<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Wed, 22 Jul 2015 at 18:01 Steven D'Aprano <<a href="mailto:steve@pearwood.info">steve@pearwood.info</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<br>
I think that the critical factor there is that it is all in the past tense.<br>
Today, I believe, the vast majority of mathematicians fall into two camps:<br>
<br>
(1) Those who just use numbers without worrying about defining them in some<br>
deep or fundamental sense;<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Probably. I'd say that worrying too much about the true essence of numbers is just Platonism. Numbers are a construct (a very useful one). There are many other constructs used within mathematics and there are numerous ways to connect them or define them in terms of each other. Usually these are referred to as "connections" or sometimes more formally as "isomorphisms" and they can be useful but don't need to have any metaphysical meaning.<br><br></div><div>Conventional mathematics treats the natural numbers as subsets of the complex numbers and usually treats the complex numbers as the most basic type of numbers. Exactly how you construct this out of sets is not as important as the usefulness of this concept when actually trying to use numbers.<br><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
(2) Those who understand Gödel and have given up or rejected Russell's<br>
program to define mathematics in terms of pure logic.<br></blockquote><snip><br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
It's that I think that Russell's program is a degenerate research program<br>
and irrelevant paradigm abandoned by nearly everyone. Not only does Gödel<br>
prove the impossibility of Russell's attempt to ground mathematics in pure<br>
logic, but mathematicians have by and large rejected Russell's paradigm as<br>
irrelevant, like quintessence or aether to physicists, or how many angels<br>
can dance on the head of a pin to theologians. In simple terms, hardly<br>
anyone cares how you define numbers, so long as the definition gives you<br>
arithmetic.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Actually in the decades since the incompleteness theorems were published much of mathematics has simply ignored the problem. Hilbert's idea to construct everything out of formal systems of axioms and proof rules continues to be pushed to its limits. This is now a standard approach in the literature, in textbooks and published papers, and in undergraduate programs. In contrast Gödel's (Platonist IMO) intuitionist idea of mathematical proof is ignored.<br><br>The thing is that it turns out that even if you can't prove everything then you can at least prove a lot: Gödel demonstrated the existence of at least one unprovable theorem. Since we know that there are loads of unproven theorems and that loads of them continue to be proven all the time we clearly haven't yet hit any kind of "Gödel limit" that would impede further progress.<br></div><div> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Quoting Wikipedia:<br>
<br>
"In the years following Gödel's theorems, as it became clear that there is<br>
no hope of proving consistency of mathematics, and with development of<br>
axiomatic set theories such as Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and the lack of<br>
any evidence against its consistency, most mathematicians lost interest in<br>
the topic."<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>They lost interest in the topic of proving consistency, completeness etc. They didn't lose interest in creating an explosion of different sets of axioms and proof systems, studying the limits of each and trying to push as much of conventional mathematics as possible into grand frameworks.<br><br></div><div>For a modern example of Hilbert's legacy take a look at these guys:<br><br> <a href="http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems.html">http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems.html</a><br><br>They've tried to construct all of mathematics out of set theory using a fully formal (computer verifiable) proof database. They define the natural numbers as a subset of the complex numbers:<br><br> <a href="http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems87.html#mm8625s">http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems87.html#mm8625s</a><br></div><div><br>The complex numbers themselves are defined in terms of the ordinal numbers which are similar to the natural numbers but have a distinct definition in terms of sets:<br><br> <a href="http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems77.html#mm7635s">http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/mmtheorems77.html#mm7635s</a><br></div><div><br>I think they did it that way because it's just too awkward if the complex number 1 isn't the same as the natural number 1.<br></div><div><br>--<br></div><div>Oscar<br></div></div></div>