Python-Dev November 2011

python-dev@python.org

73 participants
75 discussions

Re: [Python-Dev] [Python-checkins] cpython: quote the type name for improved readability

by Éric Araujo

Hi, > http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/bbc929bc2224 > user: Philip Jenvey <pjenvey(a)underboss.org> > summary: > quote the type name for improved readability > > files: > Python/bltinmodule.c | 2 +- > 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) > > > diff --git a/Python/bltinmodule.c b/Python/bltinmodule.c > --- a/Python/bltinmodule.c > +++ b/Python/bltinmodule.c > @@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ > return NULL; > if (!PyIter_Check(it)) { > PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, > - "%.200s object is not an iterator", > + "'%.200s' object is not an iterator", > it->ob_type->tp_name); > return NULL; > } What about displaying the repr of the type object?

9 years, 5 months

Re: [Python-Dev] [Python-checkins] cpython: Change decoders to use Unicode API instead of Py_UNICODE.

by Victor Stinner

First of all, thanks for having upgraded this huge part (codecs) to the new Unicode API! > +static int > +unicode_widen(PyObject **p_unicode, int maxchar) > +{ > + PyObject *result; > + assert(PyUnicode_IS_READY(*p_unicode)); > + if (maxchar <= PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(*p_unicode)) > + return 0; > + result = PyUnicode_New(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode), > + maxchar); > + if (result == NULL) > + return -1; > + PyUnicode_CopyCharacters(result, 0, *p_unicode, 0, > + PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(*p_unicode)); > + Py_DECREF(*p_unicode); > + *p_unicode = result; > + return 0; > +} PyUnicode_CopyCharacters() result must be checked. If you are sure that the call cannot fail, use copy_characters() which uses assertions in debug mode ( and no check in release mode). > -#ifndef DONT_MAKE_RESULT_READY > - if (_PyUnicode_READY_REPLACE(&v)) { > - Py_DECREF(v); > - return NULL; > - } > -#endif Why did you remove this call from PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(), _PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeInternal(), PyUnicode_DecodeASCII() and PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap()? It may reuse latin1 characters singletons to share a little bit more memory (there is already a special case for empty string). "_PyUnicode_READY_REPLACE" is maybe not the best name :-) Victor

