Dear all, During optimization, it is often helpful to normalize the input parameters to make them on the same order of magnitude, so the convergence can be much better. For example, if we want to minimize f(x), while a reasonable approximation is x0=[1e3, 1e-4], it might be helpful to normalize x0[0] and x0[1] to about the same order of magnitude (often O(1)). My question is, I have been using scipy.optimize and specifically, the L-BFGS-B algorithm. I was wondering that, do I need to normalize that manually by writing a function, or the algorithm already did it for me? Thank you! -Shawn -- Yuxiang "Shawn" Wang Gerling Research Lab University of Virginia yw5aj@virginia.edu +1 (434) 284-0836 https://sites.google.com/a/virginia.edu/yw5aj/