[pypy-commit] pypy stm: hg merge default

arigo noreply at buildbot.pypy.org
Fri Oct 21 14:08:48 CEST 2011


Author: Armin Rigo <arigo at tunes.org>
Branch: stm
Changeset: r48304:e56876588573
Date: 2011-10-20 22:26 +0200
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/e56876588573/

Log:	hg merge default

diff too long, truncating to 10000 out of 13877 lines

diff --git a/lib-python/conftest.py b/lib-python/conftest.py
--- a/lib-python/conftest.py
+++ b/lib-python/conftest.py
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
     RegrTest('test_multibytecodec.py', usemodules='_multibytecodec'),
     RegrTest('test_multibytecodec_support.py', skip="not a test"),
     RegrTest('test_multifile.py'),
-    RegrTest('test_multiprocessing.py', skip='FIXME leaves subprocesses'),
+    RegrTest('test_multiprocessing.py', skip="FIXME leaves subprocesses"),
     RegrTest('test_mutants.py', core="possibly"),
     RegrTest('test_mutex.py'),
     RegrTest('test_netrc.py'),
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/httplib.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/httplib.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/httplib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1377 @@
+"""HTTP/1.1 client library
+
+<intro stuff goes here>
+<other stuff, too>
+
+HTTPConnection goes through a number of "states", which define when a client
+may legally make another request or fetch the response for a particular
+request. This diagram details these state transitions:
+
+    (null)
+      |
+      | HTTPConnection()
+      v
+    Idle
+      |
+      | putrequest()
+      v
+    Request-started
+      |
+      | ( putheader() )*  endheaders()
+      v
+    Request-sent
+      |
+      | response = getresponse()
+      v
+    Unread-response   [Response-headers-read]
+      |\____________________
+      |                     |
+      | response.read()     | putrequest()
+      v                     v
+    Idle                  Req-started-unread-response
+                     ______/|
+                   /        |
+   response.read() |        | ( putheader() )*  endheaders()
+                   v        v
+       Request-started    Req-sent-unread-response
+                            |
+                            | response.read()
+                            v
+                          Request-sent
+
+This diagram presents the following rules:
+  -- a second request may not be started until {response-headers-read}
+  -- a response [object] cannot be retrieved until {request-sent}
+  -- there is no differentiation between an unread response body and a
+     partially read response body
+
+Note: this enforcement is applied by the HTTPConnection class. The
+      HTTPResponse class does not enforce this state machine, which
+      implies sophisticated clients may accelerate the request/response
+      pipeline. Caution should be taken, though: accelerating the states
+      beyond the above pattern may imply knowledge of the server's
+      connection-close behavior for certain requests. For example, it
+      is impossible to tell whether the server will close the connection
+      UNTIL the response headers have been read; this means that further
+      requests cannot be placed into the pipeline until it is known that
+      the server will NOT be closing the connection.
+
+Logical State                  __state            __response
+-------------                  -------            ----------
+Idle                           _CS_IDLE           None
+Request-started                _CS_REQ_STARTED    None
+Request-sent                   _CS_REQ_SENT       None
+Unread-response                _CS_IDLE           <response_class>
+Req-started-unread-response    _CS_REQ_STARTED    <response_class>
+Req-sent-unread-response       _CS_REQ_SENT       <response_class>
+"""
+
+from array import array
+import os
+import socket
+from sys import py3kwarning
+from urlparse import urlsplit
+import warnings
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    if py3kwarning:
+        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", ".*mimetools has been removed",
+                                DeprecationWarning)
+    import mimetools
+
+try:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+
+__all__ = ["HTTP", "HTTPResponse", "HTTPConnection",
+           "HTTPException", "NotConnected", "UnknownProtocol",
+           "UnknownTransferEncoding", "UnimplementedFileMode",
+           "IncompleteRead", "InvalidURL", "ImproperConnectionState",
+           "CannotSendRequest", "CannotSendHeader", "ResponseNotReady",
+           "BadStatusLine", "error", "responses"]
+
+HTTP_PORT = 80
+HTTPS_PORT = 443
+
+_UNKNOWN = 'UNKNOWN'
+
+# connection states
+_CS_IDLE = 'Idle'
+_CS_REQ_STARTED = 'Request-started'
+_CS_REQ_SENT = 'Request-sent'
+
+# status codes
+# informational
+CONTINUE = 100
+SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101
+PROCESSING = 102
+
+# successful
+OK = 200
+CREATED = 201
+ACCEPTED = 202
+NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203
+NO_CONTENT = 204
+RESET_CONTENT = 205
+PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206
+MULTI_STATUS = 207
+IM_USED = 226
+
+# redirection
+MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300
+MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301
+FOUND = 302
+SEE_OTHER = 303
+NOT_MODIFIED = 304
+USE_PROXY = 305
+TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307
+
+# client error
+BAD_REQUEST = 400
+UNAUTHORIZED = 401
+PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402
+FORBIDDEN = 403
+NOT_FOUND = 404
+METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405
+NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406
+PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407
+REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408
+CONFLICT = 409
+GONE = 410
+LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411
+PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412
+REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413
+REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414
+UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415
+REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416
+EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417
+UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422
+LOCKED = 423
+FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424
+UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426
+
+# server error
+INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500
+NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501
+BAD_GATEWAY = 502
+SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503
+GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504
+HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505
+INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507
+NOT_EXTENDED = 510
+
+# Mapping status codes to official W3C names
+responses = {
+    100: 'Continue',
+    101: 'Switching Protocols',
+
+    200: 'OK',
+    201: 'Created',
+    202: 'Accepted',
+    203: 'Non-Authoritative Information',
+    204: 'No Content',
+    205: 'Reset Content',
+    206: 'Partial Content',
+
+    300: 'Multiple Choices',
+    301: 'Moved Permanently',
+    302: 'Found',
+    303: 'See Other',
+    304: 'Not Modified',
+    305: 'Use Proxy',
+    306: '(Unused)',
+    307: 'Temporary Redirect',
+
+    400: 'Bad Request',
+    401: 'Unauthorized',
+    402: 'Payment Required',
+    403: 'Forbidden',
+    404: 'Not Found',
+    405: 'Method Not Allowed',
+    406: 'Not Acceptable',
+    407: 'Proxy Authentication Required',
+    408: 'Request Timeout',
+    409: 'Conflict',
+    410: 'Gone',
+    411: 'Length Required',
+    412: 'Precondition Failed',
+    413: 'Request Entity Too Large',
+    414: 'Request-URI Too Long',
+    415: 'Unsupported Media Type',
+    416: 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
+    417: 'Expectation Failed',
+
+    500: 'Internal Server Error',
+    501: 'Not Implemented',
+    502: 'Bad Gateway',
+    503: 'Service Unavailable',
+    504: 'Gateway Timeout',
+    505: 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
+}
+
+# maximal amount of data to read at one time in _safe_read
+MAXAMOUNT = 1048576
+
+class HTTPMessage(mimetools.Message):
+
+    def addheader(self, key, value):
+        """Add header for field key handling repeats."""
+        prev = self.dict.get(key)
+        if prev is None:
+            self.dict[key] = value
+        else:
+            combined = ", ".join((prev, value))
+            self.dict[key] = combined
+
+    def addcontinue(self, key, more):
+        """Add more field data from a continuation line."""
+        prev = self.dict[key]
+        self.dict[key] = prev + "\n " + more
+
+    def readheaders(self):
+        """Read header lines.
+
+        Read header lines up to the entirely blank line that terminates them.
+        The (normally blank) line that ends the headers is skipped, but not
+        included in the returned list.  If a non-header line ends the headers,
+        (which is an error), an attempt is made to backspace over it; it is
+        never included in the returned list.
+
+        The variable self.status is set to the empty string if all went well,
+        otherwise it is an error message.  The variable self.headers is a
+        completely uninterpreted list of lines contained in the header (so
+        printing them will reproduce the header exactly as it appears in the
+        file).
+
+        If multiple header fields with the same name occur, they are combined
+        according to the rules in RFC 2616 sec 4.2:
+
+        Appending each subsequent field-value to the first, each separated
+        by a comma. The order in which header fields with the same field-name
+        are received is significant to the interpretation of the combined
+        field value.
+        """
+        # XXX The implementation overrides the readheaders() method of
+        # rfc822.Message.  The base class design isn't amenable to
+        # customized behavior here so the method here is a copy of the
+        # base class code with a few small changes.
+
+        self.dict = {}
+        self.unixfrom = ''
+        self.headers = hlist = []
+        self.status = ''
+        headerseen = ""
+        firstline = 1
+        startofline = unread = tell = None
+        if hasattr(self.fp, 'unread'):
+            unread = self.fp.unread
+        elif self.seekable:
+            tell = self.fp.tell
+        while True:
+            if tell:
+                try:
+                    startofline = tell()
+                except IOError:
+                    startofline = tell = None
+                    self.seekable = 0
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                self.status = 'EOF in headers'
+                break
+            # Skip unix From name time lines
+            if firstline and line.startswith('From '):
+                self.unixfrom = self.unixfrom + line
+                continue
+            firstline = 0
+            if headerseen and line[0] in ' \t':
+                # XXX Not sure if continuation lines are handled properly
+                # for http and/or for repeating headers
+                # It's a continuation line.
+                hlist.append(line)
+                self.addcontinue(headerseen, line.strip())
+                continue
+            elif self.iscomment(line):
+                # It's a comment.  Ignore it.
+                continue
+            elif self.islast(line):
+                # Note! No pushback here!  The delimiter line gets eaten.
+                break
+            headerseen = self.isheader(line)
+            if headerseen:
+                # It's a legal header line, save it.
+                hlist.append(line)
+                self.addheader(headerseen, line[len(headerseen)+1:].strip())
+                continue
+            else:
+                # It's not a header line; throw it back and stop here.
+                if not self.dict:
+                    self.status = 'No headers'
+                else:
+                    self.status = 'Non-header line where header expected'
+                # Try to undo the read.
+                if unread:
+                    unread(line)
+                elif tell:
+                    self.fp.seek(startofline)
+                else:
+                    self.status = self.status + '; bad seek'
+                break
+
+class HTTPResponse:
+
+    # strict: If true, raise BadStatusLine if the status line can't be
+    # parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line.  By default it is
+    # false because it prevents clients from talking to HTTP/0.9
+    # servers.  Note that a response with a sufficiently corrupted
+    # status line will look like an HTTP/0.9 response.
+
+    # See RFC 2616 sec 19.6 and RFC 1945 sec 6 for details.
+
+    def __init__(self, sock, debuglevel=0, strict=0, method=None, buffering=False):
+        if buffering:
+            # The caller won't be using any sock.recv() calls, so buffering
+            # is fine and recommended for performance.
+            self.fp = sock.makefile('rb')
+        else:
+            # The buffer size is specified as zero, because the headers of
+            # the response are read with readline().  If the reads were
+            # buffered the readline() calls could consume some of the
+            # response, which make be read via a recv() on the underlying
+            # socket.
+            self.fp = sock.makefile('rb', 0)
+        self.debuglevel = debuglevel
+        self.strict = strict
+        self._method = method
+
+        self.msg = None
+
+        # from the Status-Line of the response
+        self.version = _UNKNOWN # HTTP-Version
+        self.status = _UNKNOWN  # Status-Code
+        self.reason = _UNKNOWN  # Reason-Phrase
+
+        self.chunked = _UNKNOWN         # is "chunked" being used?
+        self.chunk_left = _UNKNOWN      # bytes left to read in current chunk
+        self.length = _UNKNOWN          # number of bytes left in response
+        self.will_close = _UNKNOWN      # conn will close at end of response
+
+    def _read_status(self):
+        # Initialize with Simple-Response defaults
+        line = self.fp.readline()
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            print "reply:", repr(line)
+        if not line:
+            # Presumably, the server closed the connection before
+            # sending a valid response.
+            raise BadStatusLine(line)
+        try:
+            [version, status, reason] = line.split(None, 2)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                [version, status] = line.split(None, 1)
+                reason = ""
+            except ValueError:
+                # empty version will cause next test to fail and status
+                # will be treated as 0.9 response.
+                version = ""
+        if not version.startswith('HTTP/'):
+            if self.strict:
+                self.close()
+                raise BadStatusLine(line)
+            else:
+                # assume it's a Simple-Response from an 0.9 server
+                self.fp = LineAndFileWrapper(line, self.fp)
+                return "HTTP/0.9", 200, ""
+
+        # The status code is a three-digit number
+        try:
+            status = int(status)
+            if status < 100 or status > 999:
+                raise BadStatusLine(line)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise BadStatusLine(line)
+        return version, status, reason
+
+    def begin(self):
+        if self.msg is not None:
+            # we've already started reading the response
+            return
+
+        # read until we get a non-100 response
+        while True:
+            version, status, reason = self._read_status()
+            if status != CONTINUE:
+                break
+            # skip the header from the 100 response
+            while True:
+                skip = self.fp.readline().strip()
+                if not skip:
+                    break
+                if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                    print "header:", skip
+
+        self.status = status
+        self.reason = reason.strip()
+        if version == 'HTTP/1.0':
+            self.version = 10
+        elif version.startswith('HTTP/1.'):
+            self.version = 11   # use HTTP/1.1 code for HTTP/1.x where x>=1
+        elif version == 'HTTP/0.9':
+            self.version = 9
+        else:
+            raise UnknownProtocol(version)
+
+        if self.version == 9:
+            self.length = None
+            self.chunked = 0
+            self.will_close = 1
+            self.msg = HTTPMessage(StringIO())
+            return
+
+        self.msg = HTTPMessage(self.fp, 0)
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            for hdr in self.msg.headers:
+                print "header:", hdr,
+
+        # don't let the msg keep an fp
+        self.msg.fp = None
+
+        # are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        tr_enc = self.msg.getheader('transfer-encoding')
+        if tr_enc and tr_enc.lower() == "chunked":
+            self.chunked = 1
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        else:
+            self.chunked = 0
+
+        # will the connection close at the end of the response?
+        self.will_close = self._check_close()
+
+        # do we have a Content-Length?
+        # NOTE: RFC 2616, S4.4, #3 says we ignore this if tr_enc is "chunked"
+        length = self.msg.getheader('content-length')
+        if length and not self.chunked:
+            try:
+                self.length = int(length)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.length = None
+            else:
+                if self.length < 0:  # ignore nonsensical negative lengths
+                    self.length = None
+        else:
+            self.length = None
+
+        # does the body have a fixed length? (of zero)
+        if (status == NO_CONTENT or status == NOT_MODIFIED or
+            100 <= status < 200 or      # 1xx codes
+            self._method == 'HEAD'):
+            self.length = 0
+
+        # if the connection remains open, and we aren't using chunked, and
+        # a content-length was not provided, then assume that the connection
+        # WILL close.
+        if not self.will_close and \
+           not self.chunked and \
+           self.length is None:
+            self.will_close = 1
+
+    def _check_close(self):
+        conn = self.msg.getheader('connection')
+        if self.version == 11:
+            # An HTTP/1.1 proxy is assumed to stay open unless
+            # explicitly closed.
+            conn = self.msg.getheader('connection')
+            if conn and "close" in conn.lower():
+                return True
+            return False
+
+        # Some HTTP/1.0 implementations have support for persistent
+        # connections, using rules different than HTTP/1.1.
+
+        # For older HTTP, Keep-Alive indicates persistent connection.
+        if self.msg.getheader('keep-alive'):
+            return False
+
+        # At least Akamai returns a "Connection: Keep-Alive" header,
+        # which was supposed to be sent by the client.
+        if conn and "keep-alive" in conn.lower():
+            return False
+
+        # Proxy-Connection is a netscape hack.
+        pconn = self.msg.getheader('proxy-connection')
+        if pconn and "keep-alive" in pconn.lower():
+            return False
+
+        # otherwise, assume it will close
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.fp:
+            self.fp.close()
+            self.fp = None
+
+    def isclosed(self):
+        # NOTE: it is possible that we will not ever call self.close(). This
+        #       case occurs when will_close is TRUE, length is None, and we
+        #       read up to the last byte, but NOT past it.
+        #
+        # IMPLIES: if will_close is FALSE, then self.close() will ALWAYS be
+        #          called, meaning self.isclosed() is meaningful.
+        return self.fp is None
+
+    # XXX It would be nice to have readline and __iter__ for this, too.
+
+    def read(self, amt=None):
+        if self.fp is None:
+            return ''
+
+        if self._method == 'HEAD':
+            self.close()
+            return ''
+
+        if self.chunked:
+            return self._read_chunked(amt)
+
+        if amt is None:
+            # unbounded read
+            if self.length is None:
+                s = self.fp.read()
+            else:
+                s = self._safe_read(self.length)
+                self.length = 0
+            self.close()        # we read everything
+            return s
+
+        if self.length is not None:
+            if amt > self.length:
+                # clip the read to the "end of response"
+                amt = self.length
+
+        # we do not use _safe_read() here because this may be a .will_close
+        # connection, and the user is reading more bytes than will be provided
+        # (for example, reading in 1k chunks)
+        s = self.fp.read(amt)
+        if self.length is not None:
+            self.length -= len(s)
+            if not self.length:
+                self.close()
+        return s
+
+    def _read_chunked(self, amt):
+        assert self.chunked != _UNKNOWN
+        chunk_left = self.chunk_left
+        value = []
+        while True:
+            if chunk_left is None:
+                line = self.fp.readline()
+                i = line.find(';')
+                if i >= 0:
+                    line = line[:i] # strip chunk-extensions
+                try:
+                    chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # close the connection as protocol synchronisation is
+                    # probably lost
+                    self.close()
+                    raise IncompleteRead(''.join(value))
+                if chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+            if amt is None:
+                value.append(self._safe_read(chunk_left))
+            elif amt < chunk_left:
+                value.append(self._safe_read(amt))
+                self.chunk_left = chunk_left - amt
+                return ''.join(value)
+            elif amt == chunk_left:
+                value.append(self._safe_read(amt))
+                self._safe_read(2)  # toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk
+                self.chunk_left = None
+                return ''.join(value)
+            else:
+                value.append(self._safe_read(chunk_left))
+                amt -= chunk_left
+
+            # we read the whole chunk, get another
+            self._safe_read(2)      # toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk
+            chunk_left = None
+
+        # read and discard trailer up to the CRLF terminator
+        ### note: we shouldn't have any trailers!
+        while True:
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                # a vanishingly small number of sites EOF without
+                # sending the trailer
+                break
+            if line == '\r\n':
+                break
+
+        # we read everything; close the "file"
+        self.close()
+
+        return ''.join(value)
+
+    def _safe_read(self, amt):
+        """Read the number of bytes requested, compensating for partial reads.
+
+        Normally, we have a blocking socket, but a read() can be interrupted
+        by a signal (resulting in a partial read).
+
+        Note that we cannot distinguish between EOF and an interrupt when zero
+        bytes have been read. IncompleteRead() will be raised in this
+        situation.
+
+        This function should be used when <amt> bytes "should" be present for
+        reading. If the bytes are truly not available (due to EOF), then the
+        IncompleteRead exception can be used to detect the problem.
+        """
+        # NOTE(gps): As of svn r74426 socket._fileobject.read(x) will never
+        # return less than x bytes unless EOF is encountered.  It now handles
+        # signal interruptions (socket.error EINTR) internally.  This code
+        # never caught that exception anyways.  It seems largely pointless.
+        # self.fp.read(amt) will work fine.
+        s = []
+        while amt > 0:
+            chunk = self.fp.read(min(amt, MAXAMOUNT))
+            if not chunk:
+                raise IncompleteRead(''.join(s), amt)
+            s.append(chunk)
+            amt -= len(chunk)
+        return ''.join(s)
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.fp.fileno()
+
+    def getheader(self, name, default=None):
+        if self.msg is None:
+            raise ResponseNotReady()
+        return self.msg.getheader(name, default)
+
+    def getheaders(self):
+        """Return list of (header, value) tuples."""
+        if self.msg is None:
+            raise ResponseNotReady()
+        return self.msg.items()
+
+
+class HTTPConnection:
+
+    _http_vsn = 11
+    _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    response_class = HTTPResponse
+    default_port = HTTP_PORT
+    auto_open = 1
+    debuglevel = 0
+    strict = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=None,
+                 timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.source_address = source_address
+        self.sock = None
+        self._buffer = []
+        self.__response = None
+        self.__state = _CS_IDLE
+        self._method = None
+        self._tunnel_host = None
+        self._tunnel_port = None
+        self._tunnel_headers = {}
+
+        self._set_hostport(host, port)
+        if strict is not None:
+            self.strict = strict
+
+    def set_tunnel(self, host, port=None, headers=None):
+        """ Sets up the host and the port for the HTTP CONNECT Tunnelling.
+
+        The headers argument should be a mapping of extra HTTP headers
+        to send with the CONNECT request.
+        """
+        self._tunnel_host = host
+        self._tunnel_port = port
+        if headers:
+            self._tunnel_headers = headers
+        else:
+            self._tunnel_headers.clear()
+
+    def _set_hostport(self, host, port):
+        if port is None:
+            i = host.rfind(':')
+            j = host.rfind(']')         # ipv6 addresses have [...]
+            if i > j:
+                try:
+                    port = int(host[i+1:])
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise InvalidURL("nonnumeric port: '%s'" % host[i+1:])
+                host = host[:i]
+            else:
+                port = self.default_port
+            if host and host[0] == '[' and host[-1] == ']':
+                host = host[1:-1]
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def set_debuglevel(self, level):
+        self.debuglevel = level
+
+    def _tunnel(self):
+        self._set_hostport(self._tunnel_host, self._tunnel_port)
+        self.send("CONNECT %s:%d HTTP/1.0\r\n" % (self.host, self.port))
+        for header, value in self._tunnel_headers.iteritems():
+            self.send("%s: %s\r\n" % (header, value))
+        self.send("\r\n")
+        response = self.response_class(self.sock, strict = self.strict,
+                                       method = self._method)
+        (version, code, message) = response._read_status()
+
+        if code != 200:
+            self.close()
+            raise socket.error("Tunnel connection failed: %d %s" % (code,
+                                                                    message.strip()))
+        while True:
+            line = response.fp.readline()
+            if line == '\r\n': break
+
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Connect to the host and port specified in __init__."""
+        self.sock = socket.create_connection((self.host,self.port),
+                                             self.timeout, self.source_address)
+
+        if self._tunnel_host:
+            self._tunnel()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the connection to the HTTP server."""
+        if self.sock:
+            self.sock.close()   # close it manually... there may be other refs
+            self.sock = None
+        if self.__response:
+            self.__response.close()
+            self.__response = None
+        self.__state = _CS_IDLE
+
+    def send(self, data):
+        """Send `data' to the server."""
+        if self.sock is None:
+            if self.auto_open:
+                self.connect()
+            else:
+                raise NotConnected()
+
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            print "send:", repr(data)
+        blocksize = 8192
+        if hasattr(data,'read') and not isinstance(data, array):
+            if self.debuglevel > 0: print "sendIng a read()able"
+            datablock = data.read(blocksize)
+            while datablock:
+                self.sock.sendall(datablock)
+                datablock = data.read(blocksize)
+        else:
+            self.sock.sendall(data)
+
+    def _output(self, s):
+        """Add a line of output to the current request buffer.
+
+        Assumes that the line does *not* end with \\r\\n.
+        """
+        self._buffer.append(s)
+
+    def _send_output(self, message_body=None):
+        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
+
+        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
+        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
+        """
+        self._buffer.extend(("", ""))
+        msg = "\r\n".join(self._buffer)
+        del self._buffer[:]
+        # If msg and message_body are sent in a single send() call,
+        # it will avoid performance problems caused by the interaction
+        # between delayed ack and the Nagle algorithim.
+        if isinstance(message_body, str):
+            msg += message_body
+            message_body = None
+        self.send(msg)
+        if message_body is not None:
+            #message_body was not a string (i.e. it is a file) and
+            #we must run the risk of Nagle
+            self.send(message_body)
+
+    def putrequest(self, method, url, skip_host=0, skip_accept_encoding=0):
+        """Send a request to the server.
+
+        `method' specifies an HTTP request method, e.g. 'GET'.
+        `url' specifies the object being requested, e.g. '/index.html'.
+        `skip_host' if True does not add automatically a 'Host:' header
+        `skip_accept_encoding' if True does not add automatically an
+           'Accept-Encoding:' header
+        """
+
+        # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it.
+        if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed():
+            self.__response = None
+
+
+        # in certain cases, we cannot issue another request on this connection.
+        # this occurs when:
+        #   1) we are in the process of sending a request.   (_CS_REQ_STARTED)
+        #   2) a response to a previous request has signalled that it is going
+        #      to close the connection upon completion.
+        #   3) the headers for the previous response have not been read, thus
+        #      we cannot determine whether point (2) is true.   (_CS_REQ_SENT)
+        #
+        # if there is no prior response, then we can request at will.
+        #
+        # if point (2) is true, then we will have passed the socket to the
+        # response (effectively meaning, "there is no prior response"), and
+        # will open a new one when a new request is made.
+        #
+        # Note: if a prior response exists, then we *can* start a new request.
+        #       We are not allowed to begin fetching the response to this new
+        #       request, however, until that prior response is complete.
+        #
+        if self.__state == _CS_IDLE:
+            self.__state = _CS_REQ_STARTED
+        else:
+            raise CannotSendRequest()
+
+        # Save the method we use, we need it later in the response phase
+        self._method = method
+        if not url:
+            url = '/'
+        hdr = '%s %s %s' % (method, url, self._http_vsn_str)
+
+        self._output(hdr)
+
+        if self._http_vsn == 11:
+            # Issue some standard headers for better HTTP/1.1 compliance
+
+            if not skip_host:
+                # this header is issued *only* for HTTP/1.1
+                # connections. more specifically, this means it is
+                # only issued when the client uses the new
+                # HTTPConnection() class. backwards-compat clients
+                # will be using HTTP/1.0 and those clients may be
+                # issuing this header themselves. we should NOT issue
+                # it twice; some web servers (such as Apache) barf
+                # when they see two Host: headers
+
+                # If we need a non-standard port,include it in the
+                # header.  If the request is going through a proxy,
+                # but the host of the actual URL, not the host of the
+                # proxy.
+
+                netloc = ''
+                if url.startswith('http'):
+                    nil, netloc, nil, nil, nil = urlsplit(url)
+
+                if netloc:
+                    try:
+                        netloc_enc = netloc.encode("ascii")
+                    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                        netloc_enc = netloc.encode("idna")
+                    self.putheader('Host', netloc_enc)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        host_enc = self.host.encode("ascii")
+                    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                        host_enc = self.host.encode("idna")
+                    # Wrap the IPv6 Host Header with [] (RFC 2732)
+                    if host_enc.find(':') >= 0:
+                        host_enc = "[" + host_enc + "]"
+                    if self.port == self.default_port:
+                        self.putheader('Host', host_enc)
+                    else:
+                        self.putheader('Host', "%s:%s" % (host_enc, self.port))
+
+            # note: we are assuming that clients will not attempt to set these
+            #       headers since *this* library must deal with the
+            #       consequences. this also means that when the supporting
+            #       libraries are updated to recognize other forms, then this
+            #       code should be changed (removed or updated).
+
+            # we only want a Content-Encoding of "identity" since we don't
+            # support encodings such as x-gzip or x-deflate.
+            if not skip_accept_encoding:
+                self.putheader('Accept-Encoding', 'identity')
+
+            # we can accept "chunked" Transfer-Encodings, but no others
+            # NOTE: no TE header implies *only* "chunked"
+            #self.putheader('TE', 'chunked')
+
+            # if TE is supplied in the header, then it must appear in a
+            # Connection header.
+            #self.putheader('Connection', 'TE')
+
+        else:
+            # For HTTP/1.0, the server will assume "not chunked"
+            pass
+
+    def putheader(self, header, *values):
+        """Send a request header line to the server.
+
+        For example: h.putheader('Accept', 'text/html')
+        """
+        if self.__state != _CS_REQ_STARTED:
+            raise CannotSendHeader()
+
+        hdr = '%s: %s' % (header, '\r\n\t'.join([str(v) for v in values]))
+        self._output(hdr)
+
+    def endheaders(self, message_body=None):
+        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
+
+        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional
+        message_body argument can be used to pass message body
+        associated with the request.  The message body will be sent in
+        the same packet as the message headers if possible.  The
+        message_body should be a string.
+        """
+        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
+            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
+        else:
+            raise CannotSendHeader()
+        self._send_output(message_body)
+
+    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}):
+        """Send a complete request to the server."""
+        self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)
+
+    def _set_content_length(self, body):
+        # Set the content-length based on the body.
+        thelen = None
+        try:
+            thelen = str(len(body))
+        except TypeError, te:
+            # If this is a file-like object, try to
+            # fstat its file descriptor
+            try:
+                thelen = str(os.fstat(body.fileno()).st_size)
+            except (AttributeError, OSError):
+                # Don't send a length if this failed
+                if self.debuglevel > 0: print "Cannot stat!!"
+
+        if thelen is not None:
+            self.putheader('Content-Length', thelen)
+
+    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers):
+        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
+        header_names = dict.fromkeys([k.lower() for k in headers])
+        skips = {}
+        if 'host' in header_names:
+            skips['skip_host'] = 1
+        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
+            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
+
+        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
+
+        if body and ('content-length' not in header_names):
+            self._set_content_length(body)
+        for hdr, value in headers.iteritems():
+            self.putheader(hdr, value)
+        self.endheaders(body)
+
+    def getresponse(self, buffering=False):
+        "Get the response from the server."
+
+        # if a prior response has been completed, then forget about it.
+        if self.__response and self.__response.isclosed():
+            self.__response = None
+
+        #
+        # if a prior response exists, then it must be completed (otherwise, we
+        # cannot read this response's header to determine the connection-close
+        # behavior)
+        #
+        # note: if a prior response existed, but was connection-close, then the
+        # socket and response were made independent of this HTTPConnection
+        # object since a new request requires that we open a whole new
+        # connection
+        #
+        # this means the prior response had one of two states:
+        #   1) will_close: this connection was reset and the prior socket and
+        #                  response operate independently
+        #   2) persistent: the response was retained and we await its
+        #                  isclosed() status to become true.
+        #
+        if self.__state != _CS_REQ_SENT or self.__response:
+            raise ResponseNotReady()
+
+        args = (self.sock,)
+        kwds = {"strict":self.strict, "method":self._method}
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            args += (self.debuglevel,)
+        if buffering:
+            #only add this keyword if non-default, for compatibility with
+            #other response_classes.
+            kwds["buffering"] = True;
+        response = self.response_class(*args, **kwds)
+
+        try:
+            response.begin()
+        except:
+            response.close()
+            raise
+        assert response.will_close != _UNKNOWN
+        self.__state = _CS_IDLE
+
+        if response.will_close:
+            # this effectively passes the connection to the response
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            # remember this, so we can tell when it is complete
+            self.__response = response
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTP:
+    "Compatibility class with httplib.py from 1.5."
+
+    _http_vsn = 10
+    _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.0'
+
+    debuglevel = 0
+
+    _connection_class = HTTPConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, host='', port=None, strict=None):
+        "Provide a default host, since the superclass requires one."
+
+        # some joker passed 0 explicitly, meaning default port
+        if port == 0:
+            port = None
+
+        # Note that we may pass an empty string as the host; this will throw
+        # an error when we attempt to connect. Presumably, the client code
+        # will call connect before then, with a proper host.
+        self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, strict))
+
+    def _setup(self, conn):
+        self._conn = conn
+
+        # set up delegation to flesh out interface
+        self.send = conn.send
+        self.putrequest = conn.putrequest
+        self.putheader = conn.putheader
+        self.endheaders = conn.endheaders
+        self.set_debuglevel = conn.set_debuglevel
+
+        conn._http_vsn = self._http_vsn
+        conn._http_vsn_str = self._http_vsn_str
+
+        self.file = None
+
+    def connect(self, host=None, port=None):
+        "Accept arguments to set the host/port, since the superclass doesn't."
+
+        if host is not None:
+            self._conn._set_hostport(host, port)
+        self._conn.connect()
+
+    def getfile(self):
+        "Provide a getfile, since the superclass' does not use this concept."
+        return self.file
+
+    def getreply(self, buffering=False):
+        """Compat definition since superclass does not define it.
+
+        Returns a tuple consisting of:
+        - server status code (e.g. '200' if all goes well)
+        - server "reason" corresponding to status code
+        - any RFC822 headers in the response from the server
+        """
+        try:
+            if not buffering:
+                response = self._conn.getresponse()
+            else:
+                #only add this keyword if non-default for compatibility
+                #with other connection classes
+                response = self._conn.getresponse(buffering)
+        except BadStatusLine, e:
+            ### hmm. if getresponse() ever closes the socket on a bad request,
+            ### then we are going to have problems with self.sock
+
+            ### should we keep this behavior? do people use it?
+            # keep the socket open (as a file), and return it
+            self.file = self._conn.sock.makefile('rb', 0)
+
+            # close our socket -- we want to restart after any protocol error
+            self.close()
+
+            self.headers = None
+            return -1, e.line, None
+
+        self.headers = response.msg
+        self.file = response.fp
+        return response.status, response.reason, response.msg
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._conn.close()
+
+        # note that self.file == response.fp, which gets closed by the
+        # superclass. just clear the object ref here.
+        ### hmm. messy. if status==-1, then self.file is owned by us.
+        ### well... we aren't explicitly closing, but losing this ref will
+        ### do it
+        self.file = None
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+        "This class allows communication via SSL."
+
+        default_port = HTTPS_PORT
+
+        def __init__(self, host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                     strict=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                     source_address=None):
+            HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout,
+                                    source_address)
+            self.key_file = key_file
+            self.cert_file = cert_file
+
+        def connect(self):
+            "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
+
+            sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port),
+                                            self.timeout, self.source_address)
+            if self._tunnel_host:
+                self.sock = sock
+                self._tunnel()
+            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file)
+
+    __all__.append("HTTPSConnection")
+
+    class HTTPS(HTTP):
+        """Compatibility with 1.5 httplib interface
+
+        Python 1.5.2 did not have an HTTPS class, but it defined an
+        interface for sending http requests that is also useful for
+        https.
+        """
+
+        _connection_class = HTTPSConnection
+
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
+                     strict=None):
+            # provide a default host, pass the X509 cert info
+
+            # urf. compensate for bad input.
+            if port == 0:
+                port = None
+            self._setup(self._connection_class(host, port, key_file,
+                                               cert_file, strict))
+
+            # we never actually use these for anything, but we keep them
+            # here for compatibility with post-1.5.2 CVS.
+            self.key_file = key_file
+            self.cert_file = cert_file
+
+
+    def FakeSocket (sock, sslobj):
+        warnings.warn("FakeSocket is deprecated, and won't be in 3.x.  " +
+                      "Use the result of ssl.wrap_socket() directly instead.",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return sslobj
+
+
+class HTTPException(Exception):
+    # Subclasses that define an __init__ must call Exception.__init__
+    # or define self.args.  Otherwise, str() will fail.
+    pass
+
+class NotConnected(HTTPException):
+    pass
+
+class InvalidURL(HTTPException):
+    pass
+
+class UnknownProtocol(HTTPException):
+    def __init__(self, version):
+        self.args = version,
+        self.version = version
+
+class UnknownTransferEncoding(HTTPException):
+    pass
+
+class UnimplementedFileMode(HTTPException):
+    pass
+
+class IncompleteRead(HTTPException):
+    def __init__(self, partial, expected=None):
+        self.args = partial,
+        self.partial = partial
+        self.expected = expected
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.expected is not None:
+            e = ', %i more expected' % self.expected
+        else:
+            e = ''
+        return 'IncompleteRead(%i bytes read%s)' % (len(self.partial), e)
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr(self)
+
+class ImproperConnectionState(HTTPException):
+    pass
+
+class CannotSendRequest(ImproperConnectionState):
+    pass
+
+class CannotSendHeader(ImproperConnectionState):
+    pass
+
+class ResponseNotReady(ImproperConnectionState):
+    pass
+
+class BadStatusLine(HTTPException):
+    def __init__(self, line):
+        if not line:
+            line = repr(line)
+        self.args = line,
+        self.line = line
+
+# for backwards compatibility
+error = HTTPException
+
+class LineAndFileWrapper:
+    """A limited file-like object for HTTP/0.9 responses."""
+
+    # The status-line parsing code calls readline(), which normally
+    # get the HTTP status line.  For a 0.9 response, however, this is
+    # actually the first line of the body!  Clients need to get a
+    # readable file object that contains that line.
+
+    def __init__(self, line, file):
+        self._line = line
+        self._file = file
+        self._line_consumed = 0
+        self._line_offset = 0
+        self._line_left = len(line)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self._file, attr)
+
+    def _done(self):
+        # called when the last byte is read from the line.  After the
+        # call, all read methods are delegated to the underlying file
+        # object.
+        self._line_consumed = 1
+        self.read = self._file.read
+        self.readline = self._file.readline
+        self.readlines = self._file.readlines
+
+    def read(self, amt=None):
+        if self._line_consumed:
+            return self._file.read(amt)
+        assert self._line_left
+        if amt is None or amt > self._line_left:
+            s = self._line[self._line_offset:]
+            self._done()
+            if amt is None:
+                return s + self._file.read()
+            else:
+                return s + self._file.read(amt - len(s))
+        else:
+            assert amt <= self._line_left
+            i = self._line_offset
+            j = i + amt
+            s = self._line[i:j]
+            self._line_offset = j
+            self._line_left -= amt
+            if self._line_left == 0:
+                self._done()
+            return s
+
+    def readline(self):
+        if self._line_consumed:
+            return self._file.readline()
+        assert self._line_left
+        s = self._line[self._line_offset:]
+        self._done()
+        return s
+
+    def readlines(self, size=None):
+        if self._line_consumed:
+            return self._file.readlines(size)
+        assert self._line_left
+        L = [self._line[self._line_offset:]]
+        self._done()
+        if size is None:
+            return L + self._file.readlines()
+        else:
+            return L + self._file.readlines(size)
+
+def test():
+    """Test this module.
+
+    A hodge podge of tests collected here, because they have too many
+    external dependencies for the regular test suite.
+    """
+
+    import sys
+    import getopt
+    opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'd')
+    dl = 0
+    for o, a in opts:
+        if o == '-d': dl = dl + 1
+    host = 'www.python.org'
+    selector = '/'
+    if args[0:]: host = args[0]
+    if args[1:]: selector = args[1]
+    h = HTTP()
+    h.set_debuglevel(dl)
+    h.connect(host)
+    h.putrequest('GET', selector)
+    h.endheaders()
+    status, reason, headers = h.getreply()
+    print 'status =', status
+    print 'reason =', reason
+    print "read", len(h.getfile().read())
+    print
+    if headers:
+        for header in headers.headers: print header.strip()
+    print
+
+    # minimal test that code to extract host from url works
+    class HTTP11(HTTP):
+        _http_vsn = 11
+        _http_vsn_str = 'HTTP/1.1'
+
+    h = HTTP11('www.python.org')
+    h.putrequest('GET', 'http://www.python.org/~jeremy/')
+    h.endheaders()
+    h.getreply()
+    h.close()
+
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+
+        for host, selector in (('sourceforge.net', '/projects/python'),
+                               ):
+            print "https://%s%s" % (host, selector)
+            hs = HTTPS()
+            hs.set_debuglevel(dl)
+            hs.connect(host)
+            hs.putrequest('GET', selector)
+            hs.endheaders()
+            status, reason, headers = hs.getreply()
+            print 'status =', status
+            print 'reason =', reason
+            print "read", len(hs.getfile().read())
+            print
+            if headers:
+                for header in headers.headers: print header.strip()
+            print
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test()
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_array.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_array.py
--- a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_array.py
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_array.py
@@ -295,9 +295,10 @@
         )
 
