Quantum Hall effect in graphene

Dear all, I am trying to use kwant to reproduce the QHE in graphene. I combine the example in qhe.py and graphene.py provided in the official website(see the code below).However, I got the following error when I plot out the wavefunction at energy = 0: RuntimeError: Numbers of left- and right-propagating modes differ, possibly due to a numerical instability. Moreover, if I don't choose energy = 0, say energy = 0.1, then the error disappear. However, I cannot recover the plateaus in the plot of conductance. Lastly, it is correct to change t -> t*sigma_0 in order to extract the distribution of spin(i.e. choosing the odd /even elements in the wavefunction by [1::2]/[0::2]) in this case? Thank you. Best, Johnny Code: # Tutorial 2.5. Beyond square lattices: graphene # ============================================== # # Physics background # ------------------ # Transport through a graphene quantum dot with a pn-junction # # Kwant features highlighted # -------------------------- # - Application of all the aspects of tutorials 1-3 to a more complicated # lattice, namely graphene #execfile('C:/Users/wtc/Google Drive/Linnian/plot_graphene.py') from __future__ import division # so that 1/2 == 0.5, and not 0 from math import pi, sqrt, tanh import random import kwant import numpy as np # For computing eigenvalues import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla # For plotting from matplotlib import pyplot # Define the graphene lattice sin_30, cos_30 = (1 / 2, sqrt(3) / 2) graphene = kwant.lattice.general([(1, 0), (sin_30, cos_30)], [(0, 0), (0, 1 / sqrt(3))]) a, b = graphene.sublattices Bs = np.linspace(4,50,200) t = -1 def make_system(r=10, w=2.0, pot=0.1): #### Define the scattering region. #### # circular scattering region def circle(pos): x, y = pos return x ** 2 + y ** 2 < r ** 2 #return y > (abs(x)*np.tan(np.pi/3) -size) and y < size sys = kwant.Builder() # w: width and pot: potential maximum of the p-n junction def potential(site): (x, y) = site.pos d = y * cos_30 + x * sin_30 return pot * tanh(d / w) def hopping2(site1, site2, phi = 0,salt=0): xt, yt = site1.pos xs, ys = site2.pos return -t * np.exp(-1j * phi * (xt-xs) *(yt+ys)) sys[graphene.shape(circle, (0, 0))] = 0 # specify the hoppings of the graphene lattice in the # format expected by builder.HoppingKind hoppings = (((0, 0), a, b), ((0, 1), a, b), ((-1, 1), a, b)) sys[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2 # Modify the scattering region # del sys[a(0, 0)] # del sys[a(5, 5)] # del sys[a(5,5)] # sys[a(-2, 1), b(2, 2)] = -1 #### Define the leads. #### # left lead sym0 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((-1, 0))) def lead0_shape(pos): x, y = pos return (-0.4 * r < y < 0.4 * r) lead0 = kwant.Builder(sym0) lead0[graphene.shape(lead0_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead0[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2 # The second lead, going to the top right sym1 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((0, 1))) def lead1_shape(pos): v = pos[1] * sin_30 - pos[0] * cos_30 return (-0.4 * r < v < 0.4 * r) lead1 = kwant.Builder(sym1) lead1[graphene.shape(lead1_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead1[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2 return sys, [lead0, lead1] def compute_evs(sys): # Compute some eigenvalues of the closed system sparse_mat = sys.hamiltonian_submatrix(sparse=True) evs = sla.eigs(sparse_mat, 2)[0] print evs.real def plot_conductance(sys, energy): # Compute transmission as a function of energy data = [] for phi in Bs: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy,args =[phi,""]) data.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1)) pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(Bs, data) pyplot.xlabel("energy [t]") pyplot.ylabel("conductance [e^2/h]") pyplot.show() def plot_bandstructure(flead, momenta): bands = kwant.physics.Bands(flead) energies = [bands(k) for k in momenta] pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(momenta, energies) pyplot.xlabel("momentum [(lattice constant)^-1]") pyplot.ylabel("energy [t]") pyplot.show() def density(sys, energy, args, lead_nr): wf = kwant.wave_function(sys, energy, args) return (abs(wf(lead_nr))**2).sum(axis=0) def main(): pot = 0.1 energy = 0.0 sys, leads = make_system(pot=pot) # To highlight the two sublattices of graphene, we plot one with # a filled, and the other one with an open circle: def family_colors(site): return 0 if site.family == a else 1 # Plot the closed system without leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, colorbar=False) # Compute some eigenvalues. compute_evs(sys.finalized()) # Attach the leads to the system. for lead in leads: sys.attach_lead(lead) # Then, plot the system with leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, lead_site_lw=0, colorbar=False) # Finalize the system. sys = sys.finalized() # Compute the band structure of lead 0. momenta = [-4*pi + 0.02 * 4*pi * i for i in xrange(101)] plot_bandstructure(sys.leads[0], momenta) # plot wf d = density(sys, energy, [1/40.0, ""], 0) kwant.plotter.map(sys, d) reciprocal_phis = np.linspace(4, 50, 200) conductances = [] for phi in 1 / reciprocal_phis: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy, args=[phi, ""]) conductances.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1)) # from lead 1 to lead 0 pyplot.plot(reciprocal_phis, conductances) pyplot.show() # Plot conductance. # energies = [-2 * pot + 4. / 50. * pot * i for i in xrange(51)] # plot_conductance(sys, 0) # Call the main function if the script gets executed (as opposed to imported). # See <http://docs.python.org/library/__main__.html>. if __name__ == '__main__': main()

Dear Johnny, The error message you're seeing isn't lying. You probably have a lead with zigzag boundary conditions that has a bad singularity at E=0. Choosing even E=1e-4 would resolve the problem. And yes, you're right about the spin density (but of course if you don't add any spin-dependent terms, there won't be any spin physics happening. Best regards, Anton Akhmerov On Sun, Nov 29, 2015 at 11:28 AM, T.C. Wu <tcwu@connect.ust.hk> wrote:
Dear all,
I am trying to use kwant to reproduce the QHE in graphene. I combine the example in qhe.py and graphene.py provided in the official website(see the code below).However, I got the following error when I plot out the wavefunction at energy = 0: RuntimeError: Numbers of left- and right-propagating modes differ, possibly due to a numerical instability.
Moreover, if I don't choose energy = 0, say energy = 0.1, then the error disappear. However, I cannot recover the plateaus in the plot of conductance.
Lastly, it is correct to change t -> t*sigma_0 in order to extract the distribution of spin(i.e. choosing the odd /even elements in the wavefunction by [1::2]/[0::2]) in this case?
Thank you.
Best, Johnny
Code: # Tutorial 2.5. Beyond square lattices: graphene # ============================================== # # Physics background # ------------------ # Transport through a graphene quantum dot with a pn-junction # # Kwant features highlighted # -------------------------- # - Application of all the aspects of tutorials 1-3 to a more complicated # lattice, namely graphene #execfile('C:/Users/wtc/Google Drive/Linnian/plot_graphene.py') from __future__ import division # so that 1/2 == 0.5, and not 0 from math import pi, sqrt, tanh import random import kwant import numpy as np # For computing eigenvalues import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla
# For plotting from matplotlib import pyplot
# Define the graphene lattice sin_30, cos_30 = (1 / 2, sqrt(3) / 2) graphene = kwant.lattice.general([(1, 0), (sin_30, cos_30)], [(0, 0), (0, 1 / sqrt(3))]) a, b = graphene.sublattices Bs = np.linspace(4,50,200) t = -1
def make_system(r=10, w=2.0, pot=0.1):
#### Define the scattering region. #### # circular scattering region def circle(pos): x, y = pos return x ** 2 + y ** 2 < r ** 2 #return y > (abs(x)*np.tan(np.pi/3) -size) and y < size sys = kwant.Builder()
# w: width and pot: potential maximum of the p-n junction def potential(site): (x, y) = site.pos d = y * cos_30 + x * sin_30 return pot * tanh(d / w)
def hopping2(site1, site2, phi = 0,salt=0): xt, yt = site1.pos xs, ys = site2.pos return -t * np.exp(-1j * phi * (xt-xs) *(yt+ys))
sys[graphene.shape(circle, (0, 0))] = 0
# specify the hoppings of the graphene lattice in the # format expected by builder.HoppingKind hoppings = (((0, 0), a, b), ((0, 1), a, b), ((-1, 1), a, b)) sys[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# Modify the scattering region # del sys[a(0, 0)] # del sys[a(5, 5)] # del sys[a(5,5)] # sys[a(-2, 1), b(2, 2)] = -1
#### Define the leads. #### # left lead sym0 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((-1, 0)))
def lead0_shape(pos): x, y = pos return (-0.4 * r < y < 0.4 * r)
