Hello, Suppose I have an element tree: xml = lxml.etree.XML(b"<a>bla <b>bla</b> bla <c>bla</c> bla <d/> bla</a>”) and I get all of its elements: elems = xml.xpath(".//*”) [<Element b at 0x10d1dad70>, <Element c at 0x10d1dad20>, <Element d at 0x10d1dacd0>] Next, I remove some element from that tree: c = xml.find("c”) # = elems[1] c.getparent().remove(c) How can I now test whether that element is still in the element tree? c.getparent() # elems[1].getparent() returns None, but is that a sure test? I can’t find documentation on how to identify elements that don’t belong to a given element tree. Much thanks! Jens -- Jens Tröger http://savage.light-speed.de/