         b = array.array(self.badtypecode())
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a + b")
-
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a + 'bad'")
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a + b
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a + 'bad'
 
     def test_iadd(self):
         a = array.array(self.typecode, self.example[::-1])
@@ -316,9 +317,10 @@
         )
 
         b = array.array(self.badtypecode())
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a += b")
-
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a += 'bad'")
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a += b
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a += 'bad'
 
     def test_mul(self):
         a = 5*array.array(self.typecode, self.example)
@@ -345,7 +347,8 @@
             array.array(self.typecode)
         )
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a * 'bad'")
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a * 'bad'
 
     def test_imul(self):
         a = array.array(self.typecode, self.example)
@@ -374,7 +377,8 @@
         a *= -1
         self.assertEqual(a, array.array(self.typecode))
 
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, "a *= 'bad'")
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a *= 'bad'
 
     def test_getitem(self):
         a = array.array(self.typecode, self.example)
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py
--- a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_multiprocessing.py
@@ -510,7 +510,6 @@
 
         p.join()
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'posix', "PYPY: FIXME")
     def test_qsize(self):
         q = self.Queue()
         try:
@@ -532,7 +531,6 @@
             time.sleep(DELTA)
             q.task_done()
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'posix', "PYPY: FIXME")
     def test_task_done(self):
         queue = self.JoinableQueue()
 
@@ -1091,7 +1089,6 @@
 class _TestPoolWorkerLifetime(BaseTestCase):
 
     ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', )
-    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'posix', "PYPY: FIXME")
     def test_pool_worker_lifetime(self):
         p = multiprocessing.Pool(3, maxtasksperchild=10)
         self.assertEqual(3, len(p._pool))
@@ -1280,7 +1277,6 @@
         queue = manager.get_queue()
         queue.put('hello world')
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'posix', "PYPY: FIXME")
     def test_rapid_restart(self):
         authkey = os.urandom(32)
         manager = QueueManager(
@@ -1297,6 +1293,7 @@
         queue = manager.get_queue()
         self.assertEqual(queue.get(), 'hello world')
         del queue
+        test_support.gc_collect()
         manager.shutdown()
         manager = QueueManager(
             address=addr, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER)
@@ -1573,7 +1570,6 @@
 
     ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'posix', "PYPY: FIXME")
     def test_heap(self):
         iterations = 5000
         maxblocks = 50
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py
--- a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_sys_settrace.py
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@
         self.compare_events(func.func_code.co_firstlineno,
                             tracer.events, func.events)
 
-    def set_and_retrieve_none(self):
+    def test_set_and_retrieve_none(self):
         sys.settrace(None)
         assert sys.gettrace() is None
 
-    def set_and_retrieve_func(self):
+    def test_set_and_retrieve_func(self):
         def fn(*args):
             pass
 
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_urllib2.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_urllib2.py
--- a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_urllib2.py
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_urllib2.py
@@ -307,6 +307,9 @@
     def getresponse(self):
         return MockHTTPResponse(MockFile(), {}, 200, "OK")
 