9 years, 5 months

draft PEP: virtual environments

by Carl Meyer

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Hello python-dev, As has been discussed here previously, Vinay Sajip and I are working on a PEP for making "virtual Python environments" a la virtualenv [1] a built-in feature of Python 3.3. This idea was first proposed on python-dev by Ian Bicking in February 2010 [2]. It was revived at PyCon 2011 and has seen discussion on distutils-sig [3], more recently again on python-dev [4] [5], and most recently on python-ideas [6]. Full text of the draft PEP is pasted below, and also available on Bitbucket [7]. The reference implementation is also on Bitbucket [8]. For known issues in the reference implementation and cases where it does not yet match the PEP, see the open issues list [9]. In particular, please note the "Open Questions" section of the draft PEP. These are areas where we are still unsure of the best approach, or where we've received conflicting feedback and haven't reached consensus. We welcome your thoughts on anything in the PEP, but feedback on the open questions is especially useful. We'd also especially like to hear from Windows and OSX users, from authors of packaging-related tools (packaging/distutils2, zc.buildout) and from Python implementors (PyPy, IronPython, Jython). If it is easier to review and comment on the PEP after it is published on python.org, I can submit it to the PEP editors anytime. Otherwise I'll wait until we've resolved a few more of the open questions, as it's easier for me to update the PEP on Bitbucket. Thanks! Carl [1] http://virtualenv.org [2] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2010-February/097787.html [3] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/distutils-sig/2011-March/017498.html [4] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2011-June/111903.html [5] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2011-October/113883.html [6] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2011-October/012500.html [7] https://bitbucket.org/carljm/pythonv-pep/src/ [8] https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/pythonv/ [9] https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/pythonv/issues?status=new&status=open PEP: XXX Title: Python Virtual Environments Version: $Revision$ Last-Modified: $Date$ Author: Carl Meyer <carl(a)oddbird.net> Status: Draft Type: Standards Track Content-Type: text/x-rst Created: 13-Jun-2011 Python-Version: 3.3 Post-History: 24-Oct-2011, 28-Oct-2011 Abstract ======== This PEP proposes to add to Python a mechanism for lightweight "virtual environments" with their own site directories, optionally isolated from system site directories. Each virtual environment has its own Python binary (allowing creation of environments with various Python versions) and can have its own independent set of installed Python packages in its site directories, but shares the standard library with the base installed Python. Motivation ========== The utility of Python virtual environments has already been well established by the popularity of existing third-party virtual-environment tools, primarily Ian Bicking's `virtualenv`_. Virtual environments are already widely used for dependency management and isolation, ease of installing and using Python packages without system-administrator access, and automated testing of Python software across multiple Python versions, among other uses. Existing virtual environment tools suffer from lack of support from the behavior of Python itself. Tools such as `rvirtualenv`_, which do not copy the Python binary into the virtual environment, cannot provide reliable isolation from system site directories. Virtualenv, which does copy the Python binary, is forced to duplicate much of Python's ``site`` module and manually symlink/copy an ever-changing set of standard-library modules into the virtual environment in order to perform a delicate boot-strapping dance at every startup. (Virtualenv copies the binary because symlinking it does not provide isolation, as Python dereferences a symlinked executable before searching for `sys.prefix`.) The ``PYTHONHOME`` environment variable, Python's only existing built-in solution for virtual environments, requires copying/symlinking the entire standard library into every environment. Copying the whole standard library is not a lightweight solution, and cross-platform support for symlinks remains inconsistent (even on Windows platforms that do support them, creating them often requires administrator privileges). A virtual environment mechanism integrated with Python and drawing on years of experience with existing third-party tools can be lower maintenance, more reliable, and more easily available to all Python users. .. _virtualenv: http://www.virtualenv.org .. _rvirtualenv: https://github.com/kvbik/rvirtualenv Specification ============= When the Python binary is executed, it attempts to determine its prefix (which it stores in ``sys.prefix``), which is then used to find the standard library and other key files, and by the ``site`` module to determine the location of the site-package directories. Currently the prefix is found (assuming ``PYTHONHOME`` is not set) by first walking up the filesystem tree looking for a marker file (``os.py``) that signifies the presence of the standard library, and if none is found, falling back to the build-time prefix hardcoded in the binary. This PEP proposes to add a new first step to this search. If a ``pyvenv.cfg`` file is found either adjacent to the Python executable, or one directory above it, this file is scanned for lines of the form ``key = value``. If a ``home`` key is found, this signifies that the Python binary belongs to a virtual environment, and the value of the ``home`` key is the directory containing the Python executable used to create this virtual environment. In this case, prefix-finding continues as normal using the value of the ``home`` key as the effective Python binary location, which results in ``sys.prefix`` being set to the system installation prefix, while ``sys.site_prefix`` is set to the directory containing ``pyvenv.cfg``. (If ``pyvenv.cfg`` is not found or does not contain the ``home`` key, prefix-finding continues normally, and ``sys.site_prefix`` will be equal to ``sys.prefix``.) The ``site`` and ``sysconfig`` standard-library modules are modified such that site-package directories ("purelib" and "platlib", in ``sysconfig`` terms) are found relative to ``sys.site_prefix``, while other directories (the standard library, include files) are still found relative to ``sys.prefix``. (Also, ``sys.site_exec_prefix`` is added, and handled similarly with regard to ``sys.exec_prefix``.) Thus, a Python virtual environment in its simplest form would consist of nothing more than a copy or symlink of the Python binary accompanied by a ``pyvenv.cfg`` file and a site-packages directory. The ``venv`` module also adds a ``pysetup3`` script into each venv, as well as necessary DLLs and `.pyd` files on Windows. In order to allow Python package managers to install packages into the virtual environment the same way they would install into a normal Python installation, and avoid special-casing virtual environments in ``sysconfig`` beyond using ``sys.site_prefix`` in place of ``sys.prefix``, the internal virtual environment layout mimics the layout of the Python installation itself on each platform. So a