Hi Alex, The way Bas is doing it is one way of doing it - it acts on the template system combining it hopping functions with Peierls phase. There is also another code https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/tree/magnetic_field out there that could be useful - it is however work in progress code so you need to check if it gives you what you want. It requires you however to use the discretizer from continuum https://kwant-project.org/doc/1/tutorial/discretize module introduced in Kwant 1.3. This approach is based on three steps: 1. Discretize symbolically continuous Hamitonian to the tight-binding form 2. Modify hoppings with Peierls phase 3. build discretized system. You can find required codes here https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/blob/magnetic_field... and example notebook here https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/blob/magnetic_field... . Please be aware that these method uses the same gauge (vector potential) for the whole system. Just choose the approach that fits more your code. Best, Rafal P.S. Please be aware that in current code there phi_0 is defined as h/(2e) instead of h/e. ​ -- Rafał Skolasiński GitHub: https://github.com/RafalSkolasinski Kwant GitLab: https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski On 20 September 2017 at 10:59, Bas Nijholt wrote:

Hi Alex,

The trick is to add the Peierls phase after you discretized your Hamiltonian, I do it in the following way:

def apply_peierls_to_template(template, xyz_offset=(0, 0, 0)): template = deepcopy(template) # Needed because kwant.Builder is mutable x0, y0, z0 = xyz_offset lat = template.lattice a = np.max(lat.prim_vecs) # lattice contant

def phase(site1, site2, B_x, B_y, B_z, orbital, e, hbar): x, y, z = site1.tag direction = site2.tag - site1.tag A = [B_y * (z - z0) - B_z * (y - y0), 0, B_x * (y - y0)] A = np.dot(A, direction) * a**2 * 1e-18 * e / hbar phase = np.exp(-1j * A)

if lat.norbs == 2: # No PH degrees of freedom return phase elif lat.norbs == 4: return np.array([phase, phase.conj(), phase, phase.conj()], dtype='complex128')

for (site1, site2), hop in template.hopping_value_pairs(): template[site1, site2] = combine(hop, phase, operator.mul, 2)

return template

You can apply this function to your template builder. In short, it does this combine(hop, phase, operator.mul, 2), which is creating a new function from the phase function and the hopping function and combining the arguments.

You would probably need to adjust the form of the vector potential, the units (this is using nm) and change the form of the phase function.

I have attached the combine.py script you will need to combine the functions.

Please let me know whether it works or not.

Best, Bas ​

On Tue, Sep 19, 2017 at 11:26 PM, Alex Currie wrote:

...

Dear All,

I have a Hamaltonian (BHZ hamiltonian) and i'm trying to introduce a magnetic field. I believe I have to use the Peierls phase, however i'm not sure how to implement this after I have finalized the BHZ hamiltonian. Any assistance is appreciated. I will paste the code i have to generate my hamiltonian. You can find more information about the BHZ hamiltonian here: arxiv:0801.0901 https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0901

""" import kwant import numpy as np import scipy.linalg as la import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla

import sympy

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from ipywidgets import interact

Gamma_so = [[0, 0, 0, -1], [0, 0, +1, 0], [0, +1, 0, 0], [-1, 0, 0, 0]]

hamiltonian = """ + M * kron(sigma_0, sigma_z) - B * (k_x**2 + k_y**2) * kron(sigma_0, sigma_z) - D * (k_x**2 + k_y**2) * kron(sigma_0, sigma_0) + A * k_x * kron(sigma_z, sigma_x) - A * k_y * kron(sigma_0, sigma_y) + Delta * Gamma_so """

params_bhz=dict(A=364.5, B=-686, D=-512, M=-10, Delta=1.6)

hamiltonian = kwant.continuum.sympify(hamiltonian, locals=dict(Gamma_so=Gamma_so)) hamiltonian

grid_spacing = 5 template = kwant.continuum.discretize(hamiltonian, grid_spacing=grid_spacing)

syst = kwant.wraparound.wraparound(template) syst = syst.finalized()

"""

Best,

Alex

Hi, With second method you don't need to do sympy. Function ''disctretize_symbolic'' will handle the sympification process. Best, Rafal On 20 Sep 2017 15:49, "Alex Currie" wrote:

Hello,

I've tried both methods so far. Both have not worked. With the second method, the BHZ hamiltonian doesn't seem to be compatible as it gets an error with 'sympify'.