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
 class MockHandler:
     # useful for testing handler machinery
     # see add_ordered_mock_handlers() docstring
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/urllib2.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/urllib2.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/urllib2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1440 @@
+"""An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols
+
+The simplest way to use this module is to call the urlopen function,
+which accepts a string containing a URL or a Request object (described
+below).  It opens the URL and returns the results as file-like
+object; the returned object has some extra methods described below.
+
+The OpenerDirector manages a collection of Handler objects that do
+all the actual work.  Each Handler implements a particular protocol or
+option.  The OpenerDirector is a composite object that invokes the
+Handlers needed to open the requested URL.  For example, the
+HTTPHandler performs HTTP GET and POST requests and deals with
+non-error returns.  The HTTPRedirectHandler automatically deals with
+HTTP 301, 302, 303 and 307 redirect errors, and the HTTPDigestAuthHandler
+deals with digest authentication.
+
+urlopen(url, data=None) -- Basic usage is the same as original
+urllib.  pass the url and optionally data to post to an HTTP URL, and
+get a file-like object back.  One difference is that you can also pass
+a Request instance instead of URL.  Raises a URLError (subclass of
+IOError); for HTTP errors, raises an HTTPError, which can also be
+treated as a valid response.
+
+build_opener -- Function that creates a new OpenerDirector instance.
+Will install the default handlers.  Accepts one or more Handlers as
+arguments, either instances or Handler classes that it will
+instantiate.  If one of the argument is a subclass of the default
+handler, the argument will be installed instead of the default.
+
+install_opener -- Installs a new opener as the default opener.
+
+objects of interest:
+
+OpenerDirector -- Sets up the User Agent as the Python-urllib client and manages
+the Handler classes, while dealing with requests and responses.
+
+Request -- An object that encapsulates the state of a request.  The
+state can be as simple as the URL.  It can also include extra HTTP
+headers, e.g. a User-Agent.
+
+BaseHandler --
+
+exceptions:
+URLError -- A subclass of IOError, individual protocols have their own
+specific subclass.
+
+HTTPError -- Also a valid HTTP response, so you can treat an HTTP error
+as an exceptional event or valid response.
+
+internals:
+BaseHandler and parent
+_call_chain conventions
+
+Example usage:
+
+import urllib2
+
+# set up authentication info
+authinfo = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
+authinfo.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
+                      uri='https://mahler:8092/site-updates.py',
+                      user='klem',
+                      passwd='geheim$parole')
+
+proxy_support = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : "http://ahad-haam:3128"})
+
+# build a new opener that adds authentication and caching FTP handlers
+opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_support, authinfo, urllib2.CacheFTPHandler)
+
+# install it
+urllib2.install_opener(opener)
+
+f = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.python.org/')
+
+
+"""
+
+# XXX issues:
+# If an authentication error handler that tries to perform
+# authentication for some reason but fails, how should the error be
+# signalled?  The client needs to know the HTTP error code.  But if
+# the handler knows that the problem was, e.g., that it didn't know
+# that hash algo that requested in the challenge, it would be good to
+# pass that information along to the client, too.
+# ftp errors aren't handled cleanly
+# check digest against correct (i.e. non-apache) implementation
+
+# Possible extensions:
+# complex proxies  XXX not sure what exactly was meant by this
+# abstract factory for opener
+
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import httplib
+import mimetools
+import os
+import posixpath
+import random
+import re
+import socket
+import sys
+import time
+import urlparse
+import bisect
+
+try:
+    from cStringIO import StringIO
+except ImportError:
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+
+from urllib import (unwrap, unquote, splittype, splithost, quote,
+     addinfourl, splitport, splittag,
+     splitattr, ftpwrapper, splituser, splitpasswd, splitvalue)
+
+# support for FileHandler, proxies via environment variables
+from urllib import localhost, url2pathname, getproxies, proxy_bypass
+
+# used in User-Agent header sent
+__version__ = sys.version[:3]
+
+_opener = None
+def urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+    global _opener
+    if _opener is None:
+        _opener = build_opener()
+    return _opener.open(url, data, timeout)
+
+def install_opener(opener):
+    global _opener
+    _opener = opener
+
+# do these error classes make sense?
+# make sure all of the IOError stuff is overridden.  we just want to be
+# subtypes.
+
+class URLError(IOError):
+    # URLError is a sub-type of IOError, but it doesn't share any of
+    # the implementation.  need to override __init__ and __str__.
+    # It sets self.args for compatibility with other EnvironmentError
+    # subclasses, but args doesn't have the typical format with errno in
+    # slot 0 and strerror in slot 1.  This may be better than nothing.
+    def __init__(self, reason):
+        self.args = reason,
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '<urlopen error %s>' % self.reason
+
+class HTTPError(URLError, addinfourl):
+    """Raised when HTTP error occurs, but also acts like non-error return"""
+    __super_init = addinfourl.__init__
+
+    def __init__(self, url, code, msg, hdrs, fp):
+        self.code = code
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.hdrs = hdrs
+        self.fp = fp
+        self.filename = url
+        # The addinfourl classes depend on fp being a valid file
+        # object.  In some cases, the HTTPError may not have a valid
+        # file object.  If this happens, the simplest workaround is to
+        # not initialize the base classes.
+        if fp is not None:
+            self.__super_init(fp, hdrs, url, code)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return 'HTTP Error %s: %s' % (self.code, self.msg)
+
+# copied from cookielib.py
+_cut_port_re = re.compile(r":\d+$")
+def request_host(request):
+    """Return request-host, as defined by RFC 2965.
+
+    Variation from RFC: returned value is lowercased, for convenient
+    comparison.
+
+    """
+    url = request.get_full_url()
+    host = urlparse.urlparse(url)[1]
+    if host == "":
+        host = request.get_header("Host", "")
+
+    # remove port, if present
+    host = _cut_port_re.sub("", host, 1)
+    return host.lower()
+
+class Request:
+
+    def __init__(self, url, data=None, headers={},
+                 origin_req_host=None, unverifiable=False):
+        # unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'
+        self.__original = unwrap(url)
+        self.__original, fragment = splittag(self.__original)
+        self.type = None
+        # self.__r_type is what's left after doing the splittype
+        self.host = None
+        self.port = None
+        self._tunnel_host = None
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers = {}
+        for key, value in headers.items():
+            self.add_header(key, value)
+        self.unredirected_hdrs = {}
+        if origin_req_host is None:
+            origin_req_host = request_host(self)
+        self.origin_req_host = origin_req_host
+        self.unverifiable = unverifiable
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        # XXX this is a fallback mechanism to guard against these
+        # methods getting called in a non-standard order.  this may be
+        # too complicated and/or unnecessary.
+        # XXX should the __r_XXX attributes be public?
+        if attr[:12] == '_Request__r_':
+            name = attr[12:]
+            if hasattr(Request, 'get_' + name):
+                getattr(self, 'get_' + name)()
+                return getattr(self, attr)
+        raise AttributeError, attr
+
+    def get_method(self):
+        if self.has_data():
+            return "POST"
+        else:
+            return "GET"
+
+    # XXX these helper methods are lame
+
+    def add_data(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def has_data(self):
+        return self.data is not None
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        return self.data
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        return self.__original
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        if self.type is None:
+            self.type, self.__r_type = splittype(self.__original)
+            if self.type is None:
+                raise ValueError, "unknown url type: %s" % self.__original
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        if self.host is None:
+            self.host, self.__r_host = splithost(self.__r_type)
+            if self.host:
+                self.host = unquote(self.host)
+        return self.host
+
+    def get_selector(self):
+        return self.__r_host
+
+    def set_proxy(self, host, type):
+        if self.type == 'https' and not self._tunnel_host:
+            self._tunnel_host = self.host
+        else:
+            self.type = type
+            self.__r_host = self.__original
+
+        self.host = host
+
+    def has_proxy(self):
+        return self.__r_host == self.__original
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.origin_req_host
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return self.unverifiable
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        # useful for something like authentication
+        self.headers[key.capitalize()] = val
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, key, val):
+        # will not be added to a redirected request
+        self.unredirected_hdrs[key.capitalize()] = val
+
+    def has_header(self, header_name):
+        return (header_name in self.headers or
+                header_name in self.unredirected_hdrs)
+
+    def get_header(self, header_name, default=None):
+        return self.headers.get(
+            header_name,
+            self.unredirected_hdrs.get(header_name, default))
+
+    def header_items(self):
+        hdrs = self.unredirected_hdrs.copy()
+        hdrs.update(self.headers)
+        return hdrs.items()
+
+class OpenerDirector:
+    def __init__(self):
+        client_version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__
+        self.addheaders = [('User-agent', client_version)]
+        # manage the individual handlers
+        self.handlers = []
+        self.handle_open = {}
+        self.handle_error = {}
+        self.process_response = {}
+        self.process_request = {}
+
+    def add_handler(self, handler):
+        if not hasattr(handler, "add_parent"):
+            raise TypeError("expected BaseHandler instance, got %r" %
+                            type(handler))
+
+        added = False
+        for meth in dir(handler):
+            if meth in ["redirect_request", "do_open", "proxy_open"]:
+                # oops, coincidental match
+                continue
+
+            i = meth.find("_")
+            protocol = meth[:i]
+            condition = meth[i+1:]
+
+            if condition.startswith("error"):
+                j = condition.find("_") + i + 1
+                kind = meth[j+1:]
+                try:
+                    kind = int(kind)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+                lookup = self.handle_error.get(protocol, {})
+                self.handle_error[protocol] = lookup
+            elif condition == "open":
+                kind = protocol
+                lookup = self.handle_open
+            elif condition == "response":
+                kind = protocol
+                lookup = self.process_response
+            elif condition == "request":
+                kind = protocol
+                lookup = self.process_request
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            handlers = lookup.setdefault(kind, [])
+            if handlers:
+                bisect.insort(handlers, handler)
+            else:
+                handlers.append(handler)
+            added = True
+
+        if added:
+            # the handlers must work in an specific order, the order
+            # is specified in a Handler attribute
+            bisect.insort(self.handlers, handler)
+            handler.add_parent(self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Only exists for backwards compatibility.
+        pass
+
+    def _call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args):
+        # Handlers raise an exception if no one else should try to handle
+        # the request, or return None if they can't but another handler
+        # could.  Otherwise, they return the response.
+        handlers = chain.get(kind, ())
+        for handler in handlers:
+            func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
+
+            result = func(*args)
+            if result is not None:
+                return result
+
+    def open(self, fullurl, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+        # accept a URL or a Request object
+        if isinstance(fullurl, basestring):
+            req = Request(fullurl, data)
+        else:
+            req = fullurl
+            if data is not None:
+                req.add_data(data)
+
+        req.timeout = timeout
+        protocol = req.get_type()
+
+        # pre-process request
+        meth_name = protocol+"_request"
+        for processor in self.process_request.get(protocol, []):
+            meth = getattr(processor, meth_name)
+            req = meth(req)
+
+        response = self._open(req, data)
+
+        # post-process response
+        meth_name = protocol+"_response"
+        for processor in self.process_response.get(protocol, []):
+            meth = getattr(processor, meth_name)
+            try:
+                response = meth(req, response)
+            except:
+                response.close()
+                raise
+
+        return response
+
+    def _open(self, req, data=None):
+        result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'default',
+                                  'default_open', req)
+        if result:
+            return result
+
+        protocol = req.get_type()
+        result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
+                                  '_open', req)
+        if result:
+            return result
+
+        return self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'unknown',
+                                'unknown_open', req)
+
+    def error(self, proto, *args):
+        if proto in ('http', 'https'):
+            # XXX http[s] protocols are special-cased
+            dict = self.handle_error['http'] # https is not different than http
+            proto = args[2]  # YUCK!
+            meth_name = 'http_error_%s' % proto
+            http_err = 1
+            orig_args = args
+        else:
+            dict = self.handle_error
+            meth_name = proto + '_error'
+            http_err = 0
+        args = (dict, proto, meth_name) + args
+        result = self._call_chain(*args)
+        if result:
+            return result
+
+        if http_err:
+            args = (dict, 'default', 'http_error_default') + orig_args
+            return self._call_chain(*args)
+
+# XXX probably also want an abstract factory that knows when it makes
+# sense to skip a superclass in favor of a subclass and when it might
+# make sense to include both
+
+def build_opener(*handlers):
+    """Create an opener object from a list of handlers.
+
+    The opener will use several default handlers, including support
+    for HTTP, FTP and when applicable, HTTPS.
+
+    If any of the handlers passed as arguments are subclasses of the
+    default handlers, the default handlers will not be used.
+    """
+    import types
+    def isclass(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, (types.ClassType, type))
+
+    opener = OpenerDirector()
+    default_classes = [ProxyHandler, UnknownHandler, HTTPHandler,
+                       HTTPDefaultErrorHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
+                       FTPHandler, FileHandler, HTTPErrorProcessor]
+    if hasattr(httplib, 'HTTPS'):
+        default_classes.append(HTTPSHandler)
+    skip = set()
+    for klass in default_classes:
+        for check in handlers:
+            if isclass(check):
+                if issubclass(check, klass):
+                    skip.add(klass)
+            elif isinstance(check, klass):
+                skip.add(klass)
+    for klass in skip:
+        default_classes.remove(klass)
+
+    for klass in default_classes:
+        opener.add_handler(klass())
+
+    for h in handlers:
+        if isclass(h):
+            h = h()
+        opener.add_handler(h)
+    return opener
+
+class BaseHandler:
+    handler_order = 500
+
+    def add_parent(self, parent):
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def close(self):
+        # Only exists for backwards compatibility
+        pass
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not hasattr(other, "handler_order"):
+            # Try to preserve the old behavior of having custom classes
+            # inserted after default ones (works only for custom user
+            # classes which are not aware of handler_order).
+            return True
+        return self.handler_order < other.handler_order
+
+
+class HTTPErrorProcessor(BaseHandler):
+    """Process HTTP error responses."""
+    handler_order = 1000  # after all other processing
+
+    def http_response(self, request, response):
+        code, msg, hdrs = response.code, response.msg, response.info()
+
+        # According to RFC 2616, "2xx" code indicates that the client's
+        # request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.
+        if not (200 <= code < 300):
+            response = self.parent.error(
+                'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)
+
+        return response
+
+    https_response = http_response
+
+class HTTPDefaultErrorHandler(BaseHandler):
+    def http_error_default(self, req, fp, code, msg, hdrs):
+        raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, hdrs, fp)
+
+class HTTPRedirectHandler(BaseHandler):
+    # maximum number of redirections to any single URL
+    # this is needed because of the state that cookies introduce
+    max_repeats = 4
+    # maximum total number of redirections (regardless of URL) before
+    # assuming we're in a loop
+    max_redirections = 10
+
+    def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
+        """Return a Request or None in response to a redirect.
+
+        This is called by the http_error_30x methods when a
+        redirection response is received.  If a redirection should
+        take place, return a new Request to allow http_error_30x to
+        perform the redirect.  Otherwise, raise HTTPError if no-one
+        else should try to handle this url.  Return None if you can't
+        but another Handler might.
+        """
+        m = req.get_method()
+        if (code in (301, 302, 303, 307) and m in ("GET", "HEAD")
+            or code in (301, 302, 303) and m == "POST"):
+            # Strictly (according to RFC 2616), 301 or 302 in response
+            # to a POST MUST NOT cause a redirection without confirmation
+            # from the user (of urllib2, in this case).  In practice,
+            # essentially all clients do redirect in this case, so we
+            # do the same.
+            # be conciliant with URIs containing a space
+            newurl = newurl.replace(' ', '%20')
+            newheaders = dict((k,v) for k,v in req.headers.items()
+                              if k.lower() not in ("content-length", "content-type")
+                             )
+            return Request(newurl,
+                           headers=newheaders,
+                           origin_req_host=req.get_origin_req_host(),
+                           unverifiable=True)
+        else:
+            raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, headers, fp)
+
+    # Implementation note: To avoid the server sending us into an
+    # infinite loop, the request object needs to track what URLs we
+    # have already seen.  Do this by adding a handler-specific
+    # attribute to the Request object.
+    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
+        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
+        if 'location' in headers:
+            newurl = headers.getheaders('location')[0]
+        elif 'uri' in headers:
+            newurl = headers.getheaders('uri')[0]
+        else:
+            return
+
+        # fix a possible malformed URL
+        urlparts = urlparse.urlparse(newurl)
+        if not urlparts.path:
+            urlparts = list(urlparts)
+            urlparts[2] = "/"
+        newurl = urlparse.urlunparse(urlparts)
+
+        newurl = urlparse.urljoin(req.get_full_url(), newurl)
+
+        # XXX Probably want to forget about the state of the current
+        # request, although that might interact poorly with other
+        # handlers that also use handler-specific request attributes
+        new = self.redirect_request(req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl)
+        if new is None:
+            return
+
+        # loop detection
+        # .redirect_dict has a key url if url was previously visited.
+        if hasattr(req, 'redirect_dict'):
+            visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict
+            if (visited.get(newurl, 0) >= self.max_repeats or
+                len(visited) >= self.max_redirections):
+                raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code,
+                                self.inf_msg + msg, headers, fp)
+        else:
+            visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict = {}
+        visited[newurl] = visited.get(newurl, 0) + 1
+
+        # Don't close the fp until we are sure that we won't use it
+        # with HTTPError.
+        fp.read()
+        fp.close()
+
+        return self.parent.open(new, timeout=req.timeout)
+
+    http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302
+
+    inf_msg = "The HTTP server returned a redirect error that would " \
+              "lead to an infinite loop.\n" \
+              "The last 30x error message was:\n"
+
+
+def _parse_proxy(proxy):
+    """Return (scheme, user, password, host/port) given a URL or an authority.
+
+    If a URL is supplied, it must have an authority (host:port) component.
+    According to RFC 3986, having an authority component means the URL must
+    have two slashes after the scheme:
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('file:/ftp.example.com/')
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ValueError: proxy URL with no authority: 'file:/ftp.example.com/'
+
+    The first three items of the returned tuple may be None.
+
+    Examples of authority parsing:
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('proxy.example.com')
+    (None, None, None, 'proxy.example.com')
+    >>> _parse_proxy('proxy.example.com:3128')
+    (None, None, None, 'proxy.example.com:3128')
+
+    The authority component may optionally include userinfo (assumed to be
+    username:password):
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('joe:password at proxy.example.com')
+    (None, 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com')
+    >>> _parse_proxy('joe:password at proxy.example.com:3128')
+    (None, 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com:3128')
+
+    Same examples, but with URLs instead:
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('http://proxy.example.com/')
+    ('http', None, None, 'proxy.example.com')
+    >>> _parse_proxy('http://proxy.example.com:3128/')
+    ('http', None, None, 'proxy.example.com:3128')
+    >>> _parse_proxy('http://joe:password@proxy.example.com/')
+    ('http', 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com')
+    >>> _parse_proxy('http://joe:password@proxy.example.com:3128')
+    ('http', 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com:3128')
+
+    Everything after the authority is ignored:
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('ftp://joe:password@proxy.example.com/rubbish:3128')
+    ('ftp', 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com')
+
+    Test for no trailing '/' case:
+
+    >>> _parse_proxy('http://joe:password@proxy.example.com')
+    ('http', 'joe', 'password', 'proxy.example.com')
+
+    """
+    scheme, r_scheme = splittype(proxy)
+    if not r_scheme.startswith("/"):
+        # authority
+        scheme = None
+        authority = proxy
+    else:
+        # URL
+        if not r_scheme.startswith("//"):
+            raise ValueError("proxy URL with no authority: %r" % proxy)
+        # We have an authority, so for RFC 3986-compliant URLs (by ss 3.
+        # and 3.3.), path is empty or starts with '/'
+        end = r_scheme.find("/", 2)
+        if end == -1:
+            end = None
+        authority = r_scheme[2:end]
+    userinfo, hostport = splituser(authority)
+    if userinfo is not None:
+        user, password = splitpasswd(userinfo)
+    else:
+        user = password = None
+    return scheme, user, password, hostport
+
+class ProxyHandler(BaseHandler):
+    # Proxies must be in front
+    handler_order = 100
+
+    def __init__(self, proxies=None):
+        if proxies is None:
+            proxies = getproxies()
+        assert hasattr(proxies, 'has_key'), "proxies must be a mapping"
+        self.proxies = proxies
+        for type, url in proxies.items():
+            setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
+                    lambda r, proxy=url, type=type, meth=self.proxy_open: \
+                    meth(r, proxy, type))
+
+    def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
+        orig_type = req.get_type()
+        proxy_type, user, password, hostport = _parse_proxy(proxy)
+
+        if proxy_type is None:
+            proxy_type = orig_type
+
+        if req.host and proxy_bypass(req.host):
+            return None
+
+        if user and password:
+            user_pass = '%s:%s' % (unquote(user), unquote(password))
+            creds = base64.b64encode(user_pass).strip()
+            req.add_header('Proxy-authorization', 'Basic ' + creds)
+        hostport = unquote(hostport)
+        req.set_proxy(hostport, proxy_type)
+
+        if orig_type == proxy_type or orig_type == 'https':
+            # let other handlers take care of it
+            return None
+        else:
+            # need to start over, because the other handlers don't
+            # grok the proxy's URL type
+            # e.g. if we have a constructor arg proxies like so:
+            # {'http': 'ftp://proxy.example.com'}, we may end up turning
+            # a request for http://acme.example.com/a into one for
+            # ftp://proxy.example.com/a
+            return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)
+
+class HTTPPasswordMgr:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.passwd = {}
+
+    def add_password(self, realm, uri, user, passwd):
+        # uri could be a single URI or a sequence
+        if isinstance(uri, basestring):
+            uri = [uri]
+        if not realm in self.passwd:
+            self.passwd[realm] = {}
+        for default_port in True, False:
+            reduced_uri = tuple(
+                [self.reduce_uri(u, default_port) for u in uri])
+            self.passwd[realm][reduced_uri] = (user, passwd)
+
+    def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri):
+        domains = self.passwd.get(realm, {})
+        for default_port in True, False:
+            reduced_authuri = self.reduce_uri(authuri, default_port)
+            for uris, authinfo in domains.iteritems():
+                for uri in uris:
+                    if self.is_suburi(uri, reduced_authuri):
+                        return authinfo
+        return None, None
+
+    def reduce_uri(self, uri, default_port=True):
+        """Accept authority or URI and extract only the authority and path."""
+        # note HTTP URLs do not have a userinfo component
+        parts = urlparse.urlsplit(uri)
+        if parts[1]:
+            # URI
+            scheme = parts[0]
+            authority = parts[1]
+            path = parts[2] or '/'
+        else:
+            # host or host:port
+            scheme = None
+            authority = uri
+            path = '/'
+        host, port = splitport(authority)
+        if default_port and port is None and scheme is not None:
+            dport = {"http": 80,
+                     "https": 443,
+                     }.get(scheme)
+            if dport is not None:
+                authority = "%s:%d" % (host, dport)
+        return authority, path
+
+    def is_suburi(self, base, test):
+        """Check if test is below base in a URI tree
+
+        Both args must be URIs in reduced form.
+        """
+        if base == test:
+            return True
+        if base[0] != test[0]:
+            return False
+        common = posixpath.commonprefix((base[1], test[1]))
+        if len(common) == len(base[1]):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+
+class HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm(HTTPPasswordMgr):
+
+    def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri):
+        user, password = HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, realm,
+                                                            authuri)
+        if user is not None:
+            return user, password
+        return HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, None, authuri)
+
+
+class AbstractBasicAuthHandler:
+
+    # XXX this allows for multiple auth-schemes, but will stupidly pick
+    # the last one with a realm specified.
+
+    # allow for double- and single-quoted realm values
+    # (single quotes are a violation of the RFC, but appear in the wild)
+    rx = re.compile('(?:.*,)*[ \t]*([^ \t]+)[ \t]+'
+                    'realm=(["\'])(.*?)\\2', re.I)
+
+    # XXX could pre-emptively send auth info already accepted (RFC 2617,
+    # end of section 2, and section 1.2 immediately after "credentials"
+    # production).
+
+    def __init__(self, password_mgr=None):
+        if password_mgr is None:
+            password_mgr = HTTPPasswordMgr()
+        self.passwd = password_mgr
+        self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password
+        self.retried = 0
+
+    def reset_retry_count(self):
+        self.retried = 0
+
+    def http_error_auth_reqed(self, authreq, host, req, headers):
+        # host may be an authority (without userinfo) or a URL with an
+        # authority
+        # XXX could be multiple headers
+        authreq = headers.get(authreq, None)
+
+        if self.retried > 5:
+            # retry sending the username:password 5 times before failing.
+            raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), 401, "basic auth failed",
+                            headers, None)
+        else:
+            self.retried += 1
+
+        if authreq:
+            mo = AbstractBasicAuthHandler.rx.search(authreq)
+            if mo:
+                scheme, quote, realm = mo.groups()
+                if scheme.lower() == 'basic':
+                    response = self.retry_http_basic_auth(host, req, realm)
+                    if response and response.code != 401:
+                        self.retried = 0
+                    return response
+
+    def retry_http_basic_auth(self, host, req, realm):
+        user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, host)
+        if pw is not None:
+            raw = "%s:%s" % (user, pw)
+            auth = 'Basic %s' % base64.b64encode(raw).strip()
+            if req.headers.get(self.auth_header, None) == auth:
+                return None
+            req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth)
+            return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler):
+
+    auth_header = 'Authorization'
+
+    def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        url = req.get_full_url()
+        response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate',
+                                              url, req, headers)
+        self.reset_retry_count()
+        return response
+
+
+class ProxyBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler):
+
+    auth_header = 'Proxy-authorization'
+
+    def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        # http_error_auth_reqed requires that there is no userinfo component in
+        # authority.  Assume there isn't one, since urllib2 does not (and
+        # should not, RFC 3986 s. 3.2.1) support requests for URLs containing
+        # userinfo.
+        authority = req.get_host()
+        response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate',
+                                          authority, req, headers)
+        self.reset_retry_count()
+        return response
+
+
+def randombytes(n):
+    """Return n random bytes."""
+    # Use /dev/urandom if it is available.  Fall back to random module
+    # if not.  It might be worthwhile to extend this function to use
+    # other platform-specific mechanisms for getting random bytes.
+    if os.path.exists("/dev/urandom"):
+        f = open("/dev/urandom")
+        s = f.read(n)
+        f.close()
+        return s
+    else:
+        L = [chr(random.randrange(0, 256)) for i in range(n)]
+        return "".join(L)
+
+class AbstractDigestAuthHandler:
+    # Digest authentication is specified in RFC 2617.
+
+    # XXX The client does not inspect the Authentication-Info header
+    # in a successful response.
+
+    # XXX It should be possible to test this implementation against
+    # a mock server that just generates a static set of challenges.
+
+    # XXX qop="auth-int" supports is shaky
+
+    def __init__(self, passwd=None):
+        if passwd is None:
+            passwd = HTTPPasswordMgr()
+        self.passwd = passwd
+        self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password
+        self.retried = 0
+        self.nonce_count = 0
+        self.last_nonce = None
+
+    def reset_retry_count(self):
+        self.retried = 0
+
+    def http_error_auth_reqed(self, auth_header, host, req, headers):
+        authreq = headers.get(auth_header, None)
+        if self.retried > 5:
+            # Don't fail endlessly - if we failed once, we'll probably
+            # fail a second time. Hm. Unless the Password Manager is
+            # prompting for the information. Crap. This isn't great
+            # but it's better than the current 'repeat until recursion
+            # depth exceeded' approach <wink>
+            raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), 401, "digest auth failed",
+                            headers, None)
+        else:
+            self.retried += 1
+        if authreq:
+            scheme = authreq.split()[0]
+            if scheme.lower() == 'digest':
+                return self.retry_http_digest_auth(req, authreq)
+
+    def retry_http_digest_auth(self, req, auth):
+        token, challenge = auth.split(' ', 1)
+        chal = parse_keqv_list(parse_http_list(challenge))
+        auth = self.get_authorization(req, chal)
+        if auth:
+            auth_val = 'Digest %s' % auth
+            if req.headers.get(self.auth_header, None) == auth_val:
+                return None
+            req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth_val)
+            resp = self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)
+            return resp
+
+    def get_cnonce(self, nonce):
+        # The cnonce-value is an opaque
+        # quoted string value provided by the client and used by both client
+        # and server to avoid chosen plaintext attacks, to provide mutual
+        # authentication, and to provide some message integrity protection.
+        # This isn't a fabulous effort, but it's probably Good Enough.
+        dig = hashlib.sha1("%s:%s:%s:%s" % (self.nonce_count, nonce, time.ctime(),
+                                            randombytes(8))).hexdigest()
+        return dig[:16]
+
+    def get_authorization(self, req, chal):
+        try:
+            realm = chal['realm']
+            nonce = chal['nonce']
+            qop = chal.get('qop')
+            algorithm = chal.get('algorithm', 'MD5')
+            # mod_digest doesn't send an opaque, even though it isn't
+            # supposed to be optional
+            opaque = chal.get('opaque', None)
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+        H, KD = self.get_algorithm_impls(algorithm)
+        if H is None:
+            return None
+
+        user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, req.get_full_url())
+        if user is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        if req.has_data():
+            entdig = self.get_entity_digest(req.get_data(), chal)
+        else:
+            entdig = None
+
+        A1 = "%s:%s:%s" % (user, realm, pw)
+        A2 = "%s:%s" % (req.get_method(),
+                        # XXX selector: what about proxies and full urls
+                        req.get_selector())
+        if qop == 'auth':
+            if nonce == self.last_nonce:
+                self.nonce_count += 1
+            else:
+                self.nonce_count = 1
+                self.last_nonce = nonce
+
+            ncvalue = '%08x' % self.nonce_count
+            cnonce = self.get_cnonce(nonce)
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, qop, H(A2))
+            respdig = KD(H(A1), noncebit)
+        elif qop is None:
+            respdig = KD(H(A1), "%s:%s" % (nonce, H(A2)))
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            raise URLError("qop '%s' is not supported." % qop)
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+
+        base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
+               'response="%s"' % (user, realm, nonce, req.get_selector(),
+                                  respdig)
+        if opaque:
+            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
+        if entdig:
+            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
+        base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
+        if qop:
+            base += ', qop=auth, nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
+        return base
+
+    def get_algorithm_impls(self, algorithm):
+        # algorithm should be case-insensitive according to RFC2617
+        algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if algorithm == 'MD5':
+            H = lambda x: hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+        elif algorithm == 'SHA':
+            H = lambda x: hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+        # XXX MD5-sess
+        KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
+        return H, KD
+
+    def get_entity_digest(self, data, chal):
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        return None
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler):
+    """An authentication protocol defined by RFC 2069
+
+    Digest authentication improves on basic authentication because it
+    does not transmit passwords in the clear.
+    """
+
+    auth_header = 'Authorization'
+    handler_order = 490  # before Basic auth
+
+    def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        host = urlparse.urlparse(req.get_full_url())[1]
+        retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate',
+                                           host, req, headers)
+        self.reset_retry_count()
+        return retry
+
+
+class ProxyDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler):
+
+    auth_header = 'Proxy-Authorization'
+    handler_order = 490  # before Basic auth
+
+    def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        host = req.get_host()
+        retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate',
+                                           host, req, headers)
+        self.reset_retry_count()
+        return retry
+
+class AbstractHTTPHandler(BaseHandler):
+
+    def __init__(self, debuglevel=0):
+        self._debuglevel = debuglevel
+
+    def set_http_debuglevel(self, level):
+        self._debuglevel = level
+
+    def do_request_(self, request):
+        host = request.get_host()
+        if not host:
+            raise URLError('no host given')
+
+        if request.has_data():  # POST
+            data = request.get_data()
+            if not request.has_header('Content-type'):
+                request.add_unredirected_header(
+                    'Content-type',
+                    'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
+            if not request.has_header('Content-length'):
+                request.add_unredirected_header(
+                    'Content-length', '%d' % len(data))
+
+        sel_host = host
+        if request.has_proxy():
+            scheme, sel = splittype(request.get_selector())
+            sel_host, sel_path = splithost(sel)
+
+        if not request.has_header('Host'):
+            request.add_unredirected_header('Host', sel_host)
+        for name, value in self.parent.addheaders:
+            name = name.capitalize()
+            if not request.has_header(name):
+                request.add_unredirected_header(name, value)
+
+        return request
+
+    def do_open(self, http_class, req):
+        """Return an addinfourl object for the request, using http_class.
+
+        http_class must implement the HTTPConnection API from httplib.
+        The addinfourl return value is a file-like object.  It also
+        has methods and attributes including:
+            - info(): return a mimetools.Message object for the headers
+            - geturl(): return the original request URL
+            - code: HTTP status code
+        """
+        host = req.get_host()
+        if not host:
+            raise URLError('no host given')
+
+        h = http_class(host, timeout=req.timeout) # will parse host:port
+        h.set_debuglevel(self._debuglevel)
+
+        headers = dict(req.unredirected_hdrs)
+        headers.update(dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()
+                            if k not in headers))
+
+        # We want to make an HTTP/1.1 request, but the addinfourl
+        # class isn't prepared to deal with a persistent connection.
+        # It will try to read all remaining data from the socket,
+        # which will block while the server waits for the next request.
+        # So make sure the connection gets closed after the (only)
+        # request.
+        headers["Connection"] = "close"
+        headers = dict(
+            (name.title(), val) for name, val in headers.items())
+
+        if req._tunnel_host:
+            tunnel_headers = {}
+            proxy_auth_hdr = "Proxy-Authorization"
+            if proxy_auth_hdr in headers:
+                tunnel_headers[proxy_auth_hdr] = headers[proxy_auth_hdr]
+                # Proxy-Authorization should not be sent to origin
+                # server.
+                del headers[proxy_auth_hdr]
+            h.set_tunnel(req._tunnel_host, headers=tunnel_headers)
+
+        try:
+            h.request(req.get_method(), req.get_selector(), req.data, headers)
+            try:
+                r = h.getresponse(buffering=True)
+            except TypeError: #buffering kw not supported
+                r = h.getresponse()
+        except socket.error, err: # XXX what error?
+            h.close()
+            raise URLError(err)
+
+        # Pick apart the HTTPResponse object to get the addinfourl
+        # object initialized properly.
+
+        # Wrap the HTTPResponse object in socket's file object adapter
+        # for Windows.  That adapter calls recv(), so delegate recv()
+        # to read().  This weird wrapping allows the returned object to
+        # have readline() and readlines() methods.
+
+        # XXX It might be better to extract the read buffering code
+        # out of socket._fileobject() and into a base class.
+
+        r.recv = r.read
+        fp = socket._fileobject(r, close=True)
+
+        resp = addinfourl(fp, r.msg, req.get_full_url())
+        resp.code = r.status
+        resp.msg = r.reason
+        return resp
+
+
+class HTTPHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler):
+
+    def http_open(self, req):
+        return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPConnection, req)
+
+    http_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_
+
+if hasattr(httplib, 'HTTPS'):
+    class HTTPSHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler):
+
+        def https_open(self, req):
+            return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPSConnection, req)
+
+        https_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_
+
+class HTTPCookieProcessor(BaseHandler):
+    def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
+        import cookielib
+        if cookiejar is None:
+            cookiejar = cookielib.CookieJar()
+        self.cookiejar = cookiejar
+
+    def http_request(self, request):
+        self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(request)
+        return request
+
+    def http_response(self, request, response):
+        self.cookiejar.extract_cookies(response, request)
+        return response
+
+    https_request = http_request
+    https_response = http_response
+
+class UnknownHandler(BaseHandler):
+    def unknown_open(self, req):
+        type = req.get_type()
+        raise URLError('unknown url type: %s' % type)
+
+def parse_keqv_list(l):
+    """Parse list of key=value strings where keys are not duplicated."""
+    parsed = {}
+    for elt in l:
+        k, v = elt.split('=', 1)
+        if v[0] == '"' and v[-1] == '"':
+            v = v[1:-1]
+        parsed[k] = v
+    return parsed
+
+def parse_http_list(s):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Neither commas nor quotes count if they are escaped.
+    Only double-quotes count, not single-quotes.
+    """
+    res = []
+    part = ''
+
+    escape = quote = False
+    for cur in s:
+        if escape:
+            part += cur
+            escape = False
+            continue
+        if quote:
+            if cur == '\\':
+                escape = True
+                continue
+            elif cur == '"':
+                quote = False
+            part += cur
+            continue
+
+        if cur == ',':
+            res.append(part)
+            part = ''
+            continue
+
+        if cur == '"':
+            quote = True
+
+        part += cur
+
+    # append last part
+    if part:
+        res.append(part)
+
+    return [part.strip() for part in res]
+
+def _safe_gethostbyname(host):
+    try:
+        return socket.gethostbyname(host)
+    except socket.gaierror:
+        return None
+
+class FileHandler(BaseHandler):
+    # Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL
+    def file_open(self, req):
+        url = req.get_selector()
+        if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and (req.host and
+                req.host != 'localhost'):
+            req.type = 'ftp'
+            return self.parent.open(req)
+        else:
+            return self.open_local_file(req)
+
+    # names for the localhost
+    names = None
+    def get_names(self):
+        if FileHandler.names is None:
+            try:
+                FileHandler.names = tuple(
+                    socket.gethostbyname_ex('localhost')[2] +
+                    socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2])
+            except socket.gaierror:
+                FileHandler.names = (socket.gethostbyname('localhost'),)
+        return FileHandler.names
+
+    # not entirely sure what the rules are here
+    def open_local_file(self, req):
+        import email.utils
+        import mimetypes
+        host = req.get_host()
+        filename = req.get_selector()
+        localfile = url2pathname(filename)
+        try:
+            stats = os.stat(localfile)
+            size = stats.st_size
+            modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+            mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0]
+            headers = mimetools.Message(StringIO(
+                'Content-type: %s\nContent-length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' %
+                (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified)))
+            if host:
+                host, port = splitport(host)
+            if not host or \
+                (not port and _safe_gethostbyname(host) in self.get_names()):
+                if host:
+                    origurl = 'file://' + host + filename
+                else:
+                    origurl = 'file://' + filename
+                return addinfourl(open(localfile, 'rb'), headers, origurl)
+        except OSError, msg:
+            # urllib2 users shouldn't expect OSErrors coming from urlopen()
+            raise URLError(msg)
+        raise URLError('file not on local host')
+
+class FTPHandler(BaseHandler):
+    def ftp_open(self, req):
+        import ftplib
+        import mimetypes
+        host = req.get_host()
+        if not host:
+            raise URLError('ftp error: no host given')
+        host, port = splitport(host)
+        if port is None:
+            port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
+        else:
+            port = int(port)
+
+        # username/password handling
+        user, host = splituser(host)
+        if user:
+            user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
+        else:
+            passwd = None
+        host = unquote(host)
+        user = user or ''
+        passwd = passwd or ''
+
+        try:
+            host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
+        except socket.error, msg:
+            raise URLError(msg)
+        path, attrs = splitattr(req.get_selector())
+        dirs = path.split('/')
+        dirs = map(unquote, dirs)
+        dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1]
+        if dirs and not dirs[0]:
+            dirs = dirs[1:]
+        try:
+            fw = self.connect_ftp(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, req.timeout)
+            type = file and 'I' or 'D'
+            for attr in attrs:
+                attr, value = splitvalue(attr)
+                if attr.lower() == 'type' and \
+                   value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'):
+                    type = value.upper()
+            fp, retrlen = fw.retrfile(file, type)
+            headers = ""
+            mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(req.get_full_url())[0]
+            if mtype:
+                headers += "Content-type: %s\n" % mtype
+            if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0:
+                headers += "Content-length: %d\n" % retrlen
+            sf = StringIO(headers)
+            headers = mimetools.Message(sf)
+            return addinfourl(fp, headers, req.get_full_url())
+        except ftplib.all_errors, msg:
+            raise URLError, ('ftp error: %s' % msg), sys.exc_info()[2]
+
+    def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout):
+        fw = ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout)
+##        fw.ftp.set_debuglevel(1)
+        return fw
+
+class CacheFTPHandler(FTPHandler):
+    # XXX would be nice to have pluggable cache strategies
+    # XXX this stuff is definitely not thread safe
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cache = {}
+        self.timeout = {}
+        self.soonest = 0
+        self.delay = 60
+        self.max_conns = 16
+
+    def setTimeout(self, t):
+        self.delay = t
+
+    def setMaxConns(self, m):
+        self.max_conns = m
+
+    def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout):
+        key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs), timeout
+        if key in self.cache:
+            self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay
+        else:
+            self.cache[key] = ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout)
+            self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay
+        self.check_cache()
+        return self.cache[key]
+
+    def check_cache(self):
+        # first check for old ones
+        t = time.time()
+        if self.soonest <= t:
+            for k, v in self.timeout.items():
+                if v < t:
+                    self.cache[k].close()
+                    del self.cache[k]
+                    del self.timeout[k]
+        self.soonest = min(self.timeout.values())
+
+        # then check the size
+        if len(self.cache) == self.max_conns:
+            for k, v in self.timeout.items():
+                if v == self.soonest:
+                    del self.cache[k]
+                    del self.timeout[k]
+                    break
+            self.soonest = min(self.timeout.values())
diff --git a/lib_pypy/pyrepl/readline.py b/lib_pypy/pyrepl/readline.py
--- a/lib_pypy/pyrepl/readline.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/pyrepl/readline.py
@@ -395,9 +395,21 @@
     _wrapper.f_in = f_in
     _wrapper.f_out = f_out
 