typical virtual environment layout on a POSIX system would be:: pyvenv.cfg bin/python3 bin/python bin/pysetup3 lib/python3.3/site-packages/ While on a Windows system:: pyvenv.cfg Scripts/python.exe Scripts/python3.dll Scripts/pysetup3.exe Scripts/pysetup3-script.py ... other DLLs and pyds... Lib/site-packages/ Third-party packages installed into the virtual environment will have their Python modules placed in the ``site-packages`` directory, and their executables placed in ``bin/`` or ``Scripts\``. .. note:: On a normal Windows system-level installation, the Python binary itself wouldn't go inside the "Scripts/" subdirectory, as it does in the default venv layout. This is useful in a virtual environment so that a user only has to add a single directory to their shell PATH in order to effectively "activate" the virtual environment. .. note:: On Windows, it is necessary to also copy or symlink DLLs and pyd files from compiled stdlib modules into the env, because if the venv is created from a non-system-wide Python installation, Windows won't be able to find the Python installation's copies of those files when Python is run from the venv. Isolation from system site-packages - ----------------------------------- By default, a virtual environment is entirely isolated from the system-level site-packages directories. If the ``pyvenv.cfg`` file also contains a key ``include-system-site-packages`` with a value of ``true`` (not case sensitive), the ``site`` module will also add the system site directories to ``sys.path`` after the virtual environment site directories. Thus system-installed packages will still be importable, but a package of the same name installed in the virtual environment will take precedence. :pep:`370` user-level site-packages are considered part of the system site-packages for venv purposes: they are not available from an isolated venv, but are available from an ``include-system-site-packages = true`` venv. Creating virtual environments - ----------------------------- This PEP also proposes adding a new ``venv`` module to the standard library which implements the creation of virtual environments. This module can be executed using the ``-m`` flag:: python3 -m venv /path/to/new/virtual/environment A ``pyvenv`` installed script is also provided to make this more convenient:: pyvenv /path/to/new/virtual/environment Running this command creates the target directory (creating any parent directories that don't exist already) and places a ``pyvenv.cfg`` file in it with a ``home`` key pointing to the Python installation the command was run from. It also creates a ``bin/`` (or ``Scripts`` on Windows) subdirectory containing a copy (or symlink) of the ``python3`` executable, and the ``pysetup3`` script from the ``packaging`` standard library module (to facilitate easy installation of packages from PyPI into the new virtualenv). And it creates an (initially empty) ``lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages`` (or ``Lib\site-packages`` on Windows) subdirectory. If the target directory already exists an error will be raised, unless the ``--clear`` option was provided, in which case the target directory will be deleted and virtual environment creation will proceed as usual. The created ``pyvenv.cfg`` file also includes the ``include-system-site-packages`` key, set to ``true`` if ``venv`` is run with the ``--system-site-packages`` option, ``false`` by default. Multiple paths can be given to ``venv``, in which case an identical virtualenv will be created, according to the given options, at each provided path. Copies versus symlinks - ---------------------- The technique in this PEP works equally well in general with a copied or symlinked Python binary (and other needed DLLs on Windows). Some users prefer a copied binary (for greater isolation from system changes) and some prefer a symlinked one (so that e.g. security updates automatically propagate to virtual environments). There are some cross-platform difficulties with symlinks: * Not all Windows versions support symlinks, and even on those that do, creating them often requires administrator privileges. * On OSX framework builds of Python, sys.executable is just a stub that executes the real Python binary. Symlinking this stub does not work with the implementation in this PEP; it must be copied. (Fortunately the stub is also small, so copying it is not an issue). Because of these issues, this PEP proposes to copy the Python binary by default, to maintain cross-platform consistency in the default behavior. The ``pyvenv`` script accepts a ``--symlink`` option. If this option is provided, the script will attempt to symlink instead of copy. If a symlink fails (e.g. because they are not supported by the platform, or additional privileges are needed), the script will warn the user and fall back to a copy. On OSX framework builds, where a symlink of the executable would succeed but create a non-functional virtual environment, the script will fail with an error message that symlinking is not supported on OSX framework builds. API - --- The high-level method described above will make use of a simple API which provides mechanisms for third-party virtual environment creators to customize environment creation according to their needs. The ``venv`` module will contain an ``EnvBuilder`` class which accepts the following keyword arguments on instantiation:: * ``system_site_packages`` - A Boolean value indicating that the system Python site-packages should be available to the environment (defaults to ``False``). * ``clear`` - A Boolean value which, if True, will delete any existing target directory instead of raising an exception (defaults to ``False``). * ``use_symlinks`` - A Boolean value indicating whether to attempt to symlink the Python binary (and any necessary DLLs or other binaries, e.g. ``pythonw.exe``), rather than copying. Defaults to ``True``. The returned env-builder is an object which is expected to have a single method, ``create``, which takes as required argument the path (absolute or relative to the current directory) of the target directory which is to contain the virtual environment. The ``create`` method will either create the environment in the specified directory, or raise an appropriate exception. Creators of third-party virtual environment tools will be free to use the provided ``EnvBuilder`` class as a base class. The ``venv`` module will also provide a module-level function as a convenience:: def create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, use_symlinks=True): builder = EnvBuilder( system_site_packages=system_site_packages, clear=clear) builder.create(env_dir) The ``create`` method of the ``EnvBuilder`` class illustrates the hooks available for customization: def create(self, env_dir): """ Create a virtualized Python environment in a directory. :param env_dir: The target directory to create an environment in. """ env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir) context = self.create_directories(env_dir) self.create_configuration(context) self.setup_python(context) self.setup_packages(context) self.setup_scripts(context) Each of the methods ``create_directories``, ``create_configuration``, ``setup_python``, ``setup_packages`` and ``setup_scripts`` can be overridden. The functions of these methods are:: * ``create_directories`` - creates the environment directory and all necessary directories, and returns a context object. This