The first method doesn't work when I call the "apply_peierls_to_template" function. It gives an error saying 'operator' is not defined. I'm not sure what 'operator.mul' is doing either. I'll attach the whole script.

Thanks for the help.

Alex

On Wed, Sep 20, 2017 at 12:09 PM, Rafal Skolasinski < r.j.skolasinski@gmail.com> wrote:

...

Hi Alex,

The way Bas is doing it is one way of doing it - it acts on the template system combining it hopping functions with Peierls phase. There is also another code https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/tree/magnetic_field out there that could be useful - it is however work in progress code so you need to check if it gives you what you want.

It requires you however to use the discretizer from continuum https://kwant-project.org/doc/1/tutorial/discretize module introduced in Kwant 1.3. This approach is based on three steps:

1. Discretize symbolically continuous Hamitonian to the tight-binding form 2. Modify hoppings with Peierls phase 3. build discretized system.

You can find required codes here https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/blob/magnetic_field... and example notebook here https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski/semicon/blob/magnetic_field... .

Please be aware that these method uses the same gauge (vector potential) for the whole system.

Just choose the approach that fits more your code.

Best, Rafal

P.S. Please be aware that in current code there phi_0 is defined as h/(2e) instead of h/e. ​

-- Rafał Skolasiński

GitHub: https://github.com/RafalSkolasinski Kwant GitLab: https://gitlab.kwant-project.org/r-j-skolasinski

On 20 September 2017 at 10:59, Bas Nijholt wrote:

...

Hi Alex,

The trick is to add the Peierls phase after you discretized your Hamiltonian, I do it in the following way:

def apply_peierls_to_template(template, xyz_offset=(0, 0, 0)): template = deepcopy(template) # Needed because kwant.Builder is mutable x0, y0, z0 = xyz_offset lat = template.lattice a = np.max(lat.prim_vecs) # lattice contant

def phase(site1, site2, B_x, B_y, B_z, orbital, e, hbar): x, y, z = site1.tag direction = site2.tag - site1.tag A = [B_y * (z - z0) - B_z * (y - y0), 0, B_x * (y - y0)] A = np.dot(A, direction) * a**2 * 1e-18 * e / hbar phase = np.exp(-1j * A)

if lat.norbs == 2: # No PH degrees of freedom return phase elif lat.norbs == 4: return np.array([phase, phase.conj(), phase, phase.conj()], dtype='complex128')

for (site1, site2), hop in template.hopping_value_pairs(): template[site1, site2] = combine(hop, phase, operator.mul, 2)

return template

You can apply this function to your template builder. In short, it does this combine(hop, phase, operator.mul, 2), which is creating a new function from the phase function and the hopping function and combining the arguments.

You would probably need to adjust the form of the vector potential, the units (this is using nm) and change the form of the phase function.

I have attached the combine.py script you will need to combine the functions.

Please let me know whether it works or not.

Best, Bas ​

On Tue, Sep 19, 2017 at 11:26 PM, Alex Currie wrote:

...

Dear All,

I have a Hamaltonian (BHZ hamiltonian) and i'm trying to introduce a magnetic field. I believe I have to use the Peierls phase, however i'm not sure how to implement this after I have finalized the BHZ hamiltonian. Any assistance is appreciated. I will paste the code i have to generate my hamiltonian. You can find more information about the BHZ hamiltonian here: arxiv:0801.0901 https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0901

""" import kwant import numpy as np import scipy.linalg as la import scipy.sparse.linalg as sla

import sympy

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from ipywidgets import interact

Gamma_so = [[0, 0, 0, -1], [0, 0, +1, 0], [0, +1, 0, 0], [-1, 0, 0, 0]]

hamiltonian = """ + M * kron(sigma_0, sigma_z) - B * (k_x**2 + k_y**2) * kron(sigma_0, sigma_z) - D * (k_x**2 + k_y**2) * kron(sigma_0, sigma_0) + A * k_x * kron(sigma_z, sigma_x) - A * k_y * kron(sigma_0, sigma_y) + Delta * Gamma_so """

params_bhz=dict(A=364.5, B=-686, D=-512, M=-10, Delta=1.6)

hamiltonian = kwant.continuum.sympify(hamiltonian, locals=dict(Gamma_so=Gamma_so)) hamiltonian

grid_spacing = 5 template = kwant.continuum.discretize(hamiltonian, grid_spacing=grid_spacing)

syst = kwant.wraparound.wraparound(template) syst = syst.finalized()

"""

Best,

Alex