lead0 = kwant.Builder(sym0) lead0[graphene.shape(lead0_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead0[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# The second lead, going to the top right sym1 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((0, 1)))
def lead1_shape(pos): v = pos[1] * sin_30 - pos[0] * cos_30 return (-0.4 * r < v < 0.4 * r)
lead1 = kwant.Builder(sym1) lead1[graphene.shape(lead1_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead1[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
return sys, [lead0, lead1]
def compute_evs(sys): # Compute some eigenvalues of the closed system sparse_mat = sys.hamiltonian_submatrix(sparse=True)
evs = sla.eigs(sparse_mat, 2)[0] print evs.real
def plot_conductance(sys, energy): # Compute transmission as a function of energy data = [] for phi in Bs: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy,args =[phi,""]) data.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1))
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(Bs, data) pyplot.xlabel("energy [t]") pyplot.ylabel("conductance [e^2/h]") pyplot.show()
def plot_bandstructure(flead, momenta): bands = kwant.physics.Bands(flead) energies = [bands(k) for k in momenta]
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(momenta, energies) pyplot.xlabel("momentum [(lattice constant)^-1]") pyplot.ylabel("energy [t]") pyplot.show() def density(sys, energy, args, lead_nr): wf = kwant.wave_function(sys, energy, args) return (abs(wf(lead_nr))**2).sum(axis=0)
def main(): pot = 0.1 energy = 0.0 sys, leads = make_system(pot=pot)
# To highlight the two sublattices of graphene, we plot one with # a filled, and the other one with an open circle: def family_colors(site): return 0 if site.family == a else 1
# Plot the closed system without leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, colorbar=False)
# Compute some eigenvalues. compute_evs(sys.finalized())
# Attach the leads to the system. for lead in leads: sys.attach_lead(lead)
# Then, plot the system with leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, lead_site_lw=0, colorbar=False)
# Finalize the system. sys = sys.finalized()
# Compute the band structure of lead 0. momenta = [-4*pi + 0.02 * 4*pi * i for i in xrange(101)] plot_bandstructure(sys.leads[0], momenta)
# plot wf d = density(sys, energy, [1/40.0, ""], 0) kwant.plotter.map(sys, d) reciprocal_phis = np.linspace(4, 50, 200) conductances = [] for phi in 1 / reciprocal_phis: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy, args=[phi, ""]) conductances.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1)) # from lead 1 to lead 0 pyplot.plot(reciprocal_phis, conductances) pyplot.show() # Plot conductance. # energies = [-2 * pot + 4. / 50. * pot * i for i in xrange(51)] # plot_conductance(sys, 0)
# Call the main function if the script gets executed (as opposed to imported). # See <http://docs.python.org/library/__main__.html>. if __name__ == '__main__': main()

Dear Anton, Thanks for your prompt reply. However, how should I amend the code (which works for square lattice in the example) in order to recover the conductance plateaus? Thank you again. Best, Johnny On 29 November 2015 at 18:35, Anton Akhmerov <anton.akhmerov+kd@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear Johnny,
The error message you're seeing isn't lying. You probably have a lead with zigzag boundary conditions that has a bad singularity at E=0. Choosing even E=1e-4 would resolve the problem. And yes, you're right about the spin density (but of course if you don't add any spin-dependent terms, there won't be any spin physics happening.
Best regards, Anton Akhmerov
Dear all,
I am trying to use kwant to reproduce the QHE in graphene. I combine the example in qhe.py and graphene.py provided in the official website(see
code below).However, I got the following error when I plot out the wavefunction at energy = 0: RuntimeError: Numbers of left- and right-propagating modes differ,
On Sun, Nov 29, 2015 at 11:28 AM, T.C. Wu <tcwu@connect.ust.hk> wrote: the possibly
due to a numerical instability.