is just a holder for attributes (such as paths), for use by the other methods. * ``create_configuration`` - creates the ``pyvenv.cfg`` configuration file in the environment. * ``setup_python`` - creates a copy of the Python executable (and, under Windows, DLLs) in the environment. * ``setup_packages`` - A placeholder method which can be overridden in third party implementations to pre-install packages in the virtual environment. * ``setup_scripts`` - A placeholder methd which can be overridden in third party implementations to pre-install scripts (such as activation and deactivation scripts) in the virtual environment. The ``DistributeEnvBuilder`` subclass in the reference implementation illustrates how these last two methods can be used in practice. It's not envisaged that ``DistributeEnvBuilder`` will be actually added to Python core, but it makes the reference implementation more immediately useful for testing and exploratory purposes. * The ``setup_packages`` method installs Distribute in the target environment. This is needed at the moment in order to actually install most packages in an environment, since most packages are not yet packaging / setup.cfg based. * The ``setup_scripts`` method installs shell activation scripts in the environment. This is also done in a configurable way: A ``scripts`` property on the builder is expected to provide a buffer which is a base64-encoded zip file. The zip file contains directories "common", "linux2", "darwin", "win32", each containing scripts destined for the bin directory in the environment. The contents of "common" and the directory corresponding to ``sys.platform`` are copied after doing some text replacement of placeholders: * ``__VIRTUAL_ENV__`` is replaced with absolute path of the environment directory. * ``__VIRTUAL_PROMPT__`` is replaced with the environment prompt prefix. * ``__BIN_NAME__`` is replaced with the name of the bin directory. * ``__ENV_PYTHON__`` is replaced with the absolute path of the environment's executable. The "shell activation scripts" provided by ``DistributeEnvBuilder`` simply add the virtual environment's ``bin/`` (or ``Scripts\``) directory to the front of the user's shell PATH. This is not strictly necessary for use of a virtual environment (as an explicit path to the venv's python binary or scripts can just as well be used), but it is convenient. This PEP does not propose that the ``venv`` module in core Python will add such activation scripts by default, as they are shell-specific. Adding activation scripts for the wide variety of possible shells is an added maintenance burden, and is left to third-party extension tools. No doubt the process of PEP review will show up any customization requirements which have not yet been considered. Backwards Compatibility ======================= Splitting the meanings of ``sys.prefix`` - ---------------------------------------- Any virtual environment tool along these lines (which attempts to isolate site-packages, while still making use of the base Python's standard library with no need for it to be symlinked into the virtual environment) is proposing a split between two different meanings (among others) that are currently both wrapped up in ``sys.prefix``: the answers to the questions "Where is the standard library?" and "Where is the site-packages location where third-party modules should be installed?" This split could be handled by introducing a new ``sys`` attribute for either the former prefix or the latter prefix. Either option potentially introduces some backwards-incompatibility with software written to assume the other meaning for ``sys.prefix``. (Such software should preferably be using the APIs in the ``site`` and ``sysconfig`` modules to answer these questions rather than using ``sys.prefix`` directly, in which case there is no backwards-compatibility issue, but in practice ``sys.prefix`` is sometimes used.) The `documentation`__ for ``sys.prefix`` describes it as "A string giving the site-specific directory prefix where the platform independent Python files are installed," and specifically mentions the standard library and header files as found under ``sys.prefix``. It does not mention ``site-packages``. __ http://docs.python.org/dev/library/sys.html#sys.prefix This PEP currently proposes to leave ``sys.prefix`` pointing to the base system installation (which is where the standard library and header files are found), and introduce a new value in ``sys`` (``sys.site_prefix``) to point to the prefix for ``site-packages``. This maintains the documented semantics of ``sys.prefix``, but risks breaking isolation if third-party code uses ``sys.prefix`` rather than ``sys.site_prefix`` or the appropriate ``site`` API to find site-packages directories. The most notable case is probably `setuptools`_ and its fork `distribute`_, which mostly use ``distutils``/``sysconfig`` APIs, but do use ``sys.prefix`` directly to build up a list of site directories for pre-flight checking where ``pth`` files can usefully be placed. It would be trivial to modify these tools (currently only `distribute`_ is Python 3 compatible) to check ``sys.site_prefix`` and fall back to ``sys.prefix`` if it doesn't exist (for earlier versions of Python). If Distribute is modified in this way and released before Python 3.3 is released with the ``venv`` module, there would be no likely reason for an older version of Distribute to ever be installed in a virtual environment. In terms of other third-party usage, a `Google Code Search`_ turns up what appears to be a roughly even mix of usage between packages using ``sys.prefix`` to build up a site-packages path and packages using it to e.g. eliminate the standard-library from code-execution tracing. Either choice that's made here will require one or the other of these uses to be updated. .. _setuptools: http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/setuptools .. _distribute: http://packages.python.org/distribute/ .. _Google Code Search: http://www.google.com/codesearch#search/&q=sys\.prefix&p=1&type=cs Open Questions ============== Naming of the new ``sys`` prefix attributes - ------------------------------------------- The name ``sys.site_prefix`` was chosen with the following considerations in mind: * Inasmuch as "site" has a meaning in Python, it means a combination of Python version, standard library, and specific set of site-packages. This is, fundamentally, what a venv is (although it shares the standard library with its "base" site). * It is the Python ``site`` module which implements adding site-packages directories to ``sys.path``, so ``sys.site_prefix`` is a prefix used (and set) primarily by the ``site`` module. A concern has been raised that the term ``site`` in Python is already overloaded and of unclear meaning, and this usage will increase the overload. One proposed alternative is ``sys.venv_prefix``, which has the advantage of being clearly related to the venv implementation. The downside of this proposal is that it implies the attribute is only useful/relevant when in a venv and should be absent or ``None`` when not in a venv. This imposes an unnecessary extra burden on code using the attribute: ``sys.venv_prefix if sys.venv_prefix else sys.prefix``. The prefix attributes are more usable and general if they are always present and set, and split by meaning (stdlib vs site-packages, roughly), rather than specifically tied to venv. Also, third-party code should be