It seems like your Python changes use Py_False "somewhere" without Py_INCREF(Py_False).
Maybe it's COMPARE_OP_REG() which calls SETLOCAL(dst, False).
Yes, this was the problem. Thanks for the fix. Too much blind adherence on my part to the existing COMPARE_OP logic. I've even written (relatively speaking) tomes about it in both my in-progress PEP as well as in various comments throughout the code. I don't think I had all that sorted out in my mind before implementing the first few instructions. Fortunately, I'm not too far into implementing the actual instructions. I should be able to easily go back and desk check the others.
Replacing stack-based bytecode with register-based bytecode requires to rethink the lifetime of registers... I had a hard time to fix my old "registervm" project to fix the register lifetime: I added CLEAR_REG bytecode to explicitly clear a register. Using a stack, all "CLEAR_REG" operation are implicit. You have to make them explicit. Hopefully, a compiler can easily reuse registers and remove most CLEAR_REG.
I'm trying it the simplest way I can think of. Registers are exactly like local variables, so SETLOCAL Py_XDECREFs whatever is already there before overwriting it with a new value. At the end of _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault if the code object's co_flags includes the (new) CO_REGISTER flag, it loops over the stack/register space calling Py_CLEAR. The stack/register space is also Py_CLEAR'd when the frame is first allocated. Skip