-    if hasattr(sys, '__raw_input__'):    # PyPy
-        _old_raw_input = sys.__raw_input__
+    if '__pypy__' in sys.builtin_module_names:    # PyPy
+
+        def _old_raw_input(prompt=''):
+            # sys.__raw_input__() is only called when stdin and stdout are
+            # as expected and are ttys.  If it is the case, then get_reader()
+            # should not really fail in _wrapper.raw_input().  If it still
+            # does, then we will just cancel the redirection and call again
+            # the built-in raw_input().
+            try:
+                del sys.__raw_input__
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            return raw_input(prompt)
         sys.__raw_input__ = _wrapper.raw_input
+
     else:
         # this is not really what readline.c does.  Better than nothing I guess
         import __builtin__
diff --git a/lib_pypy/resource.py b/lib_pypy/resource.py
--- a/lib_pypy/resource.py
+++ b/lib_pypy/resource.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 from ctypes_support import standard_c_lib as libc
 from ctypes_support import get_errno
-from ctypes import Structure, c_int, c_long, byref, sizeof, POINTER
+from ctypes import Structure, c_int, c_long, byref, POINTER
 from errno import EINVAL, EPERM
 import _structseq
 
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
 
 @builtinify
 def getpagesize():
-    pagesize = 0
     if _getpagesize:
         return _getpagesize()
     else:
diff --git a/pypy/annotation/classdef.py b/pypy/annotation/classdef.py
--- a/pypy/annotation/classdef.py
+++ b/pypy/annotation/classdef.py
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@
         # create the Attribute and do the generalization asked for
         newattr = Attribute(attr, self.bookkeeper)
         if s_value:
-            if newattr.name == 'intval' and getattr(s_value, 'unsigned', False):
-                import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+            #if newattr.name == 'intval' and getattr(s_value, 'unsigned', False):
+            #    import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
             newattr.s_value = s_value
 
         # keep all subattributes' values
diff --git a/pypy/annotation/policy.py b/pypy/annotation/policy.py
--- a/pypy/annotation/policy.py
+++ b/pypy/annotation/policy.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # base annotation policy for specialization
 from pypy.annotation.specialize import default_specialize as default
-from pypy.annotation.specialize import specialize_argvalue, specialize_argtype, specialize_arglistitemtype
+from pypy.annotation.specialize import specialize_argvalue, specialize_argtype, specialize_arglistitemtype, specialize_arg_or_var
 from pypy.annotation.specialize import memo, specialize_call_location
 # for some reason, model must be imported first,
 # or we create a cycle.
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
     default_specialize = staticmethod(default)
     specialize__memo = staticmethod(memo)
     specialize__arg = staticmethod(specialize_argvalue) # specialize:arg(N)
+    specialize__arg_or_var = staticmethod(specialize_arg_or_var)
     specialize__argtype = staticmethod(specialize_argtype) # specialize:argtype(N)
     specialize__arglistitemtype = staticmethod(specialize_arglistitemtype)
     specialize__call_location = staticmethod(specialize_call_location)
diff --git a/pypy/annotation/specialize.py b/pypy/annotation/specialize.py
--- a/pypy/annotation/specialize.py
+++ b/pypy/annotation/specialize.py
@@ -353,6 +353,16 @@
     key = tuple(key)
     return maybe_star_args(funcdesc, key, args_s)
 
+def specialize_arg_or_var(funcdesc, args_s, *argindices):
+    for argno in argindices:
+        if not args_s[argno].is_constant():
+            break
+    else:
+        # all constant
+        return specialize_argvalue(funcdesc, args_s, *argindices)
+    # some not constant
+    return maybe_star_args(funcdesc, None, args_s)
+
 def specialize_argtype(funcdesc, args_s, *argindices):
     key = tuple([args_s[i].knowntype for i in argindices])
     for cls in key:
diff --git a/pypy/annotation/test/test_annrpython.py b/pypy/annotation/test/test_annrpython.py
--- a/pypy/annotation/test/test_annrpython.py
+++ b/pypy/annotation/test/test_annrpython.py
@@ -1194,6 +1194,20 @@
         assert len(executedesc._cache[(0, 'star', 2)].startblock.inputargs) == 4
         assert len(executedesc._cache[(1, 'star', 3)].startblock.inputargs) == 5
 
+    def test_specialize_arg_or_var(self):
+        def f(a):
+            return 1
+        f._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg_or_var(0)'
+
+        def fn(a):
+            return f(3) + f(a)
+
+        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
+        a.build_types(fn, [int])
+        executedesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(f)
+        assert sorted(executedesc._cache.keys()) == [None, (3,)]
+        # we got two different special
+
     def test_specialize_call_location(self):
         def g(a):
             return a
@@ -3190,6 +3204,8 @@
         s = a.build_types(f, [])
         assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
         assert not s.listdef.listitem.resized
+        assert not s.listdef.listitem.immutable
+        assert s.listdef.listitem.mutated
 
     def test_delslice(self):
         def f():
diff --git a/pypy/annotation/unaryop.py b/pypy/annotation/unaryop.py
--- a/pypy/annotation/unaryop.py
+++ b/pypy/annotation/unaryop.py
@@ -352,6 +352,7 @@
         check_negative_slice(s_start, s_stop)
         if not isinstance(s_iterable, SomeList):
             raise Exception("list[start:stop] = x: x must be a list")
+        lst.listdef.mutate()
         lst.listdef.agree(s_iterable.listdef)
         # note that setslice is not allowed to resize a list in RPython
 
diff --git a/pypy/config/pypyoption.py b/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
--- a/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
+++ b/pypy/config/pypyoption.py
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
     del working_modules['fcntl']  # LOCK_NB not defined
     del working_modules["_minimal_curses"]
     del working_modules["termios"]
+    del working_modules["_multiprocessing"]   # depends on rctime
 
 
 
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@
 
 pypy_optiondescription = OptionDescription("objspace", "Object Space Options", [
     ChoiceOption("name", "Object Space name",
-                 ["std", "flow", "thunk", "dump", "taint"],
+                 ["std", "flow", "thunk", "dump"],
                  "std",
                  cmdline='--objspace -o'),
 
diff --git a/pypy/doc/__pypy__-module.rst b/pypy/doc/__pypy__-module.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/__pypy__-module.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/__pypy__-module.rst
@@ -37,29 +37,6 @@
 .. _`thunk object space docs`: objspace-proxies.html#thunk
 .. _`interface section of the thunk object space docs`: objspace-proxies.html#thunk-interface
 
-.. broken:
-
-    Taint Object Space Functionality
-    ================================
-
-    When the taint object space is used (choose with :config:`objspace.name`),
-    the following names are put into ``__pypy__``:
-
-     - ``taint``
-     - ``is_tainted``
-     - ``untaint``
-     - ``taint_atomic``
-     - ``_taint_debug``
-     - ``_taint_look``
-     - ``TaintError``
-
-    Those are all described in the `interface section of the taint object space
-    docs`_.
-
-    For more detailed explanations and examples see the `taint object space docs`_.
-
-    .. _`taint object space docs`: objspace-proxies.html#taint
-    .. _`interface section of the taint object space docs`: objspace-proxies.html#taint-interface
 
 Transparent Proxy Functionality
 ===============================
diff --git a/pypy/doc/config/objspace.name.txt b/pypy/doc/config/objspace.name.txt
--- a/pypy/doc/config/objspace.name.txt
+++ b/pypy/doc/config/objspace.name.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 for normal usage):
 
   * thunk_: The thunk object space adds lazy evaluation to PyPy.
-  * taint_: The taint object space adds soft security features.
   * dump_:  Using this object spaces results in the dumpimp of all operations
     to a log.
 
@@ -12,5 +11,4 @@
 .. _`Object Space Proxies`: ../objspace-proxies.html
 .. _`Standard Object Space`: ../objspace.html#standard-object-space
 .. _thunk: ../objspace-proxies.html#thunk
-.. _taint: ../objspace-proxies.html#taint
 .. _dump: ../objspace-proxies.html#dump
diff --git a/pypy/doc/index.rst b/pypy/doc/index.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/index.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/index.rst
@@ -309,7 +309,6 @@
 .. _`object space`: objspace.html
 .. _FlowObjSpace: objspace.html#the-flow-object-space 
 .. _`trace object space`: objspace.html#the-trace-object-space 
-.. _`taint object space`: objspace-proxies.html#taint
 .. _`thunk object space`: objspace-proxies.html#thunk
 .. _`transparent proxies`: objspace-proxies.html#tproxy
 .. _`Differences between PyPy and CPython`: cpython_differences.html
diff --git a/pypy/doc/objspace-proxies.rst b/pypy/doc/objspace-proxies.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/objspace-proxies.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/objspace-proxies.rst
@@ -129,297 +129,6 @@
    function behaves lazily: all calls to it return a thunk object.
 
 
-.. broken right now:
-
-    .. _taint:
-
-    The Taint Object Space
-    ======================
-
-    Motivation
-    ----------
-
-    The Taint Object Space provides a form of security: "tainted objects",
-    inspired by various sources, see [D12.1]_ for a more detailed discussion. 
-
-    The basic idea of this kind of security is not to protect against
-    malicious code but to help with handling and boxing sensitive data. 
-    It covers two kinds of sensitive data: secret data which should not leak, 
-    and untrusted data coming from an external source and that must be 
-    validated before it is used.
-
-    The idea is that, considering a large application that handles these
-    kinds of sensitive data, there are typically only a small number of
-    places that need to explicitly manipulate that sensitive data; all the
-    other places merely pass it around, or do entirely unrelated things.
-
-    Nevertheless, if a large application needs to be reviewed for security,
-    it must be entirely carefully checked, because it is possible that a
-    bug at some apparently unrelated place could lead to a leak of sensitive
-    information in a way that an external attacker could exploit.  For
-    example, if any part of the application provides web services, an
-    attacker might be able to issue unexpected requests with a regular web
-    browser and deduce secret information from the details of the answers he
-    gets.  Another example is the common CGI attack where an attacker sends
-    malformed inputs and causes the CGI script to do unintended things.
-
-    An approach like that of the Taint Object Space allows the small parts
-    of the program that manipulate sensitive data to be explicitly marked.
-    The effect of this is that although these small parts still need a
-    careful security review, the rest of the application no longer does,
-    because even a bug would be unable to leak the information.
-
-    We have implemented a simple two-level model: objects are either
-    regular (untainted), or sensitive (tainted).  Objects are marked as
-    sensitive if they are secret or untrusted, and only declassified at
-    carefully-checked positions (e.g. where the secret data is needed, or
-    after the untrusted data has been fully validated).
-
-    It would be simple to extend the code for more fine-grained scales of
-    secrecy.  For example it is typical in the literature to consider
-    user-specified lattices of secrecy levels, corresponding to multiple
-    "owners" that cannot access data belonging to another "owner" unless
-    explicitly authorized to do so.
-
-    Tainting and untainting
-    -----------------------
-
-    Start a py.py with the Taint Object Space and try the following example::
-
-        $ py.py -o taint
-        >>>> from __pypy__ import taint
-        >>>> x = taint(6)
-
-        # x is hidden from now on.  We can pass it around and
-        # even operate on it, but not inspect it.  Taintness
-        # is propagated to operation results.
-
-        >>>> x
-        TaintError
-
-        >>>> if x > 5: y = 2   # see below
-        TaintError
-
-        >>>> y = x + 5         # ok
-        >>>> lst = [x, y]
-        >>>> z = lst.pop()
-        >>>> t = type(z)       # type() works too, tainted answer
-        >>>> t
-        TaintError
-        >>>> u = t is int      # even 'is' works
-        >>>> u
-        TaintError
-
-    Notice that using a tainted boolean like ``x > 5`` in an ``if``
-    statement is forbidden.  This is because knowing which path is followed
-    would give away a hint about ``x``; in the example above, if the
-    statement ``if x > 5: y = 2`` was allowed to run, we would know
-    something about the value of ``x`` by looking at the (untainted) value
-    in the variable ``y``.
-
-    Of course, there is a way to inspect tainted objects.  The basic way is
-    to explicitly "declassify" it with the ``untaint()`` function.  In an
-    application, the places that use ``untaint()`` are the places that need
-    careful security review.  To avoid unexpected objects showing up, the
-    ``untaint()`` function must be called with the exact type of the object
-    to declassify.  It will raise ``TaintError`` if the type doesn't match::
-
-        >>>> from __pypy__ import taint
-        >>>> untaint(int, x)
-        6
-        >>>> untaint(int, z)
-        11
-        >>>> untaint(bool, x > 5)
-        True
-        >>>> untaint(int, x > 5)
-        TaintError
-
-
-    Taint Bombs
-    -----------
-
-    In this area, a common problem is what to do about failing operations.
-    If an operation raises an exception when manipulating a tainted object,
-    then the very presence of the exception can leak information about the
-    tainted object itself.  Consider::
-
-        >>>> 5 / (x-6)
-
-    By checking if this raises ``ZeroDivisionError`` or not, we would know
-    if ``x`` was equal to 6 or not.  The solution to this problem in the
-    Taint Object Space is to introduce *Taint Bombs*.  They are a kind of
-    tainted object that doesn't contain a real object, but a pending
-    exception.  Taint Bombs are indistinguishable from normal tainted
-    objects to unprivileged code. See::
-
-        >>>> x = taint(6)
-        >>>> i = 5 / (x-6)     # no exception here
-        >>>> j = i + 1         # nor here
-        >>>> k = j + 5         # nor here
-        >>>> untaint(int, k)
-        TaintError
-
-    In the above example, all of ``i``, ``j`` and ``k`` contain a Taint
-    Bomb.  Trying to untaint it raises an exception - a generic
-    ``TaintError``.  What we win is that the exception gives little away,
-    and most importantly it occurs at the point where ``untaint()`` is
-    called, not where the operation failed.  This means that all calls to
-    ``untaint()`` - but not the rest of the code - must be carefully
-    reviewed for what occurs if they receive a Taint Bomb; they might catch
-    the ``TaintError`` and give the user a generic message that something
-    went wrong, if we are reasonably careful that the message or even its
-    presence doesn't give information away.  This might be a
-    problem by itself, but there is no satisfying general solution here:
-    it must be considered on a case-by-case basis.  Again, what the
-    Taint Object Space approach achieves is not solving these problems, but
-    localizing them to well-defined small parts of the application - namely,
-    around calls to ``untaint()``.
-
-    The ``TaintError`` exception deliberately does not include any
-    useful error messages, because they might give information away.
-    Of course, this makes debugging quite a bit harder; a difficult
-    problem to solve properly.  So far we have implemented a way to peek in a Taint
-    Box or Bomb, ``__pypy__._taint_look(x)``, and a "debug mode" that
-    prints the exception as soon as a Bomb is created - both write
-    information to the low-level stderr of the application, where we hope
-    that it is unlikely to be seen by anyone but the application
-    developer.
-
-
-    Taint Atomic functions
-    ----------------------
-
-    Occasionally, a more complicated computation must be performed on a
-    tainted object.  This requires first untainting the object, performing the
-    computations, and then carefully tainting the result again (including
-    hiding all exceptions into Bombs).
-
-    There is a built-in decorator that does this for you::
-
-        >>>> @__pypy__.taint_atomic
-        >>>> def myop(x, y):
-        ....     while x > 0:
-        ....         x -= y
-        ....     return x
-        ....
-        >>>> myop(42, 10)
-        -8
-        >>>> z = myop(taint(42), 10)
-        >>>> z
-        TaintError
-        >>>> untaint(int, z)
-        -8
-
-    The decorator makes a whole function behave like a built-in operation.
-    If no tainted argument is passed in, the function behaves normally.  But
-    if any of the arguments is tainted, it is automatically untainted - so
-    the function body always sees untainted arguments - and the eventual
-    result is tainted again (possibly in a Taint Bomb).
-
-    It is important for the function marked as ``taint_atomic`` to have no
-    visible side effects, as these could cause information leakage.
-    This is currently not enforced, which means that all ``taint_atomic``
-    functions have to be carefully reviewed for security (but not the
-    callers of ``taint_atomic`` functions).
-
-    A possible future extension would be to forbid side-effects on
-    non-tainted objects from all ``taint_atomic`` functions.
-
-    An example of usage: given a tainted object ``passwords_db`` that
-    references a database of passwords, we can write a function
-    that checks if a password is valid as follows::
-
-        @taint_atomic
-        def validate(passwords_db, username, password):
-            assert type(passwords_db) is PasswordDatabase
-            assert type(username) is str
-            assert type(password) is str
-            ...load username entry from passwords_db...
-            return expected_password == password
-
-    It returns a tainted boolean answer, or a Taint Bomb if something
-    went wrong.  A caller can do::
-
-        ok = validate(passwords_db, 'john', '1234')
-        ok = untaint(bool, ok)
-
-    This can give three outcomes: ``True``, ``False``, or a ``TaintError``
-    exception (with no information on it) if anything went wrong.  If even
-    this is considered giving too much information away, the ``False`` case
-    can be made indistinguishable from the ``TaintError`` case (simply by
-    raising an exception in ``validate()`` if the password is wrong).
-
-    In the above example, the security results achieved are the following:
-    as long as ``validate()`` does not leak information, no other part of
-    the code can obtain more information about a passwords database than a
-    Yes/No answer to a precise query.
-
-    A possible extension of the ``taint_atomic`` decorator would be to check
-    the argument types, as ``untaint()`` does, for the same reason: to
-    prevent bugs where a function like ``validate()`` above is accidentally
-    called with the wrong kind of tainted object, which would make it
-    misbehave.  For now, all ``taint_atomic`` functions should be
-    conservative and carefully check all assumptions on their input
-    arguments.
-
-
-    .. _`taint-interface`:
-
-    Interface
-    ---------
-
-    .. _`like a built-in operation`:
-
-    The basic rule of the Tainted Object Space is that it introduces two new
-    kinds of objects, Tainted Boxes and Tainted Bombs (which are not types
-    in the Python sense).  Each box internally contains a regular object;
-    each bomb internally contains an exception object.  An operation
-    involving Tainted Boxes is performed on the objects contained in the
-    boxes, and gives a Tainted Box or a Tainted Bomb as a result (such an
-    operation does not let an exception be raised).  An operation called
-    with a Tainted Bomb argument immediately returns the same Tainted Bomb.
-
-    In a PyPy running with (or translated with) the Taint Object Space,
-    the ``__pypy__`` module exposes the following interface:
-
-    * ``taint(obj)``
-
-        Return a new Tainted Box wrapping ``obj``.  Return ``obj`` itself
-        if it is already tainted (a Box or a Bomb).
-
-    * ``is_tainted(obj)``
-
-        Check if ``obj`` is tainted (a Box or a Bomb).
-
-    * ``untaint(type, obj)``
-
-        Untaints ``obj`` if it is tainted.  Raise ``TaintError`` if the type
-        of the untainted object is not exactly ``type``, or if ``obj`` is a
-        Bomb.
-
-    * ``taint_atomic(func)``
-
-        Return a wrapper function around the callable ``func``.  The wrapper
-        behaves `like a built-in operation`_ with respect to untainting the
-        arguments, tainting the result, and returning a Bomb.
-
-    * ``TaintError``
-
-        Exception.  On purpose, it provides no attribute or error message.
-
-    * ``_taint_debug(level)``
-
-        Set the debugging level to ``level`` (0=off).  At level 1 or above,
-        all Taint Bombs print a diagnostic message to stderr when they are
-        created.
-
-    * ``_taint_look(obj)``
-
-        For debugging purposes: prints (to stderr) the type and address of
-        the object in a Tainted Box, or prints the exception if ``obj`` is
-        a Taint Bomb.
-
-
 .. _dump:
 
 The Dump Object Space
diff --git a/pypy/doc/project-ideas.rst b/pypy/doc/project-ideas.rst
--- a/pypy/doc/project-ideas.rst
+++ b/pypy/doc/project-ideas.rst
@@ -53,6 +53,18 @@
 this is an ideal task to get started, because it does not require any deep
 knowledge of the internals.
 
+Optimized Unicode Representation
+--------------------------------
+
+CPython 3.3 will use an `optimized unicode representation`_ which switches between
+different ways to represent a unicode string, depending on whether the string
+fits into ASCII, has only two-byte characters or needs four-byte characters.
+
+The actual details would be rather differen in PyPy, but we would like to have
+the same optimization implemented.
+
+.. _`optimized unicode representation`: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0393/
+
 Translation Toolchain
 ---------------------
 
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py b/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/baseobjspace.py
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.executioncontext import ExecutionContext, ActionFlag
 from pypy.interpreter.executioncontext import UserDelAction, FrameTraceAction
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError, operationerrfmt
-from pypy.interpreter.error import new_exception_class
+from pypy.interpreter.error import new_exception_class, typed_unwrap_error_msg
 from pypy.interpreter.argument import Arguments
 from pypy.interpreter.miscutils import ThreadLocals
 from pypy.tool.cache import Cache
 from pypy.tool.uid import HUGEVAL_BYTES
-from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated, newlist
+from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated, newlist, compute_unique_id
 from pypy.rlib.debug import make_sure_not_resized
 from pypy.rlib.timer import DummyTimer, Timer
 from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import r_uint
@@ -186,6 +186,28 @@
     def _set_mapdict_storage_and_map(self, storage, map):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def str_w(self, space):
+        w_msg = typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, "string", self)
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, w_msg)
+
+    def unicode_w(self, space):
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                             typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, "unicode", self))
+
+    def int_w(self, space):
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                             typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, "integer", self))
+    
+    def uint_w(self, space):
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                             typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, "integer", self))
+    
+    def bigint_w(self, space):
+        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
+                             typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, "integer", self))
+
 
 class Wrappable(W_Root):
     """A subclass of Wrappable is an internal, interpreter-level class
@@ -901,7 +923,7 @@
         ec.c_call_trace(frame, w_func, args)
         try:
             w_res = self.call_args(w_func, args)
-        except OperationError, e:
+        except OperationError:
             ec.c_exception_trace(frame, w_func)
             raise
         ec.c_return_trace(frame, w_func, args)
@@ -947,6 +969,9 @@
     def isinstance_w(self, w_obj, w_type):
         return self.is_true(self.isinstance(w_obj, w_type))
 
+    def id(self, w_obj):
+        return self.wrap(compute_unique_id(w_obj))
+
     # The code below only works
     # for the simple case (new-style instance).
     # These methods are patched with the full logic by the __builtin__
@@ -999,8 +1024,6 @@
 
     def eval(self, expression, w_globals, w_locals, hidden_applevel=False):
         "NOT_RPYTHON: For internal debugging."
-        import types
-        from pypy.interpreter.pycode import PyCode
         if isinstance(expression, str):
             compiler = self.createcompiler()
             expression = compiler.compile(expression, '?', 'eval', 0,
@@ -1012,7 +1035,6 @@
     def exec_(self, statement, w_globals, w_locals, hidden_applevel=False,
               filename=None):
         "NOT_RPYTHON: For internal debugging."
-        import types
         if filename is None:
             filename = '?'
         from pypy.interpreter.pycode import PyCode
@@ -1210,6 +1232,18 @@
             return None
         return self.str_w(w_obj)
 
+    def str_w(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.str_w(self)
+
+    def int_w(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.int_w(self)
+
+    def uint_w(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.uint_w(self)
+
+    def bigint_w(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.bigint_w(self)
+
     def realstr_w(self, w_obj):
         # Like str_w, but only works if w_obj is really of type 'str'.
         if not self.is_true(self.isinstance(w_obj, self.w_str)):
@@ -1217,6 +1251,9 @@
                                  self.wrap('argument must be a string'))
         return self.str_w(w_obj)
 
+    def unicode_w(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.unicode_w(self)
+
     def realunicode_w(self, w_obj):
         # Like unicode_w, but only works if w_obj is really of type
         # 'unicode'.
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/error.py b/pypy/interpreter/error.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/error.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/error.py
@@ -458,3 +458,7 @@
     if module:
         space.setattr(w_exc, space.wrap("__module__"), space.wrap(module))
     return w_exc
+
+def typed_unwrap_error_msg(space, expected, w_obj):
+    type_name = space.type(w_obj).getname(space)
+    return space.wrap("expected %s, got %s object" % (expected, type_name))
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py b/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/executioncontext.py
@@ -175,6 +175,9 @@
             self.w_tracefunc = w_func
             self.space.frame_trace_action.fire()
 
+    def gettrace(self):
+        return self.w_tracefunc
+
     def setprofile(self, w_func):
         """Set the global trace function."""
         if self.space.is_w(w_func, self.space.w_None):
@@ -307,7 +310,11 @@
         self._nonperiodic_actions = []
         self.has_bytecode_counter = False
         self.fired_actions = None
-        self.checkinterval_scaled = 100 * TICK_COUNTER_STEP
+        # the default value is not 100, unlike CPython 2.7, but a much
+        # larger value, because we use a technique that not only allows
+        # but actually *forces* another thread to run whenever the counter
+        # reaches zero.
+        self.checkinterval_scaled = 10000 * TICK_COUNTER_STEP
         self._rebuild_action_dispatcher()
 
     def fire(self, action):
@@ -346,6 +353,7 @@
         elif interval > MAX:
             interval = MAX
         self.checkinterval_scaled = interval * TICK_COUNTER_STEP
+        self.reset_ticker(-1)
 
     def _rebuild_action_dispatcher(self):
         periodic_actions = unrolling_iterable(self._periodic_actions)
@@ -383,8 +391,11 @@
     def decrement_ticker(self, by):
         value = self._ticker
         if self.has_bytecode_counter:    # this 'if' is constant-folded
-            value -= by
-            self._ticker = value
+            if jit.isconstant(by) and by == 0:
+                pass     # normally constant-folded too
+            else:
+                value -= by
+                self._ticker = value
         return value
 
 
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/pytokenizer.py b/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/pytokenizer.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/pytokenizer.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/pytokenizer.py
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
                         parenlev = parenlev - 1
                         if parenlev < 0:
                             raise TokenError("unmatched '%s'" % initial, line,
-                                             lnum-1, 0, token_list)
+                                             lnum, start + 1, token_list)
                     if token in python_opmap:
                         punct = python_opmap[token]
                     else:
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/test/test_pyparse.py b/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/test/test_pyparse.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/test/test_pyparse.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/pyparser/test/test_pyparse.py
@@ -87,6 +87,10 @@
         assert exc.lineno == 1
         assert exc.offset == 5
         assert exc.lastlineno == 5
+        exc = py.test.raises(SyntaxError, parse, "abc)").value
+        assert exc.msg == "unmatched ')'"
+        assert exc.lineno == 1
+        assert exc.offset == 4
 
     def test_is(self):
         self.parse("x is y")
diff --git a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_executioncontext.py b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_executioncontext.py
--- a/pypy/interpreter/test/test_executioncontext.py
+++ b/pypy/interpreter/test/test_executioncontext.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
         assert i == 9
 
     def test_periodic_action(self):
+        from pypy.interpreter.executioncontext import ActionFlag
 
         class DemoAction(executioncontext.PeriodicAsyncAction):
             counter = 0
@@ -53,17 +54,20 @@
 
         space = self.space
         a2 = DemoAction(space)
-        space.actionflag.register_periodic_action(a2, True)
         try:
-            for i in range(500):
-                space.appexec([], """():
-                    n = 5
-                    return n + 2
-                """)
-        except Finished:
-            pass
-        checkinterval = space.actionflag.getcheckinterval()
-        assert checkinterval / 10 < i < checkinterval * 1.1
+            space.actionflag.setcheckinterval(100)
+            space.actionflag.register_periodic_action(a2, True)
+            try:
+                for i in range(500):
+                    space.appexec([], """():
+                        n = 5
+                        return n + 2
+                    """)
+            except Finished:
+                pass
+        finally:
+            space.actionflag = ActionFlag()   # reset to default
+        assert 10 < i < 110
 
     def test_llprofile(self):
         l = []
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/llgraph/llimpl.py b/pypy/jit/backend/llgraph/llimpl.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/llgraph/llimpl.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/llgraph/llimpl.py
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@
     'unicodegetitem'  : (('ref', 'int'), 'int'),
     'unicodesetitem'  : (('ref', 'int', 'int'), 'int'),
     'cast_ptr_to_int' : (('ref',), 'int'),
+    'cast_int_to_ptr' : (('int',), 'ref'),
     'debug_merge_point': (('ref', 'int'), None),
     'force_token'     : ((), 'int'),
     'call_may_force'  : (('int', 'varargs'), 'intorptr'),
@@ -875,9 +876,6 @@
     def op_new_array(self, arraydescr, count):
         return do_new_array(arraydescr.ofs, count)
 