Moreover, if I don't choose energy = 0, say energy = 0.1, then the error disappear. However, I cannot recover the plateaus in the plot of conductance.
Lastly, it is correct to change t -> t*sigma_0 in order to extract the distribution of spin(i.e. choosing the odd /even elements in the wavefunction by [1::2]/[0::2]) in this case?
Thank you.
Best, Johnny
Code: # Tutorial 2.5. Beyond square lattices: graphene # ============================================== # # Physics background # ------------------ # Transport through a graphene quantum dot with a pn-junction # # Kwant features highlighted # -------------------------- # - Application of all the aspects of tutorials 1-3 to a more complicated # lattice, namely graphene #execfile('C:/Users/wtc/Google Drive/Linnian/plot_graphene.py') from __future__ import division # so that 1/2 == 0.5, and not 0 from math import pi, sqrt, tanh import random import kwant import numpy as np # For computing eigenvalues import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla
# For plotting from matplotlib import pyplot
# Define the graphene lattice sin_30, cos_30 = (1 / 2, sqrt(3) / 2) graphene = kwant.lattice.general([(1, 0), (sin_30, cos_30)], [(0, 0), (0, 1 / sqrt(3))]) a, b = graphene.sublattices Bs = np.linspace(4,50,200) t = -1
def make_system(r=10, w=2.0, pot=0.1):
#### Define the scattering region. #### # circular scattering region def circle(pos): x, y = pos return x ** 2 + y ** 2 < r ** 2 #return y > (abs(x)*np.tan(np.pi/3) -size) and y < size sys = kwant.Builder()
# w: width and pot: potential maximum of the p-n junction def potential(site): (x, y) = site.pos d = y * cos_30 + x * sin_30 return pot * tanh(d / w)
def hopping2(site1, site2, phi = 0,salt=0): xt, yt = site1.pos xs, ys = site2.pos return -t * np.exp(-1j * phi * (xt-xs) *(yt+ys))
sys[graphene.shape(circle, (0, 0))] = 0
# specify the hoppings of the graphene lattice in the # format expected by builder.HoppingKind hoppings = (((0, 0), a, b), ((0, 1), a, b), ((-1, 1), a, b)) sys[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# Modify the scattering region # del sys[a(0, 0)] # del sys[a(5, 5)] # del sys[a(5,5)] # sys[a(-2, 1), b(2, 2)] = -1
#### Define the leads. #### # left lead sym0 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((-1, 0)))
def lead0_shape(pos): x, y = pos return (-0.4 * r < y < 0.4 * r)
lead0 = kwant.Builder(sym0) lead0[graphene.shape(lead0_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead0[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# The second lead, going to the top right sym1 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((0, 1)))
def lead1_shape(pos): v = pos[1] * sin_30 - pos[0] * cos_30 return (-0.4 * r < v < 0.4 * r)
lead1 = kwant.Builder(sym1) lead1[graphene.shape(lead1_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead1[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
return sys, [lead0, lead1]
def compute_evs(sys): # Compute some eigenvalues of the closed system sparse_mat = sys.hamiltonian_submatrix(sparse=True)
evs = sla.eigs(sparse_mat, 2)[0] print evs.real
def plot_conductance(sys, energy): # Compute transmission as a function of energy data = [] for phi in Bs: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy,args =[phi,""]) data.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1))
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(Bs, data) pyplot.xlabel("energy [t]") pyplot.ylabel("conductance [e^2/h]") pyplot.show()
def plot_bandstructure(flead, momenta): bands = kwant.physics.Bands(flead) energies = [bands(k) for k in momenta]
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(momenta, energies) pyplot.xlabel("momentum [(lattice constant)^-1]") pyplot.ylabel("energy [t]") pyplot.show() def density(sys, energy, args, lead_nr): wf = kwant.wave_function(sys, energy, args) return (abs(wf(lead_nr))**2).sum(axis=0)
def main(): pot = 0.1 energy = 0.0 sys, leads = make_system(pot=pot)
