Mailman 3 July 2008 - Twisted

[Twisted-Python] Twisted Python 0.7.0 Prerelease Testing
by Glyph Lefkowitz 05 Aug '21

05 Aug '21

hi there, folks: I'd really like to release 0.7.0 but I would like it to be at least a little bit tested before I do so. Could those of you with CVS trees check everything out and see if it performs as advertised? Deeper bugs than that will have to wait for the next release, but I'd at least like to know if it works for someone other than me. Thanks. ______ __ __ _____ _ _ | ____ | \_/ |_____] |_____| |_____| |_____ | | | | @ t w i s t e d m a t r i x . c o m http://www.twistedmatrix.com/~glyph/

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[Twisted-Python] regarding xml elements
by Raj kumar 02 Oct '13

02 Oct '13

Hi, I have an xml file in my application, I have created an element using Example goes like this......... document.createElement("abc") and i appeneded it by using append() method. But how i can reflect this change to my xml file? and one more thing is i want to create element with some other parameters.... like............. <abc m=" " n=" "> </abc> and i have m and n values as strings with me. can anybody help me to create this element and write it to the existing xml file as a child of an existing element? Thanks in advance.. Raj.. Forgot the famous last words? Access your message archive online at http://in.messenger.yahoo.com/webmessengerpromo.php

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[Twisted-Python] Get IP of connecting client in XMLRPC server
by Remy C. Cool 28 Apr '13

28 Apr '13

Hello, On 18 May 2004, the following message was posted to this mailinglist: Jp Calderone exarkun at divmod.com wrote: >Daniel Newton wrote: > > I have a simple XML-PRC server similar to the example below: > > from twisted.web import xmlrpc, server > > class Example(xmlrpc.XMLRPC): > """An example object to be published.""" > > def xmlrpc_add(self, a, b): > """Return sum of arguments.""" > return a + b def xmlrpc_whatIsMyAddress(self): return self.transport.getPeer().host > > if __name__ == '__main__': > from twisted.internet import reactor > r = Example() > reactor.listenTCP(7080, server.Site(r)) > reactor.run() > > I want to be able to get the address of the client that calls the xmlrpc > method can anyone help me with this? This solution didn't work because 'transport' isn't a property of the Example class. I'm currently in the process of changing from a customized SimpleXMLRPCServer to a twisted XMLRPC server solution and I need to insert the client IP into the attributes passed to the called xmlrpc method. Anyone who knows the answer and is willing to share the info? Regards, Remy

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[Twisted-Python] SQLAlchemy and Twisted
by alex clemesha 13 Feb '09

13 Feb '09

Hi, I didn't want to hijack the 'Twisted Presentation Materials..' thread, so I started this one ... First off, in the other thread, Glenn, you mentioned Storm. I have heard of Storm, but never got any deeper that noticing that it is still a work in progress (maybe things have settled down ?) If anyone has anything to say on how it might be a good choice with Twisted, please feel free to enlighten us! But, I hoping to solve some immediate problems with Twisted and SQLAlchemy, so ... >> >> * A main "App Server", that controls high level access with "twisted.cred" >> * Web frontend: "twisted.web2" >> * Data: some "twisted.enterprise.adbapi", moving to SQLAlchemy. > > Interesting; how are you handling asynchrony in SA? This is the issue that we're stilling unclear on, and I really would like to know of the best way of integrating Twisted with SQLAlchemy. Twisted devs / experts: Please, could you comment on the right way of using Twisted and SQLAlchemy together. Anyone: If anyone know of existing code that integrates Twisted and SQLAlchemy nicely, please share! RIght away I just went about the problem be wrapping each call to SQLAlchemy in a "deferToThread" inside my "DatabaseManager" class. At startup of my app, I make an instance of this class, and pass it to each "avatar" (in "requestAvatar", in my portal) Here is my Database Manager: (you will actually see that I 'turned off' the deferToThread wrapping for now): http://trac.knoboo.com/browser/branches/knoboo-sqlalchemy-take2/knoboo/data… but I really haven't convinced myself that this is the best way of doing things. Hell, it could be totally wrong, so if anyone has any advice, I would be very appreciative! > I'm aware of sAsync, > but haven't looked much into it. (I'm a step or two behind you, actively > using adbapi, and thinking about moving to SA when I get some breathing > room.) I've looked into SAsync as well, but it is not totally clear to me what the extra benefit of it is (again, anyone who has a good description, please tell) The main developer of sAsync use to post to this mailing list, but I haven't seen him post in a fairly long while. So, if others are thinking about using SQLAlchemy with Twisted, let's discuss it more. Thanks very much, Alex

