I think it's all been said, but a few comments:

On Sun, Feb 11, 2018 at 2:19 PM, Nils Becker <nilsc.becker@gmail.com> wrote:

Generating equidistantly spaced grids is simply not always possible.

exactly -- and linspace gives pretty much teh best possible result, guaranteeing tha tthe start an end points are exact, and the spacing is within an ULP or two (maybe we could make that within 1 ULP always, but not sure that's worth it).

The reason is that the absolute spacing of the possible floating point numbers depends on their magnitude [1].

Also that the exact spacing may not be exactly representable in FP -- so you have to have at least one space that's a bit off to get the end points right (or have the endpoints not exact).

If you - for some reason - want the same grid spacing everywhere you may choose an appropriate new spacing.

well, yeah, but usually you are trying to fit to some other constraint. I'm still confused as to where these couple of ULPs actually cause problems, unless you are doing in appropriate FP comparisons elsewhere.

Curiously, either by design or accident, arange() seems to do something similar as was mentioned by Eric. It creates a new grid spacing by adding and subtracting the starting point of the grid. This often has similar effect as adding and subtracting N*dx (e.g. if the grid is symmetric around 0.0). Consequently, arange() seems to trade keeping the grid spacing constant for a larger error in the grid size and consequently in the end point.

interesting -- but it actually makes sense -- that is the definition of arange(), borrowed from range(), which was designed for integers, and, in fact, pretty much mirroered the classic C index for loop:

for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {

...

or in python:

i = start

while i < stop:

i += step

The problem here is that termination criteria -- i < stop -- that is the definition of the function, and works just fine for integers (where it came from), but with FP, even with no error accumulation, stop may not be exactly representable, so you could end up with a value for your last item that is about (stop-step), or you could end up with a value that is a couple ULPs less than step -- essentially including the end point when you weren't supposed to.

The truth is, making a floating point range() was simply a bad idea to begin with -- it's not the way to define a range of numbers in floating point. Whiuch is why the docs now say "When using a non-integer step, such as 0.1, the results will often not
be consistent. It is better to use ``linspace`` for these cases."

Ben wants a way to define grids in a consistent way -- make sense. And yes, sometimes, the original source you are trying to match (like GDAL) provides a starting point and step. But with FP, that is simply problematic. If:

start + step*num_steps != stop

exactly in floating point, then you'll need to do the math one way or another to get what you want -- and I'm not sure anyone but the user knows what they want -- do you want step to be as exact as possible, or do you want stop to be as exact as possible?

All that being said -- if arange() could be made a tiny bit more accurate with fma or other numerical technique, why not? it won't solve the problem, but if someone writes and tests the code (and it does not require compiler or hardware features that aren't supported everywhere numpy compiles), then sure. (Same for linspace, though I'm not sure it's possible)

There is one other option: a new function (or option) that makes a grid from a specification of: start, step, num_points. If that is really a common use case (that is, you don't care exactly what the end-point is), then it might be handy to have it as a utility.

We could also have an arange-like function that, rather than < stop, would do "close to" stop. Someone that understands FP better than I might be able to compute what the expected error might be, and find the closest end point within that error. But I think that's a bad specification -- (stop - start) / step may be nowhere near an integer -- then what is the function supposed to do??

BTW: I kind of wish that linspace specified the number of steps, rather than the number of points, that is (num+points - 1) that would save a little bit of logical thinking. So if something new is made, let's keep that in mind.

1. Comparison to calculations with decimal can be difficult as not all simple decimal step sizes are exactly representable as

finite floating point numbers.

yeah, this is what I mean by inappropriate use of Decimal -- decimal is not inherently "more accurate" than fp -- is just can represent _decimal_ numbers exactly, which we are all use to -- we want 1 / 10 to be exact, but dont mind that 1 / 3 isn't.

Decimal also provided variable precision -- so it can be handy for that. I kinda wish Python had an arbitrary precision binary floating point built in...

-CHB

Christopher Barker, Ph.D.
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