@Marc: They are very different functions. ravel() gives you a view or a copy of the array as a 1D array that happens to be contiguous. ascontiguousarray will give you a view or a copy of the array of the same shape as the original, but guaranteed to be contiguous. Let me try to illustrate:

In [1]: x = np.arange(20, dtype=np.uint8).reshape((4,5))

In [2]: x
Out[2]:
array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]], dtype=uint8)

In [3]: x.strides
Out[3]: (5, 1)

So I've made an array x that has 4 rows and 5 columns. Internally, the data in x is stored as a contiguous block of memory of length 20 bytes. The strides tell numpy that to get to the next row in the array, you need to skip 5 bytes in the memory, but to get to the next column, you only need to go to the next (+1) byte in memory. This is called C-contiguous.

Now, let's get a weird view of x:

In [4]: y = x.T[1::2]

I've taken the transpose of x (5 rows and 4 columns) and then taken the 1st and 3rd rows of that. By default, numpy will use nice tricks with strides to avoid a copy:


In [5]: y.strides
Out[5]: (2, 5)

In [6]: y
Out[6]:
array([[ 1,  6, 11, 16],
       [ 3,  8, 13, 18]], dtype=uint8)

In [7]: y[1, 1] = 45

In [8]: x
Out[8]:
array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7, 45,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]], dtype=uint8)

So, y is actually pointing to the same memory as x, but it uses different strides to access its own rows and columns. Notice that changing an entry in y changed the corresponding entry in x.

In [10]: np.ravel(y)
Out[10]: array([ 1,  6, 11, 16,  3, 45, 13, 18], dtype=uint8)

np.ravel gives you a "linearised" version of y, concatenating all the rows together.

In [11]: z = np.ascontiguousarray(y)

In [12]: z
Out[12]:
array([[ 1,  6, 11, 16],
       [ 3, 45, 13, 18]], dtype=uint8)

In [13]: z.strides
Out[13]: (4, 1)

np.ascontiguousarray gives you the same thing as y, except now it's a separate contiguous block of memory: look at the strides. You can tell that it's a copy because modifying z has no effect on x:


In [14]: z[0, 0] = 72

In [15]: x
Out[15]:
array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7, 45,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]], dtype=uint8)

In [16]: z
Out[16]:
array([[72,  6, 11, 16],
       [ 3, 45, 13, 18]], dtype=uint8)

But, if an array is already contiguous, np.ravel() avoids a copy and returns a view into the same data. So:

In [19]: a = np.ravel(x)

In [20]: a[0] = 72

In [21]: x
Out[21]:
array([[72,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7, 45,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]], dtype=uint8)

If you try to get a contiguous version of x, which is already contiguous, you are actually getting x back:

In [22]: b = np.ascontiguousarray(x)

In [23]: b is x
Out[23]: True

In [25]: b[3, 4] = 0

In [26]: x
Out[26]:
array([[72,  1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7, 45,  9],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [15, 16, 17, 18,  0]], dtype=uint8)

Hope that clarifies a few things! It takes quite a bit of playing around before you can get an intuition for what's a copy, what's a view, what's contiguous, etc.

On Wed, Jul 31, 2013 at 6:15 PM, Ankit Agrawal <aaaagrawal@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi Marc,

On Wed, Jul 31, 2013 at 1:09 PM, Marc de Klerk <deklerkmc@gmail.com> wrote:
Hi guys,

I've been using np.ravel(). This morning I tried to lookup the difference between np.ravel() and np.ascontiguousarray(). Does anybody know?
I am not sure if this helps as I don't know your purpose for using np.ravel / np.ascontiguousarray. I got to know about the ndarray.flags method yesterday from Stefan while discussion on this PR.

In [15]: a = np.arange(20).reshape((4,5))

In [16]: a
Out[16]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4],
[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14],

[15, 16, 17, 18, 19]])

In [17]: a.flags
Out[17]:
C_CONTIGUOUS : True
F_CONTIGUOUS : False
OWNDATA : False
WRITEABLE : True

ALIGNED : True
UPDATEIFCOPY : False

In [18]: b = np.ravel(a)

In [20]: b
Out[20]:
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,

17, 18, 19])

In [21]: b.flags
Out[21]:
C_CONTIGUOUS : True
F_CONTIGUOUS : True
OWNDATA : False
WRITEABLE : True
ALIGNED : True

UPDATEIFCOPY : False

Hope this helps!!

Marc

On Sunday, July 21, 2013 6:37:47 AM UTC+2, Chintak Sheth wrote:
Hi Ronnie,

On Jul 21, 2013 10:00 AM, "Ronnie Ghose" <ronnie...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> So in skimage/colors why does it matter if the array is contiguous? Is this for Cython operations later?
>

Yeah it is mainly for using memory views in Cython which is initialized as C contiguous.
`cdef some_type[:. ::1] var_name`

In thus case ::1 is for C contiguous.

Chintak

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