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[Twisted-Python] Modifying Conch example
by Pump Kin 01 Aug '08

01 Aug '08

Hello! I'm trying to implement the example in the Conch tutorial ( http://twistedmatrix.com/projects/conch/documentation/howto/conch_client.ht…). with some modifications. I want to do the following: 1) Connect to a remote machine using a private key (no password) without knowing the public key 2) Transfer over some files 3) Issue a series of non-interactive commands (to fire up the scripts I transferred over) 4) Close the connection Step 2) I can easily do with a single non-interactive subprocess.Popen() call to SCP; if there was a way to do it in pure Twisted-Python that would be great, but i'm not too worried about that. Step 1) Is really bugging me here; I can't seem to strip the need for foreknowledge of the public key from the script. I can't easily programmatically access that information in my use case. I do however have ready access to the private key and fingerprint for verification. My modified tutorial scripts just vomit. Step 3) Is a just a little annoying; The provided tutorial only issues one command and reads the stdout. I don't care about stdout in my use-case, but i do care about issuing a series of commands. i could just issue one long command with the indivudal subcommands seperated by semicolons (cat blah; start-script myscript; [etc]) but i'm wondering for curiosity/cleanliness' sake if there's a way of seperating the commands. Any help would be much appreciated =] Regards, Pumpkin

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[Twisted-Python] Please recommend a RPC system working with twisted.
by Peter Cai 29 Jul '08

29 Jul '08

Hi all, I'm looking for an RPC system working with twisted. 1. Binary. I want it run faster than any xml based RPC. 2. Bidirectional. Unlike HTTP, on which the client has to poll the sever for events, the server should "call" the client's method to notify events. 3. C/Python support. Part of the system shall be written in C. 4. Could easily integrated with twisted. Unfortunately, there seems no such resolution existed. So maybe I have to give up some requirements.

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[Twisted-Python] Possible bug on twisted.conch.ssh.keys?
by Adriano Marques 29 Jul '08

