[Patches] [ python-Patches-941881 ] PEP309 Partial implementation

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Sun Feb 27 21:43:39 CET 2005


Patches item #941881, was opened at 2004-04-25 19:05
Message generated for change (Comment added) made by pmoore
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Category: Library (Lib)
Group: Python 2.4
Status: Open
Resolution: None
Priority: 5
Submitted By: Hye-Shik Chang (perky)
Assigned to: Nobody/Anonymous (nobody)
Summary: PEP309 Partial implementation

Initial Comment:
This patch implements functional module which is
introduced by PEP309. It has only 'partial' function as
its member in this stage.

Unittest code is copied and modified slightly from
Patch #931010 by Peter Harris.

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Comment By: Paul Moore (pmoore)
Date: 2005-02-27 20:43

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To build on Windows (at least with mingw gcc, I don't know
about MSVC) you need to assign members of partial_type which
are symbols in the Python DLL at runtime, not compile time.
The following diff probably explains better:

--- functionalmodule.c.orig     2005-02-27
20:41:41.000000000 +000
+++ functionalmodule.c  2005-02-26 21:41:14.000000000 +0000
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
        0,                              /* tp_hash */
        (ternaryfunc)partial_call,      /* tp_call */
        0,                              /* tp_str */
-       PyObject_GenericGetAttr,        /* tp_getattro */
+       0,                              /* tp_getattro */
        0,                              /* tp_setattro */
        0,                              /* tp_as_buffer */
        Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC |
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
        0,                              /* tp_init */
        0,                              /* tp_alloc */
        partial_new,                    /* tp_new */
-       PyObject_GC_Del,                /* tp_free */
+       0,                              /* tp_free */
 };


@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@
        int i;
        PyObject *m;
        char *name;
+       partial_type.tp_getattro = PyObject_GenericGetAttr;
+       partial_type.tp_free = PyObject_GC_Del;
        PyTypeObject *typelist[] = {
                &partial_type,
                NULL

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Comment By: Nick Coghlan (ncoghlan)
Date: 2005-02-26 05:27

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Moving the discussion to python-dev :)

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Comment By: Steven Bethard (bediviere)
Date: 2005-02-26 03:58

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Oops -- wrong order of association.

...             self.args = args[2:] + func.args
...             d = func.kw.copy()
...             d.update(kw)

should have been

...             self.args = func.args + args[2:]
...             kw.update(func.kw)
...             self.kw = kw

hopefully these errors didn't confuse my intent too much.

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Comment By: Steven Bethard (bediviere)
Date: 2005-02-26 03:53

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Yes, that's much clearer.  I don't remember why I couldn't
get it to work this way before (I tried something quite
similar to this), but I'm glad someone could figure out the
simpler way to do it. ;-)

One potential problem with my proposal -- it doesn't work
for nested partials:

py> class C(object):
...     pass
... 
py> def func(self, arg1, arg2):
...     return self, arg1, arg2
... 
py> setattr(C, 'a', partial(func, 'a', 'b'))
py> C().a()
(<__main__.C object at 0x01186470>, 'a', 'b')
py> setattr(C, 'a', partial(partial(func, 'a'), 'b'))
py> C().a()
('a', <__main__.C object at 0x01186370>, 'b')

One possible solution would be to merge nested partials, but
I'm not at all certain this solves all the problems:

py> class partial(object):
...     def __init__(*args, **kw):
...         self = args[0]
...         func = args[1]
...         if isinstance(func, partial):
...             self.fn = func.fn
...             self.args = args[2:] + func.args
...             d = func.kw.copy()
...             d.update(kw)
...             self.kw = d
...         else:
...             self.fn, self.args, self.kw = (args[1],
args[2:], kw)
...     def __call__(self, *args, **kw):
...         if kw and self.kw:
...             d = self.kw.copy()
...             d.update(kw)
...         else:
...             d = kw or self.kw
...         return self.fn(*(self.args + args), **d)
...     def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
...         if obj is None:
...             return self
...         return partial(self.fn, obj, *self.args, **self.kw)
... 
py> class C(object):
...     pass
... 
py> def func(self, arg1, arg2):
...     return self, arg1, arg2
... 
py> setattr(C, 'a', partial(func, 'a', 'b'))
py> C().a()
(<__main__.C object at 0x01186BB0>, 'a', 'b')
py> setattr(C, 'a', partial(partial(func, 'a'), 'b'))
py> C().a()
(<__main__.C object at 0x01186650>, 'b', 'a')

On the other hand, merging nested partials does reduce the
number of function calls, so perhaps it's useful in and of
itself...


