This is just a hack idea I had for functions/methods that have parameters with default values, possibly outside the control of the user of said function, where sometimes it is desired to pass an argument to the function that differs from the default but other times it is desired to just use the default, whatever that may be # An external function def dosomething(count=5):     doing_something # The function using an external function def dosomething_twice(count=None):     # if count is none, just use the default count from dosomething     if count is None:         dosomething()         dosomething()     else:         dosomething(count)         dosomething(count)     # or use a dict     # kwargs = {}     # if count is not None:     #    kwargs["count"] = count     # dosomething(*kwargs)     # dosomething(*kwargs) We could set the count's default value to 5 in dosomething_twice, but then if the external function changed its default, calling dosomething_twice with no parameters would no longer actually be using dosomething's default.  If dosomething were in our control, we could set count=None as default and in the code do something like count = 5 if count is None else count. I imagine a syntax like def dosomething_twice(count=None):     dosomething(count is not None ?? count) # If count is not None, pass it, else, use the dosomething's default parameter.     dosomething(count is not None ?? count) This syntax is <conditional parameter test> ?? <value if test is True>.  The requirements are that the parameter to be filled in in the calling method must have a default value.  If the test evaluates to false, the right hand side will not be evaluated (lazy evaluation) and instead the default value will be used.  This can also be used for passing by keyword arguments: def dosomething_twice(count=None):     dosomething(count = count is not None ?? count)     dosomething(count = count is not None ?? count) It could also be used to avoid specifying long argument lists: # external button.create(self, parent, x=0, y=0, w=64, h=32, style=...., label="", windowclass="") calling: ??, by itself, will fill in that parameter with the default.  If the external code ever changes, no need to change our code to update each time. The use case here is to skip specifying a parameter in a long function parameter list but still have its default used.  This probably only make sense for parameters being passed via positional arguments, since "style=??", (pass as a keyword style the default value), can just be done by omitting style call. def create_buttons(style=None):      button = Button(self, 10, 10, ??, ??, style is not None ?? style, "Ok")  # pass the defaults for w, h, and style if a our style parameter is None else uses the specified style, if the calling code changes the default, our code will automatically use it.      button = Button(self, 110, 10, ??, ??, style is not None ?? style, "Cancel")      button = Button(self, 110, 10, ??, ??, style is not None ?? style, "Retry", wiindowclass=??) # see keyword "windowclass=??" doesn't make much sense as the result is achieved by excluding it. A similar use case could possibly be made for conditional dict assignments: data = {} if count is not None:     data["count"] = count Could be written as data = {     "count" = count is not None ?? count, # set the "count" key in the dictionary conditionally, if count is not None, else don't set the key at all     "other_param" = ... ?? ...,     ... } Thanks, Brian Vanderburg II