positions</i> in arr. In this case, we happen to choose two each of the things an index 0 and index 1 in the result.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Indexing by ndx2 gives us a filter of only those positions in arr corresponding to 'True's. These are both nice things to be able to do, but if NumPy's True was a special kind of 1, it wouldn't
work out unambiguously. However, recent versions of NumPy <b>have</b> gotten a bit smarter about recognizing the special type of Python bools, so it's less of a trap than it used to be. Still, contrast these (using actual Python lists for the indexes:</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [10]: arr[[False, True, True, False]]</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">Out[10]: array([ 8, 12])</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">In [11]: arr[[False, True, 1, 0]]</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">Out[11]: array([7, 8, 8, 7])</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Feb 12, 2018 at 7:50 PM, Nick Coghlan <<a href="mailto:ncoghlan@gmail.com" target="_blank">ncoghlan@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 13 February 2018 at 02:14, David Mertz <<a href="mailto:mertz@gnosis.cx" target="_blank">mertz@gnosis.cx</a>> wrote:<br>
> NumPy np.bool_ is specifically not a subclass of any np.int_. If it we're,<br>
> there would be an ambiguity between indexing with a Boolean array and an<br>
> array of ints. Both are meaningful, but they mean different things (mask vs<br>
> collection of indices).<br>
><br>
> Do we have other examples a Python ABC that exists to accommodate something<br>
> outside the standard library or builtins? Even if not, NumPy is special...<br>
> the actual syntax for '@' exists primarily for that library!<br>
<br>
collections.abc.Sequence and collections.abc.Mapping come to mind -<br>
the standard library doesn't tend to distinguish between different<br>
kinds of subscriptable objects, but it's a distinction some third<br>
party libraries and tools want to be able to make reliably.<br>
<br>
The other comparison that comes to mind would be the distinction<br>
between "__int__" ("can be coerced to an integer, but may lose<br>
information in the process") and "__index__" ("can be losslessly<br>
converted to and from a builtin integer").<br>
<br>
Right now, we only define boolean coercion via "__bool__" - there's no<br>
mechanism to say "this *is* a boolean value that can be losslessly<br>
converted to and from the builtin boolean constants". That isn't a<br>
distinction the standard library makes, but it sounds like it's one<br>
that NumPy cares about (and NumPy was also the main driver for<br>
introducing __index__).<br>
<br>
Cheers,<br>
Nick.<br>
<span style="color:#888888"><br>
<span class="m_2304813413010937753hoenzb">--</span><br>
<span class="m_2304813413010937753hoenzb">Nick Coghlan | <a href="mailto:ncoghlan@gmail.com" target="_blank">ncoghlan@gmail.com</a> | Brisbane, Australia</span></span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<br clear="all">
<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">-- <u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Keeping medicines from the bloodstreams of the sick; food <br>
from the bellies of the hungry; books from the hands of the <br>
uneducated; technology from the underdeveloped; and putting <br>
advocates of freedom in prisons. Intellectual property is<br>
to the 21st century what the slave trade was to the 16th.<u></u><u></u></p>
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