-    def op_cast_ptr_to_int(self, descr, ptr):
-        return cast_to_int(ptr)
-
     def op_force_token(self, descr):
         opaque_frame = _to_opaque(self)
         return llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(opaque_frame)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/gc.py b/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/gc.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/gc.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/gc.py
@@ -45,6 +45,14 @@
     def freeing_block(self, start, stop):
         pass
 
+    def record_constptrs(self, op, gcrefs_output_list):
+        for i in range(op.numargs()):
+            v = op.getarg(i)
+            if isinstance(v, ConstPtr) and bool(v.value):
+                p = v.value
+                rgc._make_sure_does_not_move(p)
+                gcrefs_output_list.append(p)
+
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
 class GcLLDescr_boehm(GcLLDescription):
@@ -141,6 +149,14 @@
     get_funcptr_for_newstr = None
     get_funcptr_for_newunicode = None
 
+    def rewrite_assembler(self, cpu, operations, gcrefs_output_list):
+        # record all GCREFs too, because Boehm cannot see them and keep them
+        # alive if they end up as constants in the assembler
+        for op in operations:
+            self.record_constptrs(op, gcrefs_output_list)
+        return GcLLDescription.rewrite_assembler(self, cpu, operations,
+                                                 gcrefs_output_list)
+
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
 # All code below is for the hybrid or minimark GC
@@ -757,14 +773,6 @@
             funcptr(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(gcref_struct),
                     llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(gcref_newptr))
 
-    def record_constptrs(self, op, gcrefs_output_list):
-        for i in range(op.numargs()):
-            v = op.getarg(i)
-            if isinstance(v, ConstPtr) and bool(v.value):
-                p = v.value
-                rgc._make_sure_does_not_move(p)
-                gcrefs_output_list.append(p)
-
     def rewrite_assembler(self, cpu, operations, gcrefs_output_list):
         # Perform two kinds of rewrites in parallel:
         #
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/test/runner_test.py b/pypy/jit/backend/test/runner_test.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/test/runner_test.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/test/runner_test.py
@@ -1468,20 +1468,16 @@
         return u''.join(u.chars)
 
 
-    def test_casts(self):
-        py.test.skip("xxx fix or kill")
-        from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory
-        TP = lltype.GcStruct('x')
-        x = lltype.malloc(TP)        
-        x = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, x)
+    def test_cast_int_to_ptr(self):
+        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CAST_INT_TO_PTR,
+                                     [BoxInt(-17)],  'ref').value
+        assert lltype.cast_ptr_to_int(res) == -17
+
+    def test_cast_ptr_to_int(self):
+        x = lltype.cast_int_to_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, -19)
         res = self.execute_operation(rop.CAST_PTR_TO_INT,
-                                     [BoxPtr(x)],  'int').value
-        expected = self.cpu.cast_adr_to_int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(x))
-        assert rffi.get_real_int(res) == rffi.get_real_int(expected)
-        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CAST_PTR_TO_INT,
-                                     [ConstPtr(x)],  'int').value
-        expected = self.cpu.cast_adr_to_int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(x))
-        assert rffi.get_real_int(res) == rffi.get_real_int(expected)
+                                     [BoxPtr(x)], 'int').value
+        assert res == -19
 
     def test_ooops_non_gc(self):
         x = lltype.malloc(lltype.Struct('x'), flavor='raw')
@@ -2299,13 +2295,6 @@
         #
         cpu.bh_strsetitem(x, 4, ord('/'))
         assert str.chars[4] == '/'
-        #
-##        x = cpu.bh_newstr(5)
-##        y = cpu.bh_cast_ptr_to_int(x)
-##        z = cpu.bh_cast_ptr_to_int(x)
-##        y = rffi.get_real_int(y)
-##        z = rffi.get_real_int(z)
-##        assert type(y) == type(z) == int and y == z
 
     def test_sorting_of_fields(self):
         S = self.S
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
@@ -1387,7 +1387,8 @@
 
     def genop_same_as(self, op, arglocs, resloc):
         self.mov(arglocs[0], resloc)
-    #genop_cast_ptr_to_int = genop_same_as
+    genop_cast_ptr_to_int = genop_same_as
+    genop_cast_int_to_ptr = genop_same_as
 
     def genop_int_mod(self, op, arglocs, resloc):
         if IS_X86_32:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
@@ -1152,7 +1152,8 @@
         self.possibly_free_var(op.getarg(0))
         resloc = self.force_allocate_reg(op.result)
         self.Perform(op, [argloc], resloc)
-    #consider_cast_ptr_to_int = consider_same_as
+    consider_cast_ptr_to_int = consider_same_as
+    consider_cast_int_to_ptr = consider_same_as
 
     def consider_strlen(self, op):
         args = op.getarglist()
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/tool/viewcode.py b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/tool/viewcode.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/tool/viewcode.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/tool/viewcode.py
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@
 """
 
 import autopath
-import operator, sys, os, re, py, new
+import new
+import operator
+import py
+import re
+import sys
+import subprocess
 from bisect import bisect_left
 
 # don't use pypy.tool.udir here to avoid removing old usessions which
@@ -44,14 +49,16 @@
     f = open(tmpfile, 'wb')
     f.write(data)
     f.close()
-    g = os.popen(objdump % {
+    p = subprocess.Popen(objdump % {
         'file': tmpfile,
         'origin': originaddr,
         'backend': objdump_backend_option[backend_name],
-    }, 'r')
-    result = g.readlines()
-    g.close()
-    lines = result[6:]   # drop some objdump cruft
+    }, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+    assert not p.returncode, ('Encountered an error running objdump: %s' %
+                              stderr)
+    # drop some objdump cruft
+    lines = stdout.splitlines()[6:]
     return format_code_dump_with_labels(originaddr, lines, label_list)
 
 def format_code_dump_with_labels(originaddr, lines, label_list):
@@ -85,8 +92,12 @@
     #
     print 'loading symbols from %s...' % (filename,)
     symbols = {}
-    g = os.popen(symbollister % filename, "r")
-    for line in g:
+    p = subprocess.Popen(symbollister % filename, shell=True,
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+    assert not p.returncode, ('Encountered an error running nm: %s' %
+                              stderr)
+    for line in stdout.splitlines():
         match = re_symbolentry.match(line)
         if match:
             addr = long(match.group(1), 16)
@@ -94,7 +105,6 @@
             if name.startswith('pypy_g_'):
                 name = '\xb7' + name[7:]
             symbols[addr] = name
-    g.close()
     print '%d symbols found' % (len(symbols),)
     return symbols
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/effectinfo.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/effectinfo.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/effectinfo.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/effectinfo.py
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
     OS_LLONG_UGE                = 91
     OS_LLONG_URSHIFT            = 92
     OS_LLONG_FROM_UINT          = 93
+    OS_LLONG_U_TO_FLOAT         = 94
     #
     OS_MATH_SQRT                = 100
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
@@ -440,6 +440,7 @@
     rewrite_op_ullong_mod_zer      = _do_builtin_call
     rewrite_op_gc_identityhash = _do_builtin_call
     rewrite_op_gc_id           = _do_builtin_call
+    rewrite_op_uint_mod        = _do_builtin_call
 
     # ----------
     # getfield/setfield/mallocs etc.
@@ -454,6 +455,23 @@
             # the special return value None forces op.result to be considered
             # equal to op.args[0]
             return [op0, op1, None]
+        if (hints.get('promote_string') and
+            op.args[0].concretetype is not lltype.Void):
+            S = lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR)
+            assert op.args[0].concretetype == S
+            self._register_extra_helper(EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_NONNULL,
+                                        "str.eq_nonnull",
+                                        [S, S],
+                                        lltype.Signed,
+                                        EffectInfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CANNOT_RAISE)
+            descr, p = self.callcontrol.callinfocollection.callinfo_for_oopspec(
+                EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_NONNULL)
+            # XXX this is fairly ugly way of creating a constant,
+            #     however, callinfocollection has no better interface
+            c = Constant(p.adr.ptr, lltype.typeOf(p.adr.ptr))
+            op1 = SpaceOperation('str_guard_value', [op.args[0], c, descr],
+                                 op.result)
+            return [SpaceOperation('-live-', [], None), op1, None]
         else:
             log.WARNING('ignoring hint %r at %r' % (hints, self.graph))
 
@@ -782,8 +800,7 @@
 
     def rewrite_op_cast_ptr_to_int(self, op):
         if self._is_gc(op.args[0]):
-            #return op
-            raise NotImplementedError("cast_ptr_to_int")
+            return op
 
     def rewrite_op_force_cast(self, op):
         v_arg = op.args[0]
@@ -883,9 +900,15 @@
                 v = v_arg
                 oplist = []
             if unsigned1:
-                opname = 'cast_uint_to_longlong'
+                if unsigned2:
+                    opname = 'cast_uint_to_ulonglong'
+                else:
+                    opname = 'cast_uint_to_longlong'
             else:
-                opname = 'cast_int_to_longlong'
+                if unsigned2:
+                    opname = 'cast_int_to_ulonglong'
+                else:
+                    opname = 'cast_int_to_longlong'
             op2 = self.rewrite_operation(
                 SpaceOperation(opname, [v], v_result)
             )
@@ -995,6 +1018,21 @@
                 return op2
         ''' % (_op, _oopspec.lower(), _oopspec, _oopspec)).compile()
 
+    for _op, _oopspec in [('cast_int_to_ulonglong',     'FROM_INT'),
+                          ('cast_uint_to_ulonglong',    'FROM_UINT'),
+                          ('cast_float_to_ulonglong',   'FROM_FLOAT'),
+                          ('cast_ulonglong_to_float',   'U_TO_FLOAT'),
+                         ]:
+        exec py.code.Source('''
+            def rewrite_op_%s(self, op):
+                args = op.args
+                op1 = self.prepare_builtin_call(op, "ullong_%s", args)
+                op2 = self._handle_oopspec_call(op1, args,
+                                                EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_%s,
+                                           EffectInfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CANNOT_RAISE)
+                return op2
+        ''' % (_op, _oopspec.lower(), _oopspec)).compile()
+
     def _normalize(self, oplist):
         if isinstance(oplist, SpaceOperation):
             return [oplist]
@@ -1504,6 +1542,10 @@
     def rewrite_op_jit_force_virtual(self, op):
         return self._do_builtin_call(op)
 
+    def rewrite_op_jit_is_virtual(self, op):
+        raise Exception, (
+            "'vref.virtual' should not be used from jit-visible code")
+
     def rewrite_op_jit_force_virtualizable(self, op):
         # this one is for virtualizables
         vinfo = self.get_vinfo(op.args[0])
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/support.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/support.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/support.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/support.py
@@ -315,18 +315,30 @@
 def _ll_1_llong_from_int(x):
     return r_longlong(intmask(x))
 
+def _ll_1_ullong_from_int(x):
+    return r_ulonglong(intmask(x))
+
 def _ll_1_llong_from_uint(x):
     return r_longlong(r_uint(x))
 
+def _ll_1_ullong_from_uint(x):
+    return r_ulonglong(r_uint(x))
+
 def _ll_1_llong_to_int(xll):
     return intmask(xll)
 
 def _ll_1_llong_from_float(xf):
     return r_longlong(xf)
 
+def _ll_1_ullong_from_float(xf):
+    return r_ulonglong(xf)
+
 def _ll_1_llong_to_float(xll):
     return float(rffi.cast(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll))
 
+def _ll_1_ullong_u_to_float(xull):
+    return float(rffi.cast(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, xull))
+
 
 def _ll_1_llong_abs(xll):
     if xll < 0:
@@ -351,20 +363,23 @@
     return llop.llong_mod(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll, yll)
 
 def _ll_2_ullong_floordiv(xll, yll):
-    return llop.ullong_floordiv(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll, yll)
+    return llop.ullong_floordiv(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, xll, yll)
 
 def _ll_2_ullong_floordiv_zer(xll, yll):
     if yll == 0:
         raise ZeroDivisionError
-    return llop.ullong_floordiv(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll, yll)
+    return llop.ullong_floordiv(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, xll, yll)
 
 def _ll_2_ullong_mod(xll, yll):
-    return llop.ullong_mod(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll, yll)
+    return llop.ullong_mod(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, xll, yll)
 
 def _ll_2_ullong_mod_zer(xll, yll):
     if yll == 0:
         raise ZeroDivisionError
-    return llop.ullong_mod(lltype.SignedLongLong, xll, yll)
+    return llop.ullong_mod(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, xll, yll)
+
+def _ll_2_uint_mod(xll, yll):
+    return llop.uint_mod(lltype.Unsigned, xll, yll)
 
 
 # libffi support
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_flatten.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_flatten.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_flatten.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_flatten.py
@@ -829,14 +829,15 @@
                     self.encoding_test(f, [rffi.cast(FROM, 42)], expectedstr,
                                        transform=True)
                 elif TO in (rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG):
+                    if rffi.cast(FROM, -1) < 0:
+                        fnname = "llong_from_int"
+                    else:
+                        fnname = "llong_from_uint"
                     if TO == rffi.LONG:
                         TO = rffi.LONGLONG
                     else:
                         TO = rffi.ULONGLONG
-                    if rffi.cast(FROM, -1) < 0:
-                        fnname = "llong_from_int"
-                    else:
-                        fnname = "llong_from_uint"
+                        fnname = "u" + fnname
                     expected.pop()   # remove int_return
                     expected.append(
                         "residual_call_irf_f $<* fn %s>, <Descr>, I[%s], R[], F[] -> %%f0"
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 import py
 import random
+try:
+    from itertools import product
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 2.5, this is taken from the CPython docs, but simplified.
+    def product(*args):
+        # product('ABCD', 'xy') --> Ax Ay Bx By Cx Cy Dx Dy
+        # product(range(2), repeat=3) --> 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
+        pools = map(tuple, args)
+        result = [[]]
+        for pool in pools:
+            result = [x+[y] for x in result for y in pool]
+        for prod in result:
+            yield tuple(prod)
+
 from pypy.objspace.flow.model import FunctionGraph, Block, Link
 from pypy.objspace.flow.model import SpaceOperation, Variable, Constant
 from pypy.jit.codewriter.jtransform import Transformer
@@ -85,6 +99,12 @@
             if i == oopspecindex:
                 return True
         return False
+    def callinfo_for_oopspec(self, oopspecindex):
+        assert oopspecindex == effectinfo.EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_NONNULL
+        class c:
+            class adr:
+                ptr = 1
+        return ('calldescr', c)
 
 class FakeBuiltinCallControl:
     def __init__(self):
@@ -105,6 +125,7 @@
              EI.OS_STR2UNICODE:([PSTR], PUNICODE),
              EI.OS_STR_CONCAT: ([PSTR, PSTR], PSTR),
              EI.OS_STR_SLICE:  ([PSTR, INT, INT], PSTR),
+             EI.OS_STREQ_NONNULL:  ([PSTR, PSTR], INT),
              EI.OS_UNI_CONCAT: ([PUNICODE, PUNICODE], PUNICODE),
              EI.OS_UNI_SLICE:  ([PUNICODE, INT, INT], PUNICODE),
              EI.OS_UNI_EQUAL:  ([PUNICODE, PUNICODE], lltype.Bool),
@@ -254,26 +275,35 @@
             assert op1.result is None
 
 def test_calls():
-    for RESTYPE in [lltype.Signed, rclass.OBJECTPTR,
-                    lltype.Float, lltype.Void]:
-      for with_void in [False, True]:
-        for with_i in [False, True]:
-          for with_r in [False, True]:
-            for with_f in [False, True]:
-              ARGS = []
-              if with_void: ARGS += [lltype.Void, lltype.Void]
-              if with_i: ARGS += [lltype.Signed, lltype.Char]
-              if with_r: ARGS += [rclass.OBJECTPTR, lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR)]
-              if with_f: ARGS += [lltype.Float, lltype.Float]
-              random.shuffle(ARGS)
-              if RESTYPE == lltype.Float: with_f = True
-              if with_f: expectedkind = 'irf'   # all kinds
-              elif with_i: expectedkind = 'ir'  # integers and references
-              else: expectedkind = 'r'          # only references
-              yield residual_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
-              yield direct_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
-              yield indirect_residual_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
-              yield indirect_regular_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
+    for RESTYPE, with_void, with_i, with_r, with_f in product(
+        [lltype.Signed, rclass.OBJECTPTR, lltype.Float, lltype.Void],
+        [False, True],
+        [False, True],
+        [False, True],
+        [False, True],
+    ):
+        ARGS = []
+        if with_void:
+            ARGS += [lltype.Void, lltype.Void]
+        if with_i:
+            ARGS += [lltype.Signed, lltype.Char]
+        if with_r:
+            ARGS += [rclass.OBJECTPTR, lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR)]
+        if with_f:
+            ARGS += [lltype.Float, lltype.Float]
+        random.shuffle(ARGS)
+        if RESTYPE == lltype.Float:
+            with_f = True
+        if with_f:
+            expectedkind = 'irf'   # all kinds
+        elif with_i:
+            expectedkind = 'ir'  # integers and references
+        else:
+            expectedkind = 'r'          # only references
+        yield residual_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
+        yield direct_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
+        yield indirect_residual_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
+        yield indirect_regular_call_test, ARGS, RESTYPE, expectedkind
 
 def get_direct_call_op(argtypes, restype):
     FUNC = lltype.FuncType(argtypes, restype)
@@ -821,6 +851,21 @@
     assert op1.args[2] == ListOfKind('ref', [v1, v2])
     assert op1.result == v3
 
+def test_str_promote():
+    PSTR = lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR)
+    v1 = varoftype(PSTR)
+    v2 = varoftype(PSTR)
+    op = SpaceOperation('hint',
+                        [v1, Constant({'promote_string': True}, lltype.Void)],
+                        v2)
+    tr = Transformer(FakeCPU(), FakeBuiltinCallControl())
+    op0, op1, _ = tr.rewrite_operation(op)
+    assert op1.opname == 'str_guard_value'
+    assert op1.args[0] == v1
+    assert op1.args[2] == 'calldescr'
+    assert op1.result == v2
+    assert op0.opname == '-live-'
+
 def test_unicode_concat():
     # test that the oopspec is present and correctly transformed
     PSTR = lltype.Ptr(rstr.UNICODE)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_longlong.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_longlong.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_longlong.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_longlong.py
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@
             assert op1.opname == 'residual_call_irf_f'
         else:
             assert op1.opname == 'residual_call_irf_i'
-        gotindex = getattr(EffectInfo, 'OS_' + op1.args[0].value.upper())
+        gotindex = getattr(EffectInfo,
+                           'OS_' + op1.args[0].value.upper().lstrip('U'))
         assert gotindex == oopspecindex
         assert op1.args[1] == 'calldescr-%d' % oopspecindex
         assert list(op1.args[2]) == [v for v in vlist
@@ -192,8 +193,12 @@
                       [lltype.SignedLongLong], lltype.Signed)
         self.do_check('cast_float_to_longlong', EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_FROM_FLOAT,
                       [lltype.Float], lltype.SignedLongLong)
+        self.do_check('cast_float_to_ulonglong', EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_FROM_FLOAT,
+                      [lltype.Float], lltype.UnsignedLongLong)
         self.do_check('cast_longlong_to_float', EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_TO_FLOAT,
                       [lltype.SignedLongLong], lltype.Float)
+        self.do_check('cast_ulonglong_to_float', EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_U_TO_FLOAT,
+                      [lltype.UnsignedLongLong], lltype.Float)
         for T1 in [lltype.SignedLongLong, lltype.UnsignedLongLong]:
             for T2 in [lltype.Signed, lltype.Unsigned]:
                 self.do_check('cast_primitive', EffectInfo.OS_LLONG_TO_INT,
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 from pypy.rlib.rtimer import read_timestamp
 from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import intmask, LONG_BIT, r_uint, ovfcheck
 from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
-from pypy.rlib.debug import debug_start, debug_stop
+from pypy.rlib.debug import debug_start, debug_stop, ll_assert
 from pypy.rlib.debug import make_sure_not_resized
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory, rclass
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.lloperation import llop
@@ -503,6 +503,15 @@
     @arguments("r", returns="r")
     def bhimpl_cast_opaque_ptr(a):
         return a
+    @arguments("r", returns="i")
+    def bhimpl_cast_ptr_to_int(a):
+        i = lltype.cast_ptr_to_int(a)
+        ll_assert((i & 1) == 1, "bhimpl_cast_ptr_to_int: not an odd int")
+        return i
+    @arguments("i", returns="r")
+    def bhimpl_cast_int_to_ptr(i):
+        ll_assert((i & 1) == 1, "bhimpl_cast_int_to_ptr: not an odd int")
+        return lltype.cast_int_to_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, i)
 
     @arguments("i", returns="i")
     def bhimpl_int_copy(a):
@@ -523,6 +532,9 @@
     @arguments("f")
     def bhimpl_float_guard_value(a):
         pass
+    @arguments("r", "i", "d", returns="r")
+    def bhimpl_str_guard_value(a, i, d):
+        return a
 
     @arguments("self", "i")
     def bhimpl_int_push(self, a):
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/graphpage.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/graphpage.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/graphpage.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/graphpage.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
     def get_display_text(self):
         return None
 
-def display_loops(loops, errmsg=None, highlight_loops=()):
-    graphs = [(loop, loop in highlight_loops) for loop in loops]    
+def display_loops(loops, errmsg=None, highlight_loops={}):
+    graphs = [(loop, highlight_loops.get(loop, 0)) for loop in loops]    
     for graph, highlight in graphs:
         for op in graph.get_operations():
             if is_interesting_guard(op):
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@
     def add_graph(self, graph, highlight=False):
         graphindex = len(self.graphs)
         self.graphs.append(graph)
-        if highlight:
-            self.highlight_graphs[graph] = True
+        self.highlight_graphs[graph] = highlight
         for i, op in enumerate(graph.get_operations()):
             self.all_operations[op] = graphindex, i
 