encouraged to not know or care whether it is running in a virtual environment or not; this option seems to work against that goal. Another option would be ``sys.local_prefix``, which has both the advantage and disadvantage, depending on perspective, that it introduces the new term "local" rather than drawing on existing associations with the term "site". Why not modify sys.prefix? - -------------------------- As discussed above under `Backwards Compatibility`_, this PEP proposes to add ``sys.site_prefix`` as "the prefix relative to which site-package directories are found". This maintains compatibility with the documented meaning of ``sys.prefix`` (as the location relative to which the standard library can be found), but means that code assuming that site-packages directories are found relative to ``sys.prefix`` will not respect the virtual environment correctly. Since it is unable to modify ``distutils``/``sysconfig``, `virtualenv`_ is forced to instead re-point ``sys.prefix`` at the virtual environment. An argument could be made that this PEP should follow virtualenv's lead here (and introduce something like ``sys.base_prefix`` to point to the standard library and header files), since virtualenv already does this and it doesn't appear to have caused major problems with existing code. Another argument in favor of this is that it would be preferable to err on the side of greater, rather than lesser, isolation. Changing ``sys.prefix`` to point to the virtual environment and introducing a new ``sys.base_prefix`` attribute would err on the side of greater isolation in the face of existing code's use of ``sys.prefix``. What about include files? - ------------------------- For example, ZeroMQ installs zmq.h and zmq_utils.h in $VE/include, whereas SIP (part of PyQt4) installs sip.h by default in $VE/include/pythonX.Y. With virtualenv, everything works because the PythonX.Y include is symlinked, so everything that's needed is in $VE/include. At the moment the reference implementation doesn't do anything with include files, besides creating the include directory; this might need to change, to copy/symlink $VE/include/pythonX.Y. As in Python there's no abstraction for a site-specific include directory, other than for platform-specific stuff, then the user expectation would seem to be that all include files anyone could ever want should be found in one of just two locations, with sysconfig labels "include" & "platinclude". There's another issue: what if includes are Python-version-specific? For example, SIP installs by default into $VE/include/pythonX.Y rather than $VE/include, presumably because there's version-specific stuff in there - but even if that's not the case with SIP, it could be the case with some other package. And the problem that gives is that you can't just symlink the include/pythonX.Y directory, but actually have to provide a writable directory and symlink/copy the contents from the system include/pythonX.Y. Of course this is not hard to do, but it does seem inelegant. OTOH it's really because there's no supporting concept in Python/sysconfig. Interface with packaging tools - ------------------------------ Some work will be needed in packaging tools (Python 3.3 packaging, Distribute) to support implementation of this PEP. For example: * How Distribute and packaging use sys.prefix and/or sys.site_prefix. Clearly, in practice we'll need to use Distribute for a while, until packages have migrated over to usage of setup.cfg. * How packaging and Distribute set up shebang lines in scripts which they install in virtual environments. Testability and Source Build Issues - ----------------------------------- Currently in the reference implementation, virtual environments must be created with an installed Python, rather than a source build, as the base installation. In order to be able to fully test the ``venv`` module in the Python regression test suite, some anomalies in how sysconfig data is configured in source builds will need to be removed. For example, sysconfig.get_paths() in a source build gives (partial output):: { 'include': '/home/vinay/tools/pythonv/Include', 'libdir': '/usr/lib ; or /usr/lib64 on a multilib system', 'platinclude': '/home/vinay/tools/pythonv', 'platlib': '/usr/local/lib/python3.3/site-packages', 'platstdlib': '/usr/local/lib/python3.3', 'purelib': '/usr/local/lib/python3.3/site-packages', 'stdlib': '/usr/local/lib/python3.3' } Need for ``install_name_tool`` on OSX? - -------------------------------------- `Virtualenv uses`_ ``install_name_tool``, a tool provided in the Xcode developer tools, to modify the copied executable on OSX. We need input from OSX developers on whether this is actually necessary in this PEP's implementation of virtual environments, and if so, if there is an alternative to ``install_name_tool`` that would allow ``venv`` to not require that Xcode is installed. .. _Virtualenv uses: https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv/issues/168 Activation and Utility Scripts - ------------------------------ Virtualenv provides shell "activation" scripts as a user convenience, to put the virtual environment's Python binary first on the shell PATH. This is a maintenance burden, as separate activation scripts need to be provided and maintained for every supported shell. For this reason, this PEP proposes to leave such scripts to be provided by third-party extensions; virtual environments created by the core functionality would be used by directly invoking the environment's Python binary or scripts. If we are going to rely on external code to provide these conveniences, we need to check with existing third-party projects in this space (virtualenv, zc.buildout) and ensure that the proposed API meets their needs. (Virtualenv would be fine with the proposed API; it would become a relatively thin wrapper with a subclass of the env builder that adds shell activation and automatic installation of ``pip`` inside the virtual environment). Provide a mode that is isolated only from user site packages? - ------------------------------------------------------------- Is there sufficient rationale for providing a mode that isolates the venv from :pep:`370` user site packages, but not from the system-level site-packages? Other Python implementations? - ----------------------------- We should get feedback from Jython, IronPython, and PyPy about whether there's anything in this PEP that they foresee as a difficulty for their implementation. Reference Implementation ======================== The in-progress reference implementation is found in `a clone of the CPython Mercurial repository`_. To test it, build and install it (the virtual environment tool currently does not run from a source tree). - From the installed Python, run ``bin/python3 -m venv /path/to/new/virtualenv`` to create a virtual environment. The reference implementation (like this PEP!) is a work in progress. .. _a clone of the CPython Mercurial repository: https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/pythonv Copyright ========= This document has been placed in the public domain. .. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil sentence-end-double-space: t fill-column: 70 coding: utf-8 End: -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org/ iEYEARECAAYFAk6q9m4ACgkQ8W4rlRKtE2fnGwCeJzRo6YVQMjNyykkGARbfCi2Y ADgAoOlSK3IttiZWYKxtA9KIOCoJknh/ =EIPa -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