# To highlight the two sublattices of graphene, we plot one with # a filled, and the other one with an open circle: def family_colors(site): return 0 if site.family == a else 1
# Plot the closed system without leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1,
colorbar=False) > > # Compute some eigenvalues. > compute_evs(sys.finalized()) > > # Attach the leads to the system. > for lead in leads: > sys.attach_lead(lead) > > # Then, plot the system with leads. > kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, > lead_site_lw=0, colorbar=False) > > # Finalize the system. > sys = sys.finalized() > > # Compute the band structure of lead 0. > momenta = [-4*pi + 0.02 * 4*pi * i for i in xrange(101)] > plot_bandstructure(sys.leads[0], momenta) > > > # plot wf > d = density(sys, energy, [1/40.0, ""], 0) > kwant.plotter.map(sys, d) > reciprocal_phis = np.linspace(4, 50, 200) > conductances = [] > for phi in 1 / reciprocal_phis: > smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy, args=[phi, ""]) > conductances.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1)) # from lead 1 to > lead 0 > pyplot.plot(reciprocal_phis, conductances) > pyplot.show() > # Plot conductance. > # energies = [-2 * pot + 4. / 50. * pot * i for i in xrange(51)] > # plot_conductance(sys, 0) > > > # Call the main function if the script gets executed (as opposed to > imported). > # See <http://docs.python.org/library/__main__.html>. > if __name__ == '__main__': > main() >

Dear all, For honeycomb lattice, is it still correct to use the hopping -t * np.exp(-1j * phi * (xt-xs) *(yt+ys)) in the presence of a magnetic field? I am just wondering the vaildity of it because I cannot recover the conductance steps in QHE. Any suggestions will be appreciated. Thanks. Best, Johnny On 29 November 2015 at 19:13, T.C. Wu <tcwu@ust.hk> wrote:
Dear Anton,
Thanks for your prompt reply. However, how should I amend the code (which works for square lattice in the example) in order to recover the conductance plateaus? Thank you again.
Best, Johnny
On 29 November 2015 at 18:35, Anton Akhmerov <anton.akhmerov+kd@gmail.com> wrote:
Dear Johnny,
The error message you're seeing isn't lying. You probably have a lead with zigzag boundary conditions that has a bad singularity at E=0. Choosing even E=1e-4 would resolve the problem. And yes, you're right about the spin density (but of course if you don't add any spin-dependent terms, there won't be any spin physics happening.
Best regards, Anton Akhmerov
Dear all,
I am trying to use kwant to reproduce the QHE in graphene. I combine the example in qhe.py and graphene.py provided in the official website(see
code below).However, I got the following error when I plot out the wavefunction at energy = 0: RuntimeError: Numbers of left- and right-propagating modes differ,
On Sun, Nov 29, 2015 at 11:28 AM, T.C. Wu <tcwu@connect.ust.hk> wrote: the possibly
due to a numerical instability.
Moreover, if I don't choose energy = 0, say energy = 0.1, then the error disappear. However, I cannot recover the plateaus in the plot of conductance.
Lastly, it is correct to change t -> t*sigma_0 in order to extract the distribution of spin(i.e. choosing the odd /even elements in the wavefunction by [1::2]/[0::2]) in this case?
Thank you.
Best, Johnny
Code: # Tutorial 2.5. Beyond square lattices: graphene # ============================================== # # Physics background # ------------------ # Transport through a graphene quantum dot with a pn-junction # # Kwant features highlighted # -------------------------- # - Application of all the aspects of tutorials 1-3 to a more complicated # lattice, namely graphene #execfile('C:/Users/wtc/Google Drive/Linnian/plot_graphene.py') from __future__ import division # so that 1/2 == 0.5, and not 0 from math import pi, sqrt, tanh import random import kwant import numpy as np # For computing eigenvalues import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla
# For plotting from matplotlib import pyplot
# Define the graphene lattice sin_30, cos_30 = (1 / 2, sqrt(3) / 2) graphene = kwant.lattice.general([(1, 0), (sin_30, cos_30)], [(0, 0), (0, 1 / sqrt(3))]) a, b = graphene.sublattices Bs = np.linspace(4,50,200) t = -1
def make_system(r=10, w=2.0, pot=0.1):