@@ -126,10 +125,13 @@
             self.dotgen.emit('subgraph cluster%d {' % graphindex)
         label = graph.get_display_text()
         if label is not None:
-            if self.highlight_graphs.get(graph):
-                fillcolor = '#f084c2'
+            colorindex = self.highlight_graphs.get(graph, 0)
+            if colorindex == 1:
+                fillcolor = '#f084c2'    # highlighted graph
+            elif colorindex == 2:
+                fillcolor = '#808080'    # invalidated graph
             else:
-                fillcolor = '#84f0c2'
+                fillcolor = '#84f0c2'    # normal color
             self.dotgen.emit_node(graphname, shape="octagon",
                                   label=label, fillcolor=fillcolor)
             self.pendingedges.append((graphname,
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
@@ -54,9 +54,10 @@
         if box in self.new_boxes:
             self.new_boxes[box] = False
         if box in self.dependencies:
-            for dep in self.dependencies[box]:
+            deps = self.dependencies[box]
+            del self.dependencies[box]
+            for dep in deps:
                 self._escape(dep)
-            del self.dependencies[box]
 
     def clear_caches(self, opnum, descr, argboxes):
         if opnum == rop.SETFIELD_GC:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import ResOperation, rop
 from pypy.jit.codewriter import heaptracker, longlong
+from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import compute_identity_hash
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@
     getref._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'
 
     def _get_hash_(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        return compute_identity_hash(self)
 
     def clonebox(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -133,6 +134,9 @@
     def _get_str(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    def same_box(self, other):
+        return self is other
+
 class AbstractDescr(AbstractValue):
     __slots__ = ()
 
@@ -241,32 +245,15 @@
     def constbox(self):
         return self
 
+    def same_box(self, other):
+        return self.same_constant(other)
+
     def same_constant(self, other):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return 'Const(%s)' % self._getrepr_()
 
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        "NOT_RPYTHON"
-        # Remember that you should not compare Consts with '==' in RPython.
-        # Consts have no special __hash__, in order to force different Consts
-        # from being considered as different keys when stored in dicts
-        # (as they always are after translation).  Use a dict_equal_consts()
-        # to get the other behavior (i.e. using this __eq__).
-        if self.__class__ is not other.__class__:
-            return False
-        try:
-            return self.value == other.value
-        except TypeError:
-            if (isinstance(self.value, Symbolic) and
-                isinstance(other.value, Symbolic)):
-                return self.value is other.value
-            raise
-
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        return not (self == other)
-
 
 class ConstInt(Const):
     type = INT
@@ -688,33 +675,6 @@
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
-def dict_equal_consts():
-    "NOT_RPYTHON"
-    # Returns a dict in which Consts that compare as equal
-    # are identified when used as keys.
-    return r_dict(dc_eq, dc_hash)
-
-def dc_eq(c1, c2):
-    return c1 == c2
-
-def dc_hash(c):
-    "NOT_RPYTHON"
-    # This is called during translation only.  Avoid using identityhash(),
-    # to avoid forcing a hash, at least on lltype objects.
-    if not isinstance(c, Const):
-        return hash(c)
-    if isinstance(c.value, Symbolic):
-        return id(c.value)
-    try:
-        if isinstance(c, ConstPtr):
-            p = lltype.normalizeptr(c.value)
-            if p is not None:
-                return hash(p._obj)
-            else:
-                return 0
-        return c._get_hash_()
-    except lltype.DelayedPointer:
-        return -2      # xxx risk of changing hash...
 
 def make_hashable_int(i):
     from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.ll2ctypes import NotCtypesAllocatedStructure
@@ -772,6 +732,7 @@
     failed_states = None
     retraced_count = 0
     terminating = False # see TerminatingLoopToken in compile.py
+    invalidated = False
     outermost_jitdriver_sd = None
     # and more data specified by the backend when the loop is compiled
     number = -1
@@ -974,6 +935,7 @@
         self.loops = []
         self.locations = []
         self.aborted_keys = []
+        self.invalidated_token_numbers = set()
 
     def set_history(self, history):
         self.operations = history.operations
@@ -1052,7 +1014,12 @@
             if loop in loops:
                 loops.remove(loop)
             loops.append(loop)
-        display_loops(loops, errmsg, extraloops)
+        highlight_loops = dict.fromkeys(extraloops, 1)
+        for loop in loops:
+            if hasattr(loop, '_looptoken_number') and (
+                    loop._looptoken_number in self.invalidated_token_numbers):
+                highlight_loops.setdefault(loop, 2)
+        display_loops(loops, errmsg, highlight_loops)
 
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/memmgr.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/memmgr.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/memmgr.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/memmgr.py
@@ -68,7 +68,8 @@
         debug_print("Loop tokens before:", oldtotal)
         max_generation = self.current_generation - (self.max_age-1)
         for looptoken in self.alive_loops.keys():
-            if 0 <= looptoken.generation < max_generation:
+            if (0 <= looptoken.generation < max_generation or
+                looptoken.invalidated):
                 del self.alive_loops[looptoken]
         newtotal = len(self.alive_loops)
         debug_print("Loop tokens freed: ", oldtotal - newtotal)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/__init__.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/__init__.py
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.unroll import optimize_unroll, OptInlineShortPreamble
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.fficall import OptFfiCall
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.simplify import OptSimplify
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.pure import OptPure
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.earlyforce import OptEarlyForce
 from pypy.rlib.jit import PARAMETERS
 from pypy.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
 
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@
             ('rewrite', OptRewrite),
             ('virtualize', OptVirtualize),
             ('string', OptString),
+            ('earlyforce', OptEarlyForce),
+            ('pure', OptPure),
             ('heap', OptHeap),
             ('ffi', None),
             ('unroll', None)]
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/earlyforce.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/earlyforce.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/earlyforce.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.optimizer import Optimization
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.vstring import VAbstractStringValue
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import rop, ResOperation
+
+class OptEarlyForce(Optimization):
+    def propagate_forward(self, op):
+        opnum = op.getopnum()
+        if (opnum != rop.SETFIELD_GC and 
+            opnum != rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC and
+            opnum != rop.QUASIIMMUT_FIELD):
+               
+            for arg in op.getarglist():
+                if arg in self.optimizer.values:
+                    value = self.getvalue(arg)
+                    value.force_box(self)
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
+    def new(self):
+        return OptEarlyForce()
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self.optimizer.optearlyforce = self
+
+    
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/fficall.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/fficall.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/fficall.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/fficall.py
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@
             funcinfo.descr is None):
             return [op] # cannot optimize
         funcsymval = self.getvalue(op.getarg(2))
-        arglist = [funcsymval.force_box()]
+        arglist = [funcsymval.get_key_box()]
         for push_op in funcinfo.opargs:
             argval = self.getvalue(push_op.getarg(2))
-            arglist.append(argval.force_box())
+            arglist.append(argval.get_key_box())
         newop = ResOperation(rop.CALL_RELEASE_GIL, arglist, op.result,
                              descr=funcinfo.descr)
         self.commit_optimization()
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/heap.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/heap.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/heap.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/heap.py
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
             if not self._lazy_setfield_registered:
                 optheap._lazy_setfields_and_arrayitems.append(self)
                 self._lazy_setfield_registered = True
+            
         else:
             # this is the case where the pending setfield ends up
             # storing precisely the value that is already there,
@@ -158,12 +159,17 @@
         self._lazy_setfields_and_arrayitems = []
         self._remove_guard_not_invalidated = False
         self._seen_guard_not_invalidated = False
+        self.posponedop = None
 
     def force_at_end_of_preamble(self):
         self.force_all_lazy_setfields_and_arrayitems()
 
     def flush(self):
         self.force_all_lazy_setfields_and_arrayitems()
+        if self.posponedop:
+            posponedop = self.posponedop
+            self.posponedop = None
+            self.next_optimization.propagate_forward(posponedop)
 
     def new(self):
         return OptHeap()
@@ -211,7 +217,15 @@
 
     def emit_operation(self, op):
         self.emitting_operation(op)
-        self.next_optimization.propagate_forward(op)
+        if self.posponedop:
+            posponedop = self.posponedop
+            self.posponedop = None
+            self.next_optimization.propagate_forward(posponedop)
+        if (op.is_comparison() or op.getopnum() == rop.CALL_MAY_FORCE
+            or op.is_ovf()):
+            self.posponedop = op
+        else:
+            self.next_optimization.propagate_forward(op)
 
     def emitting_operation(self, op):
         if op.has_no_side_effect():
@@ -293,30 +307,6 @@
             if indexvalue is None or indexvalue.intbound.contains(idx):
                 cf.force_lazy_setfield(self, can_cache)
 
-    def fixup_guard_situation(self):
-        # hackish: reverse the order of the last two operations if it makes
-        # sense to avoid a situation like "int_eq/setfield_gc/guard_true",
-        # which the backend (at least the x86 backend) does not handle well.
-        newoperations = self.optimizer.newoperations
-        if len(newoperations) < 2:
-            return
-        lastop = newoperations[-1]
-        if (lastop.getopnum() != rop.SETFIELD_GC and
-            lastop.getopnum() != rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC):
-            return
-        # - is_comparison() for cases like "int_eq/setfield_gc/guard_true"
-        # - CALL_MAY_FORCE: "call_may_force/setfield_gc/guard_not_forced"
-        # - is_ovf(): "int_add_ovf/setfield_gc/guard_no_overflow"
-        prevop = newoperations[-2]
-        opnum = prevop.getopnum()
-        if not (prevop.is_comparison() or opnum == rop.CALL_MAY_FORCE
-                or prevop.is_ovf()):
-            return
-        if prevop.result in lastop.getarglist():
-            return
-        newoperations[-2] = lastop
-        newoperations[-1] = prevop
-
     def _assert_valid_cf(self, cf):
         # check that 'cf' is in cached_fields or cached_arrayitems
         if not we_are_translated():
@@ -362,7 +352,6 @@
                                       fieldvalue.get_key_box(), itemindex))
             else:
                 cf.force_lazy_setfield(self)
-                self.fixup_guard_situation()
         return pendingfields
 
     def optimize_GETFIELD_GC(self, op):
@@ -374,12 +363,22 @@
             return
         # default case: produce the operation
         structvalue.ensure_nonnull()
-        ###self.optimizer.optimize_default(op)
         self.emit_operation(op)
         # then remember the result of reading the field
         fieldvalue = self.getvalue(op.result)
         cf.remember_field_value(structvalue, fieldvalue, op)
 
+    def optimize_GETFIELD_GC_PURE(self, op):
+        structvalue = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        cf = self.field_cache(op.getdescr())
+        fieldvalue = cf.getfield_from_cache(self, structvalue)
+        if fieldvalue is not None:
+            self.make_equal_to(op.result, fieldvalue)
+            return
+        # default case: produce the operation
+        structvalue.ensure_nonnull()
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
     def optimize_SETFIELD_GC(self, op):
         if self.has_pure_result(rop.GETFIELD_GC_PURE, [op.getarg(0)],
                                 op.getdescr()):
@@ -389,6 +388,7 @@
         #
         cf = self.field_cache(op.getdescr())
         cf.do_setfield(self, op)
+        
 
     def optimize_GETARRAYITEM_GC(self, op):
         arrayvalue = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
@@ -413,6 +413,25 @@
             fieldvalue = self.getvalue(op.result)
             cf.remember_field_value(arrayvalue, fieldvalue, op)
 
+    def optimize_GETARRAYITEM_GC_PURE(self, op):
+        arrayvalue = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        indexvalue = self.getvalue(op.getarg(1))
+        cf = None
+        if indexvalue.is_constant():
+            arrayvalue.make_len_gt(MODE_ARRAY, op.getdescr(), indexvalue.box.getint())
+            # use the cache on (arraydescr, index), which is a constant
+            cf = self.arrayitem_cache(op.getdescr(), indexvalue.box.getint())
+            fieldvalue = cf.getfield_from_cache(self, arrayvalue)
+            if fieldvalue is not None:
+                self.make_equal_to(op.result, fieldvalue)
+                return
+        else:
+            # variable index, so make sure the lazy setarrayitems are done
+            self.force_lazy_setarrayitem(op.getdescr(), indexvalue=indexvalue)
+        # default case: produce the operation
+        arrayvalue.ensure_nonnull()
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
     def optimize_SETARRAYITEM_GC(self, op):
         if self.has_pure_result(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC_PURE, [op.getarg(0),
                                                            op.getarg(1)],
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 
 class OptValue(object):
     __metaclass__ = extendabletype
-    _attrs_ = ('box', 'known_class', 'last_guard_index', 'level', 'intbound', 'lenbound')
-    last_guard_index = -1
+    _attrs_ = ('box', 'known_class', 'last_guard', 'level', 'intbound', 'lenbound')
+    last_guard = None
 
     level = LEVEL_UNKNOWN
     known_class = None
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
             self.make_constant(other.get_key_box())
             optimizer.turned_constant(self)
         elif other.level == LEVEL_KNOWNCLASS:
-            self.make_constant_class(other.known_class, -1)
+            self.make_constant_class(other.known_class, None)
         else:
             if other.level == LEVEL_NONNULL:
                 self.ensure_nonnull()
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@
                     self.lenbound = other.lenbound.clone()
 
 
-    def force_box(self):
+    def force_box(self, optforce):
         return self.box
 
     def get_key_box(self):
         return self.box
 
-    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced):
+    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced, optforce):
         return self
 
     def get_args_for_fail(self, modifier):
@@ -162,16 +162,16 @@
         else:
             return None
 
-    def make_constant_class(self, classbox, opindex):
+    def make_constant_class(self, classbox, guardop):
         assert self.level < LEVEL_KNOWNCLASS
         self.known_class = classbox
         self.level = LEVEL_KNOWNCLASS
-        self.last_guard_index = opindex
+        self.last_guard = guardop
 
-    def make_nonnull(self, opindex):
+    def make_nonnull(self, guardop):
         assert self.level < LEVEL_NONNULL
         self.level = LEVEL_NONNULL
-        self.last_guard_index = opindex
+        self.last_guard = guardop
 
     def is_nonnull(self):
         level = self.level
@@ -240,26 +240,12 @@
     def __init__(self):
         pass # make rpython happy
 
-    def propagate_begin_forward(self):
-        if self.next_optimization:
-            self.next_optimization.propagate_begin_forward()
-
-    def propagate_end_forward(self):
-        if self.next_optimization:
-            self.next_optimization.propagate_end_forward()
-
     def propagate_forward(self, op):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def emit_operation(self, op):
         self.next_optimization.propagate_forward(op)
 
-    def test_emittable(self, op):
-        return self.is_emittable(op)
-
-    def is_emittable(self, op):
-        return self.next_optimization.test_emittable(op)
-
     # FIXME: Move some of these here?
     def getvalue(self, box):
         return self.optimizer.getvalue(box)
@@ -289,19 +275,19 @@
         return self.optimizer.new_const_item(arraydescr)
 
     def pure(self, opnum, args, result):
-        op = ResOperation(opnum, args, result)
-        key = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
-        if key not in self.optimizer.pure_operations:
-            self.optimizer.pure_operations[key] = op
+        if self.optimizer.optpure:
+            self.optimizer.optpure.pure(opnum, args, result)
 
     def has_pure_result(self, opnum, args, descr):
-        op = ResOperation(opnum, args, None, descr)
-        key = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
-        op = self.optimizer.pure_operations.get(key, None)
-        if op is None:
-            return False
-        return op.getdescr() is descr
+        if self.optimizer.optpure:
+            return self.optimizer.optpure.has_pure_result(opnum, args, descr)
+        return False
 
+    def get_pure_result(self, key):    
+        if self.optimizer.optpure:
+            return self.optimizer.optpure.get_pure_result(key)
+        return None
+    
     def setup(self):
         pass
 
@@ -322,6 +308,9 @@
     def produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(self, potential_ops):
         pass
 
+    def forget_numberings(self, box):
+        self.optimizer.forget_numberings(box)
+
 class Optimizer(Optimization):
 
     def __init__(self, metainterp_sd, loop, optimizations=None, bridge=False):
@@ -333,14 +322,16 @@
         self.interned_refs = self.cpu.ts.new_ref_dict()
         self.resumedata_memo = resume.ResumeDataLoopMemo(metainterp_sd)
         self.bool_boxes = {}
-        self.pure_operations = args_dict()
         self.producer = {}
         self.pendingfields = []
-        self.posponedop = None
         self.exception_might_have_happened = False
         self.quasi_immutable_deps = None
         self.opaque_pointers = {}
-        self.newoperations = []
+        self.replaces_guard = {}
+        self._newoperations = []
+        self.optimizer = self
+        self.optpure = None
+        self.optearlyforce = None
         if loop is not None:
             self.call_pure_results = loop.call_pure_results
 
@@ -369,21 +360,20 @@
     def flush(self):
         for o in self.optimizations:
             o.flush()
-        assert self.posponedop is None
 
     def new(self):
         new = Optimizer(self.metainterp_sd, self.loop)
         return self._new(new)
 
     def _new(self, new):
-        assert self.posponedop is None
         optimizations = [o.new() for o in self.optimizations]
         new.set_optimizations(optimizations)
         new.quasi_immutable_deps = self.quasi_immutable_deps
         return new
 
     def produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(self, sb):
-        raise NotImplementedError('This is implemented in unroll.UnrollableOptimizer')
+        for opt in self.optimizations:
+            opt.produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(sb)
 
     def turned_constant(self, value):
         for o in self.optimizations:
@@ -433,6 +423,13 @@
             return constbox
         return None
 
+    def get_newoperations(self):
+        self.flush()
+        return self._newoperations
+
+    def clear_newoperations(self):
+        self._newoperations = []
+
     def make_equal_to(self, box, value, replace=False):
         assert isinstance(value, OptValue)
         assert replace or box not in self.values
@@ -481,15 +478,10 @@
 
     def propagate_all_forward(self):
         self.exception_might_have_happened = self.bridge
-        self.newoperations = []
-        self.first_optimization.propagate_begin_forward()
-        self.i = 0
-        while self.i < len(self.loop.operations):
-            op = self.loop.operations[self.i]
+        self.clear_newoperations()
+        for op in self.loop.operations:
             self.first_optimization.propagate_forward(op)
-            self.i += 1
-        self.first_optimization.propagate_end_forward()
-        self.loop.operations = self.newoperations
+        self.loop.operations = self.get_newoperations()
         self.loop.quasi_immutable_deps = self.quasi_immutable_deps
         # accumulate counters
         self.resumedata_memo.update_counters(self.metainterp_sd.profiler)
@@ -501,9 +493,6 @@
         self.producer[op.result] = op
         dispatch_opt(self, op)
 
-    def test_emittable(self, op):
-        return True
-
     def emit_operation(self, op):
         if op.returns_bool_result():
             self.bool_boxes[self.getvalue(op.result)] = None
@@ -519,14 +508,30 @@
                 pass
             else:
                 self.ensure_imported(value)
-                op.setarg(i, value.force_box())
+                op.setarg(i, value.force_box(self))
         self.metainterp_sd.profiler.count(jitprof.OPT_OPS)
         if op.is_guard():
             self.metainterp_sd.profiler.count(jitprof.OPT_GUARDS)
-            op = self.store_final_boxes_in_guard(op)
+            if self.replaces_guard and op in self.replaces_guard:
+                self.replace_op(self.replaces_guard[op], op)
+                del self.replaces_guard[op]
+                return
+            else:
+                op = self.store_final_boxes_in_guard(op)
         elif op.can_raise():
             self.exception_might_have_happened = True
-        self.newoperations.append(op)
+        self._newoperations.append(op)
+
+    def replace_op(self, old_op, new_op):
+        # XXX: Do we want to cache indexes to prevent search?
+        i = len(self._newoperations) 
+        while i > 0:
+            i -= 1
+            if self._newoperations[i] is old_op:
+                self._newoperations[i] = new_op
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
 
     def store_final_boxes_in_guard(self, op):
         descr = op.getdescr()
@@ -574,51 +579,8 @@
         args[n + 1] = op.getdescr()
         return args
 
-    @specialize.argtype(0)
     def optimize_default(self, op):
-        canfold = op.is_always_pure()
-        if op.is_ovf():
-            self.posponedop = op
-            return
-        if self.posponedop:
-            nextop = op
-            op = self.posponedop
-            self.posponedop = None
-            canfold = nextop.getopnum() == rop.GUARD_NO_OVERFLOW
-        else:
-            nextop = None
-
-        if canfold:
-            for i in range(op.numargs()):
-                if self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(i)) is None:
-                    break
-            else:
-                # all constant arguments: constant-fold away
-                resbox = self.constant_fold(op)
-                # note that INT_xxx_OVF is not done from here, and the
-                # overflows in the INT_xxx operations are ignored
-                self.make_constant(op.result, resbox)
-                return
-
-            # did we do the exact same operation already?
-            args = self.make_args_key(op)
-            oldop = self.pure_operations.get(args, None)
-            if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
-                assert oldop.getopnum() == op.getopnum()
-                self.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(oldop.result),
-                                   True)
-                return
-            else:
-                self.pure_operations[args] = op
-                self.remember_emitting_pure(op)
-
-        # otherwise, the operation remains
         self.emit_operation(op)
-        if nextop:
-            self.emit_operation(nextop)
-
-    def remember_emitting_pure(self, op):
-        pass
 
     def constant_fold(self, op):
         argboxes = [self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(i))
@@ -636,11 +598,6 @@
     def optimize_DEBUG_MERGE_POINT(self, op):
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
-    def optimize_CAST_OPAQUE_PTR(self, op):
-        value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
-        self.opaque_pointers[value] = True
-        self.make_equal_to(op.result, value)
-
     def optimize_GETARRAYITEM_GC_PURE(self, op):
         indexvalue = self.getvalue(op.getarg(1))
         if indexvalue.is_constant():
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/pure.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/pure.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/pure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.optimizer import Optimization
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import rop, ResOperation
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.util import (make_dispatcher_method,
+    args_dict)
+
+class OptPure(Optimization):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.posponedop = None
+        self.pure_operations = args_dict()
+        self.emitted_pure_operations = {}
+
+    def propagate_forward(self, op):
+        dispatch_opt(self, op)
+
+    def optimize_default(self, op):
+        canfold = op.is_always_pure()
+        if op.is_ovf():
+            self.posponedop = op
+            return
+        if self.posponedop:
+            nextop = op
+            op = self.posponedop
+            self.posponedop = None
+            canfold = nextop.getopnum() == rop.GUARD_NO_OVERFLOW
+        else:
+            nextop = None
+
+        if canfold:
+            for i in range(op.numargs()):
+                if self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(i)) is None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                # all constant arguments: constant-fold away
+                resbox = self.optimizer.constant_fold(op)
+                # note that INT_xxx_OVF is not done from here, and the
+                # overflows in the INT_xxx operations are ignored
+                self.optimizer.make_constant(op.result, resbox)
+                return
+
+            # did we do the exact same operation already?
+            args = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
+            oldop = self.pure_operations.get(args, None)
+            if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
+                assert oldop.getopnum() == op.getopnum()
+                self.optimizer.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(oldop.result),
+                                   True)
+                return
+            else:
+                self.pure_operations[args] = op
+                self.remember_emitting_pure(op)
+
+        # otherwise, the operation remains
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+        if op.returns_bool_result():
+            self.optimizer.bool_boxes[self.getvalue(op.result)] = None        
+        if nextop:
+            self.emit_operation(nextop)
+
+    def optimize_CALL_PURE(self, op):
+        args = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
+        oldop = self.pure_operations.get(args, None)
+        if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
+            assert oldop.getopnum() == op.getopnum()
+            self.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(oldop.result))
+            return
+        else:
+            self.pure_operations[args] = op
+            self.remember_emitting_pure(op)
+
+        # replace CALL_PURE with just CALL
+        args = op.getarglist()
+        self.emit_operation(ResOperation(rop.CALL, args, op.result,
+                                         op.getdescr()))
+
+    def flush(self):
+        assert self.posponedop is None
+
+    def new(self):
+        assert self.posponedop is None
+        return OptPure()
+
+    def setup(self):
+        self.optimizer.optpure = self
+
+    def pure(self, opnum, args, result):
+        op = ResOperation(opnum, args, result)
+        key = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
+        if key not in self.pure_operations:
+            self.pure_operations[key] = op
+
+    def has_pure_result(self, opnum, args, descr):
+        op = ResOperation(opnum, args, None, descr)
+        key = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
+        op = self.pure_operations.get(key, None)
+        if op is None:
+            return False
+        return op.getdescr() is descr
+
+    def get_pure_result(self, key):
+        return self.pure_operations.get(key, None)
+
+    def remember_emitting_pure(self, op):
+        self.emitted_pure_operations[op] = True
+
+    def produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(self, sb):
+        for op in self.emitted_pure_operations:
+            if op.getopnum() == rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC_PURE or \
+               op.getopnum() == rop.STRGETITEM or \
+               op.getopnum() == rop.UNICODEGETITEM:
+                if not self.getvalue(op.getarg(1)).is_constant():
+                    continue
+            sb.add_potential(op)
+
+dispatch_opt = make_dispatcher_method(OptPure, 'optimize_',
+                                      default=OptPure.optimize_default)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
@@ -31,21 +31,8 @@
 
         dispatch_opt(self, op)
 
