Yes, but consistency, y'know. Why "bar = bar ≡ = bar" here and "bar =
bar !≡ = bar" there?

Keyword arguments aren't the same thing as assignment. The consistency ship has sailed and we're not on it :P
 
I've skimmed a bit but I'm still unsure; why? How does Objective-C
deal with this?

They deal with it with the nuclear option: all methods are 100% of the time ordered AND named. Unfortunately this has the side effect of a lot of method calls like "[foo setX:x y:y width:width height:height font:font]" which is almost exactly the same as the worst case in python: "foo.setStuff(x=x, y=y, width=width, height=height, font=font)". 

This rather brutish approach forces a rather verbose style of writing, which is annoying when you just want to bang out a prototype but extremely valuable when having to maintain large code bases down the line. One of the main points about my suggestion is that there should be almost no overhead to using keyword arguments when just passing arguments along or when variable names are nice and descriptive. This would create a lower barrier to use, which in turn leads to more solid and more readable code (I hope!).
 
>> There are so many more cases to cover and this doesn't fill them,
>
> Like what? At least name one so we can have a discussion about it!

One? Well, the one above!

I agree that classes seem a bit far-fetched (personally I dislike that
syntax) but what about:

def function(arg=arg):
    ...

def function(arg):
    self.arg = arg

(Where is self defined?)
 
 
thing = dictionary[thing]

and so on, which are all of the same form, albeit with different
"surroundings". We can't just double the whole syntax of Python for
this!

I'm not suggesting that though. It seems to me like you're taking my suggestion in absurdum. 
 
Does foo(=bar) not bug you?
Really?

Compared to foo(bar=bar)? No.