9 years, 5 months

Emit a BytesWarning on bytes filenames on Windows

by Victor Stinner

Hi, I am not more conviced that raising a UnicodeEncodeError on unencodable characters is the right fix for the issue #13247. The problem with this solution is that you have to wait until an user get a UnicodeEncodeError. I have yet another proposition: emit a warning when a bytes filename is used. So it doesn't affect the default behaviour, but you can use -Werror to test if your program is fully Unicode compliant on Windows (without having to test invalid filenames). I don't know if a BytesWarning or a DeprecationWarning is more apropriate. It depends if we plan to drop support of bytes filenames on Windows later (in Python 3.5 or later). List of impacted functions: os._getfinalpathname(bytes) os._getfullpathname(bytes) os._isdir(bytes) os.access(bytes) os.chdir(bytes) os.chmod(bytes) os.getcwdb() os.link(bytes, bytes) os.listdir(bytes) os.lstat(bytes) os.mkdir(bytes) os.readlink(bytes) os.rename(bytes, bytes) os.rmdir(bytes) os.stat(bytes) os.symlink(bytes, bytes) os.unlink(bytes) os.utime(bytes, time) Note: Unicode filenames are not affected by this change. For example, os.listdir(str) will not emit any warning. Victor

9 years, 5 months

Packaging and binary distributions

by Paul Moore

I'd like to reopen the discussions on how the new packaging module will handle/support binary distributions in Python 3.3. The previous thread (see http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2011-October/113956.html) included a lot of good information and discussion, but ultimately didn't reach any firm conclusions. First question - is this a Windows only problem, or do Unix/MacOS users want binary support? My feeling is that it's not an issue for them, at least not enough that anyone has done anything about it in the past, so I'll focus on Windows here. Second question - is there a problem at all? For the majority of Windows users, I suspect not. The existing bdist_wininst and bdist_msi formats have worked fine for a long time, offer Windows integration and a GUI installer, and in the case of MSI offer options for integrating with corporate distribution policies that some users consider significant, if not essential. (Binary eggs are a third, and somewhat odd, case - a number of projects have started distributing binary eggs, but I don't know what benefits they have over bdist_wininst in particular, as easy_install will read bdist_wininst installers. Perhaps a setuptools/distribute user could comment. For now I'll assume that binary eggs will slowly go away as packaging gets more widely adopted). So that leaves a minority who (1) prefer integration with packaging, (2) need to work with virtual environments or custom local builds, (3) need binary extensions in some or all of their environments and (4) don't want to have to build all the binaries they need from scratch. Given the scale of the issue, it seems likely that putting significant effort into addressing it is unwise. In particular, it seems unlikely that developers are going to move en masse to a new distribution format just to cater for this minority. On the other hand, for people who care, the fact that packaging (currently) offers no direct support for consuming binary distributions is a fairly obvious hole. And having to build from source just to install into a virtual environment could be a showstopper. The bdist_wininst format is relatively amenable to manipulation - it's little more than a zip file, after all. So writing 3rd party code to install the contents via packaging shouldn't be hard (I've done some proof of concept work, and it isn't :-)) Vinay's proposal to use the resource mechanism and some custom hooks would work, but I'd like to see a small amount of extra direct support added to packaging to make things cleaner. Also, if packaging supported plugins to recognise new distribution formats, this would make it possible to integrate the extra code seamlessly. The MSI format is a little more tricky, mainly because it is a more complex format and (as far as I can tell from a brief check) files are stored in the opaque CAB format, so the only way of getting data out is to do a temporary install somewhere. But I see no reason why that isn't achievable. So, my proposal is as follows: 1. I will write a 3rd party module to take bsist_wininst and bdist_msi modules and install them using packaging 2. Where packaging changes are useful to make installing binaries easier, I'll request them (by supplying patches) 3. I'll look at creating a format-handling plugin mechanism for packaging. If it's viable, I'll post patches 4. If it seems useful, my module could be integrated into the core packaging module I don't intend to do anything about a GUI, or modify the existing formats at all. These don't interest me, particularly, so I'll leave them to someone who has a clear picture of what they want in those areas, and the time to develop it. For 3.3 at least, I'd expect developers to continue distributing bdist_wininst or bdist_msi format files. We'll see what happens with binary eggs. Unix/MacOS users who care will need to propose something themselves. Does anyone have any comments? Paul.

