But I also recall learning CoffeeScript via cargo-culting a large existing codebase and having not the foggiest ideas when it made sense to use ?. and when plain . was enough. So I think this feature is not very new-user-friendly and I still expect that in the end we'll have two rejected PEPs. But first we need to agree on what even the right definition of ?. is. It's been frighteningly difficult to explain this even on this list, even though I have a very clear view in my head, and PEP 505 also has the same semantics and explains well why those are the right semantics. So that's another point against this. It's syntactic sugar causing lots of cavities.