29 Jul '08

Hello folks, I'm facing a problem here while trying to implement a ssh server and client using twisted. There are some deprecated functions that are pointing me to use new ones, which in turn doesn't seem to work fine. I'm not sure if it is the case, mainly because the deprecated functions are calling the new ones, but while debuging the code I found that something there is wrong, and that can potentially be hapenning because of the changes recently made to that module. As I'm somehow new to twisted I'm not sure about my statements arround the problem. Here follows the codes and exceptions I'm getting: <client_code> #!/usr/bin/env python # This code was based on an example from twisted website from twisted.conch.ssh import transport, userauth, connection from twisted.conch.ssh import common, keys, channel from twisted.internet import defer, protocol, reactor from twisted.python import log import struct, sys, getpass, os USER = 'ssh' HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 2222 PUBKEY = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAAAgQD3n4sYqbdnlVyvy2SRUmQ5HJg2NDHyC0m4FIykDygXW2PTcSHU/Jany95D54qAEkUra0KHk94KvyGhNVYXqPmzPLu4onlr0Y/gQzEsIy15jDGjMWVCX/8+PQJxMYObSKs8U1o/h5fDNeKQs4bZbrm+35eT/Kvyerqa6ab5OsIEnQ==" PRIVKEY = """-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIICXAIBAAKBgQD3n4sYqbdnlVyvy2SRUmQ5HJg2NDHyC0m4FIykDygXW2PTcSHU /Jany95D54qAEkUra0KHk94KvyGhNVYXqPmzPLu4onlr0Y/gQzEsIy15jDGjMWVC X/8+PQJxMYObSKs8U1o/h5fDNeKQs4bZbrm+35eT/Kvyerqa6ab5OsIEnQIDAQAB AoGAK2MWASVDkG+4RMkTfu77xpH/DYhJtApMSWe4WMqbELSfoh2xetsjHpV3BVjd iKEq43ewuYasIh/pKZDp281sqqXdg9VI9ZW7kB00FhO2wA4emCIVj6CHMl1K9NrU 9Spy40garaYnDdud79SnKtxlKQEALOwCpTEcrjGOLBTbirUCQQD/FkP1zhpOSaOy B32CiC13W5fFfREzBxzQ3Med1i1OYtFfBEdJqv/Z7APadNN8ySI3r+UAfGatTzJI zbiSZ2fHAkEA+IJwWpw6d8R3t7+8UgTrqdsZhLRdidO0cHcIFcnU/QYZg+iw3F+q Tuz/mngpfb5214r8zwcwlNzsC4+fyOOYewJBAMPstRw6Rog1FW8rQ6Kbt9hCWItO aYR5BRADU6sOk1PuoIPLhHm3xrX6CmejbcEdt5NwHYNHCZI6DxRONmL024cCQBky eJvnXVJJfG4IJdsXHqIBUiwPcbCI47HHj+1NoqfpF2s1i8E8ffM0upH5/xL93eTq 9ck0DGv7nn9pl6Tx1sMCQCWZbWDnmEdsSoNUQZ8fyQEDoZ/2gUP+R2/WpLikwmSA 41n7cUONVthIYOZw0qQPP//PyPtMVxcYT76D5QACEK8= -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----""" class ClientTransport(transport.SSHClientTransport): def connectionMade(self): transport.SSHClientTransport.connectionMade(self) def verifyHostKey(self, hostKey, fingerprint): return defer.succeed(1) def connectionSecure(self): self.requestService(ClientUserAuth(USER, ClientConnection())) class ClientUserAuth(userauth.SSHUserAuthClient): def getPublicKey(self): # Issue 1 return PUBKEY.encode("ascii") def getPrivateKey(self): # Issue 2 return defer.succeed(keys.getPrivateKeyObject(data=PRIVKEY)) def getPassword(self): return defer.succeed(getpass.getpass("%s@%s's password: " % (USER, HOST))) def getGenericAnswers(self, name, instruction, questions): import pdb; pdb.set_trace() log.debug("Get Generic answers: %s, %s, %s" % (name, instruction, questions)) answers = [] for prompt, echo in questions: if echo: answer = raw_input(prompt) else: answer = getpass.getpass(prompt) answers.append(answer) return defer.succeed(answers) def tryAuth(self, kind): kind = "publickey" log.debug("tryAuth: %s" % kind) log.debug("Public Key: %s" % self.getPublicKey()) return userauth.SSHUserAuthClient.tryAuth(self, kind) def signData(self, publicKey, signData): log.debug("Ran signData with %s and %s" % (publicKey, signData)) import pdb; pdb.set_trace() signed = userauth.SSHUserAuthClient.signData(self, publicKey, signData) return signed def auth_publickey(self): log.debug("Trying Auth Method: Public Key") return userauth.SSHUserAuthClient.auth_publickey(self) class ClientConnection(connection.SSHConnection): def serviceStarted(self): log.debug("Service started") self.openChannel(TrueChannel(2**16, 2**15, self)) self.openChannel(FalseChannel(2**16, 2**15, self)) self.openChannel(CatChannel(2**16, 2**15, self)) class TrueChannel(channel.SSHChannel): name = 'session' def openFailed(self, reason): print 'true failed', reason def channelOpen(self, ignoredData): self.conn.sendRequest(self, 'exec', common.NS('true')) def request_exit_status(self, data): status = struct.unpack('>L', data)[0] print 'true status was: %s' % status self.loseConnection() class FalseChannel(channel.SSHChannel): name = 'session' def openFailed(self, reason): print 'false failed', reason def channelOpen(self, ignoredData): self.conn.sendRequest(self, 'exec', common.NS('false')) def request_exit_status(self, data): status = struct.unpack('>L', data)[0] print 'false status was: %s' % status self.loseConnection() class CatChannel(channel.SSHChannel): name = 'session' def openFailed(self, reason): print 'echo failed', reason def channelOpen(self, ignoredData): self.data = '' d = self.conn.sendRequest(self, 'exec', common.NS('cat'), wantReply = 1) d.addCallback(self._cbRequest) def _cbRequest(self, ignored): self.write('hello conch\n') self.conn.sendEOF(self) def dataReceived(self, data): self.data += data def closed(self): print 'got data from cat: %s' % repr(self.data) self.loseConnection() reactor.stop() protocol.ClientCreator(reactor, ClientTransport).connectTCP(HOST, 2222) reactor.run() </client_code> The issues: 1 - I had to encode the public key to ascii prior to using it. I don't know why, but the struct was raising an exception telling that one of the chars where out of the ascii range. But it doesn't look to have any character outside the ascii range, AFAIK. Anyway, it worked when I did the conversion to ascii. 2 - When I use: keys.Key.fromString(data=PRIVKEY) instead of the deprecated keys.getPrivateKeyObject(data=PRIVKEY), I get this error while trying to authenticate: <error> # This was caught directly from pdb prompt: > connectSSH.py(77)signData() -> signed = userauth.SSHUserAuthClient.signData(self, publicKey, signData) (Pdb) n > site-packages/twisted/conch/ssh/userauth.py:374: DeprecationWarning: signData is deprecated since Twisted Conch 0.9. Use Key(obj).sign(data). return keys.signData(privateKey, signData) > connectSSH.py(79)signData() -> return signed (Pdb) p signed <Deferred at 0x12a1760 current result: <twisted.python.failure.Failure <type 'exceptions.RuntimeError'>>> (Pdb) p signed.result <twisted.python.failure.Failure <type 'exceptions.RuntimeError'>> (Pdb) p signed.result.getErrorMessage() 'unknown type of object: <RSA Private Key (1023 bits)\nattr e:\n\t01:00:01\nattr d:\n\t2b:63:16:01:25:43:90:6f:b8:44:c9:13:7e:ee:fb:\n\tc6:91:ff:0d:88:49:b4:0a:4c:49:67:b8:58:ca:9b:\n\t10:b4:9f:a2:1d:b1:7a:db:23:1e:95:77:05:58:dd:\n\t88:a1:2a:e3:77:b0:b9:86:ac:22:1f:e9:29:90:e9:\n\tdb:cd:6c:aa:a5:dd:83:d5:48:f5:95:bb:90:1d:34:\n\t16:13:b6:c0:0e:1e:98:22:15:8f:a0:87:32:5d:4a:\n\tf4:da:d4:f5:2a:72:e3:48:1a:ad:a6:27:0d:db:9d:\n\tef:d4:a7:2a:dc:65:29:01:00:2c:ec:02:a5:31:1c:\n\tae:31:8e:2c:14:db:8a:b5\nattr n:\n\t00:f7:9f:8b:18:a9:b7:67:95:5c:af:cb:64:91:52:\n\t64:39:1c:98:36:34:31:f2:0b:49:b8:14:8c:a4:0f:\n\t28:17:5b:63:d3:71:21:d4:fc:96:a7:cb:de:43:e7:\n\t8a:80:12:45:2b:6b:42:87:93:de:0a:bf:21:a1:35:\n\t56:17:a8:f9:b3:3c:bb:b8:a2:79:6b:d1:8f:e0:43:\n\t31:2c:23:2d:79:8c:31:a3:31:65:42:5f:ff:3e:3d:\n\t02:71:31:83:9b:48:ab:3c:53:5a:3f:87:97:c3:35:\n\te2:90:b3:86:d9:6e:b9:be:df:97:93:fc:ab:f2:7a:\n\tba:9a:e9:a6:f9:3a:c2:04:9d\nattr q:\n\t00:ff:16:43:f5:ce:1a:4e:49:a3:b2:07:7d:82:88:\n\t2d:77:5b:97:c5:7d:11:33:07:1c:d0:dc:c7:9d:d6:\n\t2d:4e:62:d1:5f:04:47:49:aa:ff:d9:ec:03:da:74:\n\td3:7c:c9:22:37:af:e5:00:7c:66:ad:4f:32:48:cd:\n\tb8:92:67:67:c7\nattr p:\n\t00:f8:82:70:5a:9c:3a:77:c4:77:b7:bf:bc:52:04:\n\teb:a9:db:19:84:b4:5d:89:d3:b4:70:77:08:15:c9:\n\td4:fd:06:19:83:e8:b0:dc:5f:aa:4e:ec:ff:9a:78:\n\t29:7d:be:76:d7:8a:fc:cf:07:30:94:dc:ec:0b:8f:\n\t9f:c8:e3:98:7b\nattr u:\n\t25:99:6d:60:e7:98:47:6c:4a:83:54:41:9f:1f:c9:\n\t01:03:a1:9f:f6:81:43:fe:47:6f:d6:a4:b8:a4:c2:\n\t64:80:e3:59:fb:71:43:8d:56:d8:48:60:e6:70:d2:\n\ta4:0f:3f:ff:cf:c8:fb:4c:57:17:18:4f:be:83:e5:\n\t00:02:10:af>' </error> This is the function that raised that exception: http://twistedmatrix.com/trac/browser/tags/releases/twisted-8.1.0/twisted/c… It looks like the problem is that the class name doesn't start with Crypto.PublicKey. Then, when I use the deprecated method, this is what I have: <not_an_error> > connectSSH.py(77)signData() -> signed = userauth.SSHUserAuthClient.signData(self, publicKey, signData) (Pdb) n tests/connectSSH.py:48: DeprecationWarning: getPrivateKeyObject is deprecated since Twisted Conch 0.9. Use Key.fromString(). return defer.succeed(keys.getPrivateKeyObject(data=PRIVKEY)) site-packages/twisted/conch/ssh/userauth.py:374: DeprecationWarning: signData is deprecated since Twisted Conch 0.9. Use Key(obj).sign(data). return keys.signData(privateKey, signData) > connectSSH.py(79)signData() -> return signed (Pdb) p signed <Deferred at 0x12a1760 current result: '\x00\x00\x00\x07ssh-rsa\x00\x00\x00\x80\xa9w-\x0c\x9e\xc3\xe8\xd0\xff\xb8\xf0\xbbi*\xecJ\x8e5\xac\x0e(@\x18\x81\x11\xf4\xff\xda\xde\xd6\x9b\xbe\xef\\\xc2\xd0F8Q\x15\xd0A\xa1!$\xe2\xe5\xa0\xf8\x12O\xa0*4\xe1)\xc2:\xbf\x16\x0b\x8a\xd2J\xa8D\x01\xdd\x10\xe3\xeb\x8b*9,\xf3#b\xff\xbf\xc9\xe9\xdc\x81\xa4B\x88$\r\x8b\xef|y\x80\r\x08\x8a*\x08x:\x0c{\xcf\x97\xb7"\xe19\x1f\xa2_wV4\xfa\x19"Vf\xcf\x80\xa7i\x98\xfa\xefM'> </not_an_error> After moving to the deprecated method, everything seems to work ok with the client, but then I started to have a similar problem at the server side, while verifying client's signature. Here is the relevant part of the server code, which is the method requestAvatarId of the Credential Checker I implemented: <server_code> # This code is based in an example that I caught from twisted website class PublicKeyChecker(): implements(checkers.ICredentialsChecker) credentialInterfaces = (credentials.ISSHPrivateKey, ) def requestAvatarId(self, credentials): # I removed here the code that verified if the user is registered in our database, to easy for you guys to understand the relevant part of the code. Just consider that the variable user contains the found user object. user_key = user.key.public_key if not credentials.blob == user_key: raise failure.Failure(error.ConchError("Wrong key.")) if not credentials.signature: return failure.Failure(error.ValidPublicKey()) pub_key = Key.fromString(data=credentials.blob) # Issue 3 if verifySignature(pub_key, credentials.signature, credentials.sigData): return credentials.username else: return failure.Failure(error.ConchError("Incorrect Signature.")) else: return failure.Failure(error.ConchError("Authentication Failed.")) </server_code> 3 - Then, while I get to the verifySignature method, I get the following error: <error> RuntimeError: unknown type of object: <RSA Public Key (1023 bits) attr e: 01:00:01 attr n: 00:f7:9f:8b:18:a9:b7:67:95:5c:af:cb:64:91:52: 64:39:1c:98:36:34:31:f2:0b:49:b8:14:8c:a4:0f: 28:17:5b:63:d3:71:21:d4:fc:96:a7:cb:de:43:e7: 8a:80:12:45:2b:6b:42:87:93:de:0a:bf:21:a1:35: 56:17:a8:f9:b3:3c:bb:b8:a2:79:6b:d1:8f:e0:43: 31:2c:23:2d:79:8c:31:a3:31:65:42:5f:ff:3e:3d:... </error> Which is the same exception raised by the key.type() function that have put us at the same trouble in the client. Then, at the debuger, I found that the correct key (which is a class with name starting with Crypto.PublicKey) is right inside this "unknown" object, which is a RSA Public Key in object.keyObject.keyObject! I ran the WingIDE debugger and simply saw that, as you can see in this screenshot: http://www.imageno.com/z99azx3v7qnzpic.html Ok, I also get the deprecated warning while using the verifySignature method instead of Key(obj).verify(sig, data), then I decided to test it also just to don't make you guys wast your time with me for nothing. I called pub_key.verify(credentials.signature, credentials.sigData) instead of that verifySignature call, and it returned False instead leading to a failure in authentication. Both apps (client and server) are running inside the same machine, consulting the same database, the same keys and user, so there it is not reasonable to be failing if my code is correct. Maybe I missed something. Can you guys help me? Sorry about the very long email, but I tried to be as much verbose as I could in order to help you guys help me. Kind Regards, -- Adriano Monteiro Marques http://adriano-marques.blogspot.com http://umit.sourceforge.net py.adriano(a)gmail.com "Don't stay in bed, unless you can make money in bed." - George Burns