9 years, 5 months

Re: [Python-Dev] cpython: Remove the old style [...] to denote optional args and show the defaults.

by Georg Brandl

Am 08.11.2011 21:30, schrieb brian.curtin: > http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/60ae7979fec8 > changeset: 73463:60ae7979fec8 > user: Brian Curtin <brian(a)python.org> > date: Tue Nov 08 14:30:02 2011 -0600 > summary: > Remove the old style [...] to denote optional args and show the defaults. > > files: > Doc/library/os.rst | 12 ++++++------ > 1 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) > > > diff --git a/Doc/library/os.rst b/Doc/library/os.rst > --- a/Doc/library/os.rst > +++ b/Doc/library/os.rst > @@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ > .. versionadded:: 3.3 > > > -.. function:: futimesat(dirfd, path[, (atime, mtime)]) > +.. function:: futimesat(dirfd, path, (atime, mtime)=None) > > Like :func:`utime` but if *path* is relative, it is taken as relative to *dirfd*. > If *path* is relative and *dirfd* is the special value :data:`AT_FDCWD`, then *path* Hmm, while the [] are old style, they are still correct when the function doesn't support kwargs. Please revert. (Also, the syntax ``(atime, mtime)=None`` would not be valid Python and at is best confusing.) Georg

9 years, 5 months

Regression test coupling

by Vinay Sajip

I ran into an error today related to the use of support.TESTFN throughout the regression test suite. In my Windows tests, test_base64 passed, but left a file (named by support.TESTFN) lying around: 'test_base64' left behind file '@test_3532_tmp' Much later in the run, a set of unrelated tests started failing, all apparently because of the left-behind file - for example, test_mailbox.setUp failed while trying to make a directory named by support.TESTFN: File "c:\Users\Vinay\Projects\pythonv\lib\mailbox.py", line 270, in __init__ os.mkdir(self._path, 0o700) PermissionError: [Error 5] Access is denied: 'c:\\Users\\Vinay\\Projects\\pythonv\\build\\test_python_3532\\@test_3532_tmp' Sorry if this has come up before, but why do we couple the tests in this way, so that failure to clean up in one test causes drive-by failures in other, unrelated tests? Regards, Vinay Sajip

9 years, 5 months

None as slice params to list.index() and tuple.index()

by Petri Lehtinen

list.index() and list.tuple() don't currently accept None as slice parameters, as reported in http://bugs.python.org/issue13340. For example: >>> [1, 2, 3].index(2, None, None) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: slice indices must be integers or None or have an __index__ method The error message of list.index() and tuple.index() (as a consequence of using _PyEval_SliceIndex() for parsing arguments) indicates that None is a valid value. Currently, find(), rfind(), index(), rindex(), count(), startswith() and endswith() of str, bytes and bytearray accept None. Should list.index() and tuple.index() accept it, too? I'm bringing this up because I already committed a fix that enables the None arguments, but Raymond pointed out that maybe they shouldn't accept None at all. I also committed the fix to 3.2 and 2.7 based on discussion in http://bugs.python.org/issue11828#msg133532, in which Raymond says that for string functions, this can be considered a bug because the exception's error message makes a promise that None is accepted. Petri

9 years, 5 months

ctypes: alignment of (simple) types

by Michael Walle

Hi all, gcc allows to set alignments for typedefs like: typedef double MyDouble __attribute__((__aligned__(8))); Now if i use this new type within a structure: struct s { char c; MyDouble d; }; The following holds: sizeof(struct s) == 16 and offsetof(struct s, d) == 8. ctypes doesn't seem to support this, although i saw a 'padded' function on the ctypes-users mailinglist which dynamically insert padding fields. I would consider this more or less a hack :) What do you think about adding a special attribute '_align_' which, if set for a data type overrides the hardcoded align property of that type? -- Michael

