Hi Everyone, I am proposing a new PEP, still in draft form, to impose a limit of one million on various aspects of Python programs, such as the lines of code per module. Any thoughts or feedback? The PEP: https://github.com/markshannon/peps/blob/one-million/pep-1000000.rst Cheers, Mark. Full text ********* PEP: 1000000 Title: The one million limit Author: Mark Shannon <mark@hotpy.org> Status: Active Type: Enhancement Content-Type: text/x-rst Created: 03-Dec-2019 Post-History: Abstract ======== This PR proposes a limit of one million (1 000 000) for various aspects of Python code and its implementation. The Python language does not specify limits for many of its features. Not having any limit to these values seems to enhance programmer freedom, at least superficially, but in practice the CPython VM and other Python virtual machines have implicit limits or are forced to assume that the limits are astronomical, which is expensive. This PR lists a number of features which are to have a limit of one million. If a language feature is not listed but appears unlimited and must be finite, for physical reasons if no other, then a limit of one million should be assumed. Motivation ========== There are many values that need to be represented in a virtual machine. If no limit is specified for these values, then the representation must either be inefficient or vulnerable to overflow. The CPython virtual machine represents values like line numbers, stack offsets and instruction offsets by 32 bit values. This is inefficient, and potentially unsafe. It is inefficient as actual values rarely need more than a dozen or so bits to represent them. It is unsafe as malicious or poorly generated code could cause values to exceed 2\ :sup:`32`. For example, line numbers are represented by 32 bit values internally. This is inefficient, given that modules almost never exceed a few thousand lines. Despite being inefficent, is is still vulnerable to overflow as it is easy for an attacker to created a module with billions of newline characters. Memory access is usually a limiting factor in the performance of modern CPUs. Better packing of data structures enhances locality and reduces memory bandwith, at a modest increase in ALU usage (for shifting and masking). Being able to safely store important values in 20 bits would allow memory savings in several data structures including, but not limited to: * Frame objects * Object headers * Code objects There is also the potential for a more efficient instruction format, speeding up interpreter dispatch. Rationale ========= Imposing a limit on values such as lines of code in a module, and the number of local variables, has significant advantages for ease of implementation and efficiency of virtual machines. If the limit is sufficiently large, there is no adverse effect on users of the language. By selecting a fixed but large limit for these values, it is possible to have both safety and efficiency whilst causing no inconvience to human programmers and only very rare problems for code generators. One million ----------- The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) [1]_ specifies a limit of 2\ :sup:`16`-1 (65535) for many program elements similar to those covered here. This limit enables limited values to fit in 16 bits, which is a very efficient machine representation. However, this limit is quite easily exceeded in practice by code generators and the author is aware of existing Python code that already exceeds 2\ :sup:`16` lines of code. A limit of one million fits into 20 bits which, although not as convenient for machine representation, is still reasonably compact. Three signed valuses in the range -1000_000 to +1000_000 can fit into a 64 bit word. A limit of one million is small enough for efficiency advantages (only 20 bits), but large enough not to impact users (no one has ever written a module of one million lines). The value "one million" is very easy to remember. Isn't this "640K ought to be enough for anybody" again? ------------------------------------------------------- The infamous 640K memory limit was a limit on machine usable resources. The proposed one million limit is a limit on human generated code. While it is possible that generated code could exceed the limit, it is easy for a code generator to modify its output to conform. The author has hit the 64K limit in the JVM on at least two occasions when generating Java code. The workarounds were relatively straightforward and probably wouldn't have been necessary with a limit of one million bytecodes or lines of code. Specification ============= This PR proposes that the following language features and runtime values be limited to one million. * The number of source code lines in a module * The number of bytecode instructions in a code object. * The sum of local variables and stack usage for a code object. * The number of distinct names in a code object * The number of constants in a code object. * The number of classes in a running interpreter. * The number of live coroutines in a running interpreter. The advantages for CPython of imposing these limits: ---------------------------------------------------- Line of code in a module and code object restrictions. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When compiling source code to bytecode or modifying bytecode for profiling or debugging, an intermediate form is required. The limiting line numbers and operands to 20 bits, instructions can be represented in a compact 64 bit form allowing very fast passes over the instruction sequence. Having 20 bit operands (21 bits for relative branches) allows instructions to fit into 32 bits without needing additional ``EXTENDED_ARG`` instructions. This improves dispatch, as the operand is strictly local to the instruction. Using super-instructions would make that the 32 bit format almost as compact as the 16 bit format, and significantly faster. Total number of classes in a running interpreter ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This limit has to the potential to reduce the size of object headers considerably. Currently objects have a two word header, for objects without references (int, float, str, etc.) or a four word header for objects with references. By reducing the maximum number of classes, the space for the class reference can be reduced from 64 bits to fewer than 32 bits allowing a much more compact header. For example, a super-compact header format might look like this: .. code-block:: struct header { uint32_t gc_flags:6; /* Needs finalisation, might be part of a cycle, etc. */ uint32_t class_id:26; /* Can be efficiently mapped to address by ensuring suitable alignment of classes */ uint32_t refcount; /* Limited memory or saturating */ } This format would reduce the size of a Python object without slots, on a 64 bit machine, from 40 to 16 bytes. Note that there are two ways to use a 32 bit refcount on a 64 bit machine. One is to limit each sub-interpreter to 32Gb of memory. The other is to use a saturating reference count, which would be a little bit slower, but allow unlimited memory allocation. Backwards Compatibility ======================= It is hypothetically possible that some machine generated code exceeds one or more of the above limits. The author believes that to be highly unlikely and easily fixed by modifying the output stage of the code generator. Security Implications ===================== Minimal. This reduces the attack surface of any Python virtual machine by a small amount. Reference Implementation ======================== None, as yet. This will be implemented in CPython, once the PEP has been accepted. Rejected Ideas ============== None, as yet. Open Issues =========== None, as yet. References ========== .. [1] The Java Virtual Machine specification https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/jvms8.pdf Copyright ========= This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive. .. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil sentence-end-double-space: t fill-column: 70 coding: utf-8 End: