(NumPy community, read on this only seems unrelated) I use NumPy 1.0.3 , MSVC 2005 Express, ITK CVS from 23Jul2007, WrapITK for Python only, wrap for the standard types plus signed short (imho that should be switched on by default because many DICOM images are in that type). BTW I had to include the /bigobj compiler switch in the CMakeLists.txt for ITK for that to work. ItkVtkGlue compiled, but PyBuffer gave errors: 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value and 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value at several occasions. At these line numbers, the numarray function import_array() is called. I checked the numarray code and import_array() is a #define that does not return a value: #define import_array() {if (_import_array() < 0) {PyErr_Print(); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "numpy.core.multiarray failed to import"); return; } } I realize that's more a problem with numarray than PyBuffer. Since that's inline-used the compiler is probably thwarted by the return inside the macro. Consequently, if I replace the #define with a void to make it a real function call PyBuffer compiles just fine. Thanks, Sven Here is the whole build log: 1>------ Build started: Project: _BufferConversionPython, Configuration: Release Win32 ------ 1>Generating wrap_itkPyBuffer.xml 1>Generating wrap_itkPyBuffer.idx 1>Generating wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx 1>Generating wrap_BufferConversionPythonPython.cxx 1>create swig package BufferConversionPython 1> init module: itkPyBuffer 1>Compiling... 1>wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3>, 1> TPixel=unsigned char, 1> VImageDimension=3 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(1542) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<unsigned char,3>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3>, 1> TPixel=float, 1> VImageDimension=3 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(1646) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<float,3>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2>, 1> TPixel=float, 1> VImageDimension=2 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(1750) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<float,2>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<float,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3>, 1> TPixel=unsigned short, 1> VImageDimension=3 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(1854) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<unsigned short,3>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2>, 1> TPixel=unsigned char, 1> VImageDimension=2 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(1958) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<unsigned char,2>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned char,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2>, 1> TPixel=unsigned short, 1> VImageDimension=2 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(2062) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<unsigned short,2>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<unsigned short,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3>, 1> TPixel=short, 1> VImageDimension=3 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(2151) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<short,3>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,3> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(46) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(73) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(38) : while compiling class template member function 'PyObject *itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetArrayFromImage(itk::Image<TPixel,VImageDimension> *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2>, 1> TPixel=short, 1> VImageDimension=2 1> ] 1> .\wrap_itkPyBufferPython.cxx(2240) : see reference to class template instantiation 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>' being compiled 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1>c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\i tkPyBuffer.txx(77) : error C2561: 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' : function must return a value 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.h(78) : see declaration of 'itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray' 1> with 1> [ 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1> c:\users\sprevrha\src\insight\wrapping\wrapitk\externalprojects\pybuffer\itk PyBuffer.txx(75) : while compiling class template member function 'const itk::SmartPointer<TObjectType> itk::PyBuffer<TImage>::GetImageFromArray(PyObject *)' 1> with 1> [ 1> TObjectType=itk::Image<short,2>, 1> TImage=itk::Image<short,2> 1> ] 1>wrap_BufferConversionPythonPython.cxx 1>Generating Code... 1>Build log was saved at "file://c:\packages\Insight-CVS-VC2005-WrapITK-ExternalProjects\PyBuffer\_Bu fferConversionPython.dir\Release\BuildLog.htm" 1>_BufferConversionPython - 16 error(s), 0 warning(s) 2>------ Build started: Project: ALL_BUILD, Configuration: Release Win32 ------ 2>"Build all projects" 2>Build log was saved at "file://c:\packages\Insight-CVS-VC2005-WrapITK-ExternalProjects\PyBuffer\ALL _BUILD.dir\Release\BuildLog.htm" 2>ALL_BUILD - 0 error(s), 0 warning(s) ========== Build: 1 succeeded, 1 failed, 2 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========