#### Define the scattering region. #### # circular scattering region def circle(pos): x, y = pos return x ** 2 + y ** 2 < r ** 2 #return y > (abs(x)*np.tan(np.pi/3) -size) and y < size sys = kwant.Builder()
# w: width and pot: potential maximum of the p-n junction def potential(site): (x, y) = site.pos d = y * cos_30 + x * sin_30 return pot * tanh(d / w)
def hopping2(site1, site2, phi = 0,salt=0): xt, yt = site1.pos xs, ys = site2.pos return -t * np.exp(-1j * phi * (xt-xs) *(yt+ys))
sys[graphene.shape(circle, (0, 0))] = 0
# specify the hoppings of the graphene lattice in the # format expected by builder.HoppingKind hoppings = (((0, 0), a, b), ((0, 1), a, b), ((-1, 1), a, b)) sys[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# Modify the scattering region # del sys[a(0, 0)] # del sys[a(5, 5)] # del sys[a(5,5)] # sys[a(-2, 1), b(2, 2)] = -1
#### Define the leads. #### # left lead sym0 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((-1, 0)))
def lead0_shape(pos): x, y = pos return (-0.4 * r < y < 0.4 * r)
lead0 = kwant.Builder(sym0) lead0[graphene.shape(lead0_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead0[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
# The second lead, going to the top right sym1 = kwant.TranslationalSymmetry(graphene.vec((0, 1)))
def lead1_shape(pos): v = pos[1] * sin_30 - pos[0] * cos_30 return (-0.4 * r < v < 0.4 * r)
lead1 = kwant.Builder(sym1) lead1[graphene.shape(lead1_shape, (0, 0))] = 0 lead1[[kwant.builder.HoppingKind(*hopping) for hopping in hoppings]] = hopping2
return sys, [lead0, lead1]
def compute_evs(sys): # Compute some eigenvalues of the closed system sparse_mat = sys.hamiltonian_submatrix(sparse=True)
evs = sla.eigs(sparse_mat, 2)[0] print evs.real
def plot_conductance(sys, energy): # Compute transmission as a function of energy data = [] for phi in Bs: smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy,args =[phi,""]) data.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1))
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(Bs, data) pyplot.xlabel("energy [t]") pyplot.ylabel("conductance [e^2/h]") pyplot.show()
def plot_bandstructure(flead, momenta): bands = kwant.physics.Bands(flead) energies = [bands(k) for k in momenta]
pyplot.figure() pyplot.plot(momenta, energies) pyplot.xlabel("momentum [(lattice constant)^-1]") pyplot.ylabel("energy [t]") pyplot.show() def density(sys, energy, args, lead_nr): wf = kwant.wave_function(sys, energy, args) return (abs(wf(lead_nr))**2).sum(axis=0)
def main(): pot = 0.1 energy = 0.0 sys, leads = make_system(pot=pot)
# To highlight the two sublattices of graphene, we plot one with # a filled, and the other one with an open circle: def family_colors(site): return 0 if site.family == a else 1
# Plot the closed system without leads. kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1,
colorbar=False) > > # Compute some eigenvalues. > compute_evs(sys.finalized()) > > # Attach the leads to the system. > for lead in leads: > sys.attach_lead(lead) > > # Then, plot the system with leads. > kwant.plot(sys, site_color=family_colors, site_lw=0.1, > lead_site_lw=0, colorbar=False) > > # Finalize the system. > sys = sys.finalized() > > # Compute the band structure of lead 0. > momenta = [-4*pi + 0.02 * 4*pi * i for i in xrange(101)] > plot_bandstructure(sys.leads[0], momenta) > > > # plot wf > d = density(sys, energy, [1/40.0, ""], 0) > kwant.plotter.map(sys, d) > reciprocal_phis = np.linspace(4, 50, 200) > conductances = [] > for phi in 1 / reciprocal_phis: > smatrix = kwant.smatrix(sys, energy, args=[phi, ""]) > conductances.append(smatrix.transmission(0, 1)) # from lead 1 to > lead 0 > pyplot.plot(reciprocal_phis, conductances) > pyplot.show() > # Plot conductance. > # energies = [-2 * pot + 4. / 50. * pot * i for i in xrange(51)] > # plot_conductance(sys, 0) > > > # Call the main function if the script gets executed (as opposed to > imported). > # See <http://docs.python.org/library/__main__.html>. > if __name__ == '__main__': > main() >
participants (3)
-
Anton Akhmerov
-
Christoph Groth
-
T.C. Wu