9 years, 5 months

Failed issue tracker submission

by Python tracker

The node specified by the designator in the subject of your message ("13661") does not exist. Subject was: "[issue13661] [status=closed; resolution=fixed; stage=committed/rejected]" Mail Gateway Help ================= Incoming messages are examined for multiple parts: . In a multipart/mixed message or part, each subpart is extracted and examined. The text/plain subparts are assembled to form the textual body of the message, to be stored in the file associated with a "msg" class node. Any parts of other types are each stored in separate files and given "file" class nodes that are linked to the "msg" node. . In a multipart/alternative message or part, we look for a text/plain subpart and ignore the other parts. . A message/rfc822 is treated similar tomultipart/mixed (except for special handling of the first text part) if unpack_rfc822 is set in the mailgw config section. Summary ------- The "summary" property on message nodes is taken from the first non-quoting section in the message body. The message body is divided into sections by blank lines. Sections where the second and all subsequent lines begin with a ">" or "|" character are considered "quoting sections". The first line of the first non-quoting section becomes the summary of the message. Addresses --------- All of the addresses in the To: and Cc: headers of the incoming message are looked up among the user nodes, and the corresponding users are placed in the "recipients" property on the new "msg" node. The address in the From: header similarly determines the "author" property of the new "msg" node. The default handling for addresses that don't have corresponding users is to create new users with no passwords and a username equal to the address. (The web interface does not permit logins for users with no passwords.) If we prefer to reject mail from outside sources, we can simply register an auditor on the "user" class that prevents the creation of user nodes with no passwords. Actions ------- The subject line of the incoming message is examined to determine whether the message is an attempt to create a new item or to discuss an existing item. A designator enclosed in square brackets is sought as the first thing on the subject line (after skipping any "Fwd:" or "Re:" prefixes). If an item designator (class name and id number) is found there, the newly created "msg" node is added to the "messages" property for that item, and any new "file" nodes are added to the "files" property for the item. If just an item class name is found there, we attempt to create a new item of that class with its "messages" property initialized to contain the new "msg" node and its "files" property initialized to contain any new "file" nodes. Triggers -------- Both cases may trigger detectors (in the first case we are calling the set() method to add the message to the item's spool; in the second case we are calling the create() method to create a new node). If an auditor raises an exception, the original message is bounced back to the sender with the explanatory message given in the exception. $Id: mailgw.py,v 1.196 2008-07-23 03:04:44 richard Exp $ Return-Path: <python-dev(a)python.org> X-Original-To: report(a)bugs.python.org Delivered-To: roundup+tracker(a)psf.upfronthosting.co.za Received: from mail.python.org (mail.python.org [82.94.164.166]) by psf.upfronthosting.co.za (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2EFFC1DE47 for <report(a)bugs.python.org>; Mon, 7 Nov 2011 09:55:13 +0100 (CET) Received: from albatross.python.org (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mail.python.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3ScSJm5CFjzNHh for <report(a)bugs.python.org>; Mon, 7 Nov 2011 09:55:04 +0100 (CET) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=python.org; s=200901; t=1320656104; bh=cyzeMXQr1LFbdsO9tordSV8pQdV5MwemLO4/gJ4vIY0=; h=Date:Message-Id:Content-Type:MIME-Version: Content-Transfer-Encoding:From:To:Subject; b=jc4GjbMIfB4iVA2crVNpOAuf8gWkNAWpABvzog5HDVxOrgwEYwPLu+yg/c02Ix5zf P+0/l1dcenWA/8pFCOthL4UvWmykT+XVrUf6FtByHAP0JijJR9ItrOM5NKD6SBN6e5 5vsORTztxsUksIq48QwMAQsURD408JBkbkM0b7bM= Received: from localhost (HELO mail.python.org) (127.0.0.1) by albatross.python.org with SMTP; 07 Nov 2011 09:55:04 +0100 Received: from dinsdale.python.org (svn.python.org [IPv6:2001:888:2000:d::a4]) (using TLSv1 with cipher AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by mail.python.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS for <report(a)bugs.python.org>; Mon, 7 Nov 2011 09:55:04 +0100 (CET) Received: from localhost ([127.0.0.1] helo=dinsdale.python.org ident=hg) by dinsdale.python.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from <python-dev(a)python.org>) id 1RNKys-0002nh-Es for report(a)bugs.python.org; Mon, 07 Nov 2011 09:55:02 +0100 Date: Mon, 07 Nov 2011 09:55:02 +0100 Message-Id: <E1RNKys-0002nh-Es(a)dinsdale.python.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 From: python-dev(a)python.org To: report(a)bugs.python.org Subject: [issue13661] [status=closed; resolution=fixed; stage=committed/rejected] TmV3IGNoYW5nZXNldCA1ZjNiNzUyOGIxNDQgYnkgVmluYXkgU2FqaXAgaW4gYnJhbmNoICcyLjcn OgpDbG9zZXMgIzEzNjYxOiBDaGVjayBhZGRlZCBmb3IgdHlwZSBvZiBsb2dnZXIgbmFtZS4KaHR0 cDovL2hnLnB5dGhvbi5vcmcvY3B5dGhvbi9yZXYvNWYzYjc1MjhiMTQ0CgoKTmV3IGNoYW5nZXNl dCBhM2JhOTA1NDQ3YmEgYnkgVmluYXkgU2FqaXAgaW4gYnJhbmNoICczLjInOgpDbG9zZXMgIzEz NjYxOiBDaGVjayBhZGRlZCBmb3IgdHlwZSBvZiBsb2dnZXIgbmFtZS4KaHR0cDovL2hnLnB5dGhv bi5vcmcvY3B5dGhvbi9yZXYvYTNiYTkwNTQ0N2JhCg==

9 years, 5 months

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Python-Dev November 2011