----------------------------------------------------------------------

Comment By: Nick Coghlan (ncoghlan)
Date: 2005-02-26 03:45

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If the __get__ method is added to make partial functions
behave like instance methods, the documentation should
probably mention that classmethod() and staticmethod() can
then be used to alter the behaviour:

Py> def f(*args):
...   print args
...
Py> class C:
...   a = functional.partial(f)
...   b = classmethod(functional.partial(f))
...   c = staticmethod(functional.partial(f))
...
Py> C().a
<functional.partial object at 0x009E0DD0>
Py> C().a()
(<__main__.C instance at 0x009E6698>,)
Py> C().b()
(<class __main__.C at 0x009DDB40>,)
Py> C().c()
()

(This example used the simpler __get__ implementation I
posted earlier)

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Comment By: Nick Coghlan (ncoghlan)
Date: 2005-02-26 03:27

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Steve's suggestion does sound good, but can't it simply be
implemented with the PEP implementation and the following
__get__ method?:

def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
    if obj is None:
        return self
    return partial(self.func, obj, *self.args, **self.kwargs)



----------------------------------------------------------------------

Comment By: Nick Coghlan (ncoghlan)
Date: 2005-02-26 03:17

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Peter Harris already wrote docs in Patch 931007. Presumably
they are still accurate, or perky would have said something.

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Comment By: Martin v. Löwis (loewis)
Date: 2005-02-25 20:34

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In this form, the patch cannot be applied, since it lacks
documentation changes. It might be that perky does not
consider himself fluent enough in English to write the
documentation - any other volunteers?

I also think there is value to bediviere's point, even
though the PEP currently specifies partial() differently.


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Comment By: Steven Bethard (bediviere)
Date: 2005-02-19 20:38

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It might be nice if partial objects were usable as
instancemethods, like functions are.  Note the following
behavior with the current patch:

>>> import functional
>>> class C(object):
...     pass
...
>>> def func(self, arg):
...     return arg
...
>>> for item in ['a', 'b', 'c']:
...     setattr(C, item, functional.partial(func, item))
...
>>> C().a()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: func() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given)

If functional.partial was instead defined like:

class partial(object):
    def __init__(*args, **kwargs):
        self = args[0]
        try:
            self.func = args[1]
        except IndexError:
            raise TypeError('expected 2 or more arguments,
got ' %
                            len(args))
        self.obj = ()
        self.args = args[2:]
        self.kwargs = kwargs
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if kwargs and self.kwargs:
            d = self.kwargs.copy()
            d.update(kwargs)
        else:
            d = kwargs or self.kwargs
        return self.func(*(self.obj + self.args + args), **d)
    def __get__(self, obj, type=None):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        result = partial(self.func, *self.args, **self.kwargs)
        result.obj = (obj,)
        return result

where an appropriate __get__ method is provided, then
partial objects behave properly when set as attributes to a
class:

py> def test():
...     class C(object):
...         pass
...     def func(self, arg):
...         return arg
...     for item in ['a', 'b', 'c']:
...         setattr(C, item, functional.partial(func, item))
...     c = C()
...     return c.a(), c.b(), c.c()
... 
py> test()
('a', 'b', 'c')

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Comment By: Nick Coghlan (ncoghlan)
Date: 2004-08-11 01:11

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I have tested this patch on Windows, and it passes its own
test suite, without affecting any other tests.

However, PCBuild\pythoncore.vcproj & PC\config.c require
modification to allow Python to pick up the new module
correctly.

Patch #1006948 created with the needed changes (also removes
unneeded ODBC references from pythoncore.vcproj as I am
using the free MS toolkits to build here)

My patch definitely needs to be checked by someone with a
copy of Vis Studio 2003!

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Comment By: Paul Moore (pmoore)
Date: 2004-08-03 21:23

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OK, a real need beats my theoretical worries :-) Consider me
convinced.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Comment By: Bob Ippolito (etrepum)
Date: 2004-05-18 05:05

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I would use partial in situations where speed can matter (imap, 
commonly used event handlers, etc.), so a fast C implementation would 
be nice to have.

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Comment By: Paul Moore (pmoore)
Date: 2004-04-27 09:03

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Yes, that looks like a significant speed improvement :-) I was 
basing my assumptions on the comments made in the PEP. 
Sorry.

But I still wonder if having the implementation in Python 
wouldn't be better from a maintenance point of view. (As well 
as all the arguments about usefulness as sample code, ability 
to backport, etc etc, that have come up on python-dev 
regarding moving other Python library modules into C...).

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Comment By: Hye-Shik Chang (perky)
Date: 2004-04-27 03:05

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Python-version (function) ...   1.19    2.69
Python-version (class) ...      2.61    2.38
C-version ...   0.50    0.37
(former value is for 100000 instanciations and latter is for
100000 calls.)

And, C version have a facility that changing attributes after
the instantiation that is supported by class version only.

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Comment By: Paul Moore (pmoore)
Date: 2004-04-26 20:30

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Why implement this in C? I can't imagine that the
performance improvement will be that significant. A pure
Python module in the standard library seems to me to be a
far better idea. As the PEP says, "the case for a built-in
coded in C is not very strong". And a Python module is good
self-documentation.

I prefer the function version suggested in the PEP (credited
to Carl Banks) over the class-based one. You need to take a
little care to avoid capturing argument names:

    def partial(*args, **kwds):
        def callit(*moreargs, **morekwds):
            kw = kwds.copy()
            kw.update(morekwds)
            return args[0](*(args[1:]+moreargs), **kw)
        return callit

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