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[Twisted-Python] C or Objective-C AMP?
by Nathan 28 Jul '08

28 Jul '08

1) Does anyone know if AMP has been implemented in either C or Objective-C yet? 2) Is there a better way for me to find that out than asking on this list? (Is there somewhere I should be looking first?) ~ Nathan

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[Twisted-Python] Running a HTTP client connection through a SOCKS proxy
by nnp 27 Jul '08

27 Jul '08

Hey, I'm working on an app at the moment, part of which needs to grab a page from a website and parse the results. It will have to work in environments where connections have to be routed through a SOCKSv4 proxy but I can't find any way to specify a proxy using any of the Twisted classes. Is this possible? I assumed it was seeing as how it is a fairly common situation but the documentation/API haven't provided any useful information. Cheers, nnp Btw, my code currently looks like this : from twisted.web.client import HTTPClientFactory from twisted.internet import ssl from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.web import client class BugGetter: def __init__(self, url): ''' This class attempts to verify that a bug ID is a legitimate ''' self.url = url self.contextFactory = ssl.ClientContextFactory() self.scheme, self.host, self.port, path = client._parse(url) def getPage(self, bugId): self.bugUrl = ''.join([self.url, bugId]) self.hcf = HTTPClientFactory(self.bugUrl) self.hcf.deferred.addCallback(self.parsePage) self.hcf.deferred.addErrback(self.errorCallback) if scheme == 'https:': reactor.connectSSL(self.host, self.port, self.hcf, self.contextFactory) else: reactor.connectTCP(self.host, self.port, self.hcf) reactor.run() def parsePage(self): print self.hcf.status print self.hcf.message reactor.stop() def errorCallback(self, failure): print failure.getErrorMessage() reactor.stop() bz = Bugzilla('https://bugs.example.org/show_bug.cgi?id=') bz.getPage('9999') -- http://www.smashthestack.org http://www.unprotectedhex.com

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[Twisted-Python] Writing new transports / a tunnel Protocol
by Michael Carter 27 Jul '08

27 Jul '08

Hello, I'm hoping to use existing protocol implementations in twisted, but over a custom tunneling protocol that I'll call CTP for the remainder of this thread. CTP is basically TCP with a couple of strange characteristics. Besides a custom handshake, two actual tcp connections are used for the data transport, each of which is considered uni-directional; one connection is used for "upstream" and one for "downstream". I know how to create a twisted factory / protocol implementation for CTP such that you could write a CTP based protocol by inheriting from CTPProtocol and overriding the "dataRead" function. But this means I have to do more work to get each existing twisted protocol working with my CTP implementation. So my question is, what is the best way to take an implementation of this protocol and integrate it tightly with twisted's internals? It seems like I would need a new reactor implementation with a listenCTP function, for one. Of course, I wouldn't want to just inherit from the SelectReactor, because I want to be able to use Epoll (or others) as well. Please excuse my ignorance of twisted's architecture. I already have a prototype of this (see orbited 0.5.x) but I want my next release to integrate tightly with twisted's infrastructure instead of re-inventing an API on top. -Michael Carter

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