-    def test_emittable(self, op):
-        opnum = op.getopnum()
-        for value, cls, func in optimize_guards:
-            if opnum == value:
-                assert isinstance(op, cls)
-                try:
-                    func(self, op, dryrun=True)
-                    return self.is_emittable(op)
-                except InvalidLoop:
-                    return False
-        return self.is_emittable(op)
-
-
     def try_boolinvers(self, op, targs):
-        oldop = self.optimizer.pure_operations.get(targs, None)
+        oldop = self.get_pure_result(targs)
         if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
             value = self.getvalue(oldop.result)
             if value.is_constant():
@@ -62,32 +49,35 @@
     def find_rewritable_bool(self, op, args):
         try:
             oldopnum = opboolinvers[op.getopnum()]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
             targs = self.optimizer.make_args_key(ResOperation(oldopnum, [args[0], args[1]],
                                                               None))
             if self.try_boolinvers(op, targs):
                 return True
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
 
         try:
             oldopnum = opboolreflex[op.getopnum()] # FIXME: add INT_ADD, INT_MUL
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
             targs = self.optimizer.make_args_key(ResOperation(oldopnum, [args[1], args[0]],
                                                               None))
-            oldop = self.optimizer.pure_operations.get(targs, None)
+            oldop = self.get_pure_result(targs)
             if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
                 self.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(oldop.result))
                 return True
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
 
         try:
             oldopnum = opboolinvers[opboolreflex[op.getopnum()]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
             targs = self.optimizer.make_args_key(ResOperation(oldopnum, [args[1], args[0]],
                                                               None))
             if self.try_boolinvers(op, targs):
                 return True
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
 
         return False
 
@@ -116,10 +106,9 @@
             self.make_equal_to(op.result, v1)
         else:
             self.emit_operation(op)
-
-        # Synthesize the reverse ops for optimize_default to reuse
-        self.pure(rop.INT_ADD, [op.result, op.getarg(1)], op.getarg(0))
-        self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.getarg(0), op.result], op.getarg(1))
+            # Synthesize the reverse ops for optimize_default to reuse
+            self.pure(rop.INT_ADD, [op.result, op.getarg(1)], op.getarg(0))
+            self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.getarg(0), op.result], op.getarg(1))
 
     def optimize_INT_ADD(self, op):
         v1 = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
@@ -132,10 +121,9 @@
             self.make_equal_to(op.result, v1)
         else:
             self.emit_operation(op)
-
-        # Synthesize the reverse op for optimize_default to reuse
-        self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.result, op.getarg(1)], op.getarg(0))
-        self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.result, op.getarg(0)], op.getarg(1))
+            # Synthesize the reverse op for optimize_default to reuse
+            self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.result, op.getarg(1)], op.getarg(0))
+            self.pure(rop.INT_SUB, [op.result, op.getarg(0)], op.getarg(1))
 
     def optimize_INT_MUL(self, op):
         v1 = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
@@ -151,13 +139,13 @@
             self.make_constant_int(op.result, 0)
         else:
             for lhs, rhs in [(v1, v2), (v2, v1)]:
-                # x & (x -1) == 0 is a quick test for power of 2
-                if (lhs.is_constant() and
-                    (lhs.box.getint() & (lhs.box.getint() - 1)) == 0):
-                    new_rhs = ConstInt(highest_bit(lhs.box.getint()))
-                    op = op.copy_and_change(rop.INT_LSHIFT, args=[rhs.box, new_rhs])
-                    break
-
+                if lhs.is_constant():
+                    x = lhs.box.getint()
+                    # x & (x - 1) == 0 is a quick test for power of 2
+                    if x & (x - 1) == 0:
+                        new_rhs = ConstInt(highest_bit(lhs.box.getint()))
+                        op = op.copy_and_change(rop.INT_LSHIFT, args=[rhs.box, new_rhs])
+                        break
             self.emit_operation(op)
 
     def optimize_UINT_FLOORDIV(self, op):
@@ -214,40 +202,7 @@
         self.emit_operation(op)
         self.pure(rop.FLOAT_NEG, [op.result], v1)
 
-    def optimize_CALL_PURE(self, op):
-        arg_consts = []
-        for i in range(op.numargs()):
-            arg = op.getarg(i)
-            const = self.get_constant_box(arg)
-            if const is None:
-                break
-            arg_consts.append(const)
-        else:
-            # all constant arguments: check if we already know the result
-            try:
-                result = self.optimizer.call_pure_results[arg_consts]
-            except KeyError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                self.make_constant(op.result, result)
-                return
-
-        args = self.optimizer.make_args_key(op)
-        oldop = self.optimizer.pure_operations.get(args, None)
-        if oldop is not None and oldop.getdescr() is op.getdescr():
-            assert oldop.getopnum() == op.getopnum()
-            self.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(oldop.result))
-            return
-        else:
-            self.optimizer.pure_operations[args] = op
-            self.optimizer.remember_emitting_pure(op)
-
-        # replace CALL_PURE with just CALL
-        args = op.getarglist()
-        self.emit_operation(ResOperation(rop.CALL, args, op.result,
-                                         op.getdescr()))
-
-    def optimize_guard(self, op, constbox, emit_operation=True, dryrun=False):
+    def optimize_guard(self, op, constbox, emit_operation=True):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         if value.is_constant():
             box = value.box
@@ -255,62 +210,57 @@
             if not box.same_constant(constbox):
                 raise InvalidLoop
             return
-        if dryrun: return
         if emit_operation:
             self.emit_operation(op)
         value.make_constant(constbox)
         self.optimizer.turned_constant(value)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_ISNULL(self, op, dryrun=False):
+    def optimize_GUARD_ISNULL(self, op):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         if value.is_null():
             return
         elif value.is_nonnull():
             raise InvalidLoop
-        if dryrun: return
         self.emit_operation(op)
         value.make_constant(self.optimizer.cpu.ts.CONST_NULL)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_NONNULL(self, op, dryrun=False):
+    def optimize_GUARD_NONNULL(self, op):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         if value.is_nonnull():
             return
         elif value.is_null():
             raise InvalidLoop
-        if dryrun: return
         self.emit_operation(op)
-        value.make_nonnull(len(self.optimizer.newoperations) - 1)
+        value.make_nonnull(op)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_VALUE(self, op, dryrun=False):
+    def optimize_GUARD_VALUE(self, op):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
-        emit_operation = True
-        if not dryrun and value.last_guard_index != -1:
+        if value.last_guard:
             # there already has been a guard_nonnull or guard_class or
             # guard_nonnull_class on this value, which is rather silly.
             # replace the original guard with a guard_value
-            old_guard_op = self.optimizer.newoperations[value.last_guard_index]
-            new_guard_op = old_guard_op.copy_and_change(rop.GUARD_VALUE,
-                                             args = [old_guard_op.getarg(0), op.getarg(1)])
-            self.optimizer.newoperations[value.last_guard_index] = new_guard_op
+            old_guard_op = value.last_guard
+            op = old_guard_op.copy_and_change(rop.GUARD_VALUE,
+                                      args = [old_guard_op.getarg(0), op.getarg(1)])
+            self.optimizer.replaces_guard[op] = old_guard_op
             # hack hack hack.  Change the guard_opnum on
             # new_guard_op.getdescr() so that when resuming,
             # the operation is not skipped by pyjitpl.py.
-            descr = new_guard_op.getdescr()
+            descr = op.getdescr()
             assert isinstance(descr, compile.ResumeGuardDescr)
             descr.guard_opnum = rop.GUARD_VALUE
-            descr.make_a_counter_per_value(new_guard_op)
-            emit_operation = False
+            descr.make_a_counter_per_value(op)
         constbox = op.getarg(1)
         assert isinstance(constbox, Const)
-        self.optimize_guard(op, constbox, emit_operation, dryrun)
+        self.optimize_guard(op, constbox)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_TRUE(self, op, dryrun=False):
-        self.optimize_guard(op, CONST_1, dryrun=dryrun)
+    def optimize_GUARD_TRUE(self, op):
+        self.optimize_guard(op, CONST_1)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_FALSE(self, op, dryrun=False):
-        self.optimize_guard(op, CONST_0, dryrun=dryrun)
+    def optimize_GUARD_FALSE(self, op):
+        self.optimize_guard(op, CONST_0)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_CLASS(self, op, dryrun=False):
+    def optimize_GUARD_CLASS(self, op):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         expectedclassbox = op.getarg(1)
         assert isinstance(expectedclassbox, Const)
@@ -319,38 +269,32 @@
             if realclassbox.same_constant(expectedclassbox):
                 return
             raise InvalidLoop
-        if dryrun: return
-        emit_operation = True
-        if value.last_guard_index != -1:
+        if value.last_guard:
             # there already has been a guard_nonnull or guard_class or
             # guard_nonnull_class on this value.
-            old_guard_op = self.optimizer.newoperations[value.last_guard_index]
+            old_guard_op = value.last_guard
             if old_guard_op.getopnum() == rop.GUARD_NONNULL:
                 # it was a guard_nonnull, which we replace with a
                 # guard_nonnull_class.
-                new_guard_op = old_guard_op.copy_and_change (rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS,
+                op = old_guard_op.copy_and_change (rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS,
                                          args = [old_guard_op.getarg(0), op.getarg(1)])
-                self.optimizer.newoperations[value.last_guard_index] = new_guard_op
+                self.optimizer.replaces_guard[op] = old_guard_op
                 # hack hack hack.  Change the guard_opnum on
                 # new_guard_op.getdescr() so that when resuming,
                 # the operation is not skipped by pyjitpl.py.
-                descr = new_guard_op.getdescr()
+                descr = op.getdescr()
                 assert isinstance(descr, compile.ResumeGuardDescr)
                 descr.guard_opnum = rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS
-                emit_operation = False
-        if emit_operation:
-            self.emit_operation(op)
-            last_guard_index = len(self.optimizer.newoperations) - 1
-        else:
-            last_guard_index = value.last_guard_index
-        value.make_constant_class(expectedclassbox, last_guard_index)
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+        value.make_constant_class(expectedclassbox, op)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS(self, op, dryrun=False):
-        self.optimize_GUARD_NONNULL(op, True)
-        self.optimize_GUARD_CLASS(op, dryrun)
+    def optimize_GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS(self, op):
+        value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        if value.is_null():
+            raise InvalidLoop
+        self.optimize_GUARD_CLASS(op)
 
-    def optimize_GUARD_NO_EXCEPTION(self, op, dryrun=False):
-        if dryrun: return
+    def optimize_GUARD_NO_EXCEPTION(self, op):
         if not self.optimizer.exception_might_have_happened:
             return
         self.emit_operation(op)
@@ -470,7 +414,7 @@
                     newop = ResOperation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC,
                                          [op.getarg(2),
                                           ConstInt(index + dest_start),
-                                          val.force_box()], None,
+                                          val.get_key_box()], None,
                                          descr=source_value.arraydescr)
                     self.emit_operation(newop)
             return True
@@ -478,6 +422,25 @@
             return True # 0-length arraycopy
         return False
 
+    def optimize_CALL_PURE(self, op):
+        arg_consts = []
+        for i in range(op.numargs()):
+            arg = op.getarg(i)
+            const = self.get_constant_box(arg)
+            if const is None:
+                break
+            arg_consts.append(const)
+        else:
+            # all constant arguments: check if we already know the result
+            try:
+                result = self.optimizer.call_pure_results[arg_consts]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.make_constant(op.result, result)
+                return
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
     def optimize_INT_FLOORDIV(self, op):
         v1 = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         v2 = self.getvalue(op.getarg(1))
@@ -492,6 +455,18 @@
                                         args = [op.getarg(0), ConstInt(highest_bit(val))])
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
+    def optimize_CAST_OPAQUE_PTR(self, op):
+        value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        self.optimizer.opaque_pointers[value] = True
+        self.make_equal_to(op.result, value)
+
+    def optimize_CAST_PTR_TO_INT(self, op):
+        self.pure(rop.CAST_INT_TO_PTR, [op.result], op.getarg(0))
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
+    def optimize_CAST_INT_TO_PTR(self, op):
+        self.pure(rop.CAST_PTR_TO_INT, [op.result], op.getarg(0))
+        self.emit_operation(op)
 
 dispatch_opt = make_dispatcher_method(OptRewrite, 'optimize_',
         default=OptRewrite.emit_operation)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@
 
 def test_sharing_field_lists_of_virtual():
     class FakeOptimizer(object):
-        class cpu(object):
-            pass
+        class optimizer(object):
+            class cpu(object):
+                pass
     opt = FakeOptimizer()
     virt1 = virtualize.AbstractVirtualStructValue(opt, None)
     lst1 = virt1._get_field_descr_list()
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@
     class FakeVirtualValue(virtualize.AbstractVirtualValue):
         def _make_virtual(self, *args):
             return FakeVInfo()
-    v1 = FakeVirtualValue(None, None, None)
+    v1 = FakeVirtualValue(None, None)
     vinfo1 = v1.make_virtual_info(None, [1, 2, 4])
     vinfo2 = v1.make_virtual_info(None, [1, 2, 4])
     assert vinfo1 is vinfo2
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
 
 class BaseTestBasic(BaseTest):
 
-    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:heap"
+    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:earlyforce:pure:heap"
 
     def optimize_loop(self, ops, optops, call_pure_results=None):
 
@@ -651,8 +652,8 @@
         i3 = getfield_gc(p3, descr=valuedescr)
         escape(i3)
         p1 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
+        p1sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p1, i1, descr=valuedescr)
-        p1sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p1sub, i1, descr=valuedescr)
         setfield_gc(p1, p1sub, descr=nextdescr)
         jump(i1, p1, p2)
@@ -667,10 +668,10 @@
         p3sub = getfield_gc(p3, descr=nextdescr)
         i3 = getfield_gc(p3sub, descr=valuedescr)
         escape(i3)
+        p1 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         p2sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p2sub, i1, descr=valuedescr)
         setfield_gc(p2, p2sub, descr=nextdescr)
-        p1 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         jump(i1, p1, p2)
         """
         # The same as test_p123_simple, but in the end the "old" p2 contains
@@ -2328,7 +2329,7 @@
         def _variables_equal(box, varname, strict):
             if varname not in virtuals:
                 if strict:
-                    assert box == oparse.getvar(varname)
+                    assert box.same_box(oparse.getvar(varname))
                 else:
                     assert box.value == oparse.getvar(varname).value
             else:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizefficall.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizefficall.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizefficall.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizefficall.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 class TestFfiCall(BaseTestBasic, LLtypeMixin):
 
-    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:heap:ffi"
+    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:pure:earlyforce:heap:ffi"
 
     class namespace:
         cpu = LLtypeMixin.cpu
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 
 class BaseTestWithUnroll(BaseTest):
 
-    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:heap:unroll"
+    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:earlyforce:pure:heap:unroll"
 
     def optimize_loop(self, ops, expected, expected_preamble=None,
                       call_pure_results=None, expected_short=None):
@@ -234,6 +234,30 @@
             """ % expected_value
             self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
 
+    def test_reverse_of_cast(self):
+        ops = """
+        [i0]
+        p0 = cast_int_to_ptr(i0)
+        i1 = cast_ptr_to_int(p0)
+        jump(i1)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [i0]
+        jump(i0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
+        ops = """
+        [p0]
+        i1 = cast_ptr_to_int(p0)
+        p1 = cast_int_to_ptr(i1)
+        jump(p1)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [p0]
+        jump(p0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
+
     # ----------
 
     def test_remove_guard_class_1(self):
@@ -825,8 +849,8 @@
         i3 = getfield_gc(p2, descr=valuedescr)
         escape(i3)
         p4 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
+        p1sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p4, i1, descr=valuedescr)
-        p1sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p1sub, i1, descr=valuedescr)
         setfield_gc(p4, p1sub, descr=nextdescr)
         jump(i1, p4)
@@ -865,13 +889,7 @@
         p3sub = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         setfield_gc(p3sub, i1, descr=valuedescr)
         setfield_gc(p1, p3sub, descr=nextdescr)
-        # XXX: We get two extra operations here because the setfield
-        #      above is the result of forcing p1 and thus not
-        #      registered with the heap optimizer. I've makred tests
-        #      below with VIRTUALHEAP if they suffer from this issue
-        p3sub2 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=nextdescr)
-        guard_nonnull_class(p3sub2, ConstClass(node_vtable2)) []
-        jump(i1, p1, p3sub2)
+        jump(i1, p1, p3sub)
         """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected, preamble)
 
@@ -902,9 +920,7 @@
         guard_true(i2b) []
         p3 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         setfield_gc(p3, i2, descr=nextdescr)
-        # XXX: VIRTUALHEAP (see above)
-        i3 = getfield_gc(p3, descr=nextdescr)
-        jump(p3, i3)
+        jump(p3, i2)
         """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected, preamble)
 
@@ -1219,7 +1235,15 @@
         setfield_gc(p3, p30, descr=valuedescr)
         jump(i29, p30, p3)
         """
-        expected = preamble
+        expected = """
+        [i0, p1, p3]
+        i28 = int_add(i0, 1)
+        i29 = int_add(i28, 1)
+        p30 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
+        setfield_gc(p3, p30, descr=valuedescr)
+        setfield_gc(p30, i28, descr=nextdescr)
+        jump(i29, p30, p3)
+        """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected, preamble)
 
     def test_nonvirtual_1(self):
@@ -2408,8 +2432,8 @@
         guard_class(p2, ConstClass(node_vtable)) []
         p3 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=otherdescr)
         guard_class(p3, ConstClass(node_vtable)) []
+        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         setfield_gc(p3, p2, descr=otherdescr)
-        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         escape(p3a)
         jump(p3a)
         """
@@ -2421,9 +2445,9 @@
         # setfield_gc(p3, p2, descr=otherdescr) # p3a.other = p2a
         # p1a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
         # p2a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
+        p3anew = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         p2 = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         setfield_gc(p3a, p2, descr=otherdescr) # p3a.other = p2a
-        p3anew = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         escape(p3anew)
         jump(p3anew)
         """
@@ -2458,9 +2482,9 @@
         p3 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=otherdescr)
         guard_class(p3, ConstClass(node_vtable)) []
         # p1a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable2))
+        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         p2a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         setfield_gc(p3, p2a, descr=otherdescr)
-        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         escape(p3a)
         # setfield_gc(p1a, p2a, descr=nextdescr)
         # setfield_gc(p1a, p3a, descr=otherdescr)
@@ -2468,9 +2492,9 @@
         """
         expected = """
         [p2, p3]
+        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         p2a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         setfield_gc(p3, p2a, descr=otherdescr)
-        p3a = new_with_vtable(ConstClass(node_vtable))
         escape(p3a)
         jump(p2a, p3a)
         """
@@ -2790,7 +2814,6 @@
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected, preamble)
 
     def test_remove_duplicate_pure_op_ovf_with_lazy_setfield(self):
-        py.test.skip('this optimization is not yet supprted')
         ops = """
         [i1, p1]
         i3 = int_add_ovf(i1, 1)
@@ -5961,13 +5984,18 @@
         escape(i0)
         jump(p1)
         """
-        expected = """
+        preamble = """
         [p1]
         i0 = ptr_eq(p1, NULL)
         escape(i0)
-        jump(p1)
-        """
-        self.optimize_strunicode_loop_extradescrs(ops, expected, expected)
+        jump(p1, i0)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [p1, i0]
+        escape(i0)
+        jump(p1, i0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_strunicode_loop_extradescrs(ops, expected, preamble)
 
     def test_str_equal_none2(self):
         ops = """
@@ -5976,13 +6004,18 @@
         escape(i0)
         jump(p1)
         """
-        expected = """
+        preamble = """
         [p1]
         i0 = ptr_eq(p1, NULL)
         escape(i0)
-        jump(p1)
-        """
-        self.optimize_strunicode_loop_extradescrs(ops, expected, expected)
+        jump(p1, i0)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [p1, i0]
+        escape(i0)
+        jump(p1, i0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_strunicode_loop_extradescrs(ops, expected, preamble)
 
     def test_str_equal_nonnull1(self):
         ops = """
@@ -7220,6 +7253,60 @@
         """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
 
+    def test_heap_cache_forced_virtuals(self):
+        ops = """
+        [i1, i2, p0]
+        p1 = new(descr=ssize)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i1, descr=adescr)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i2, descr=bdescr)
+        call(p0, p1, descr=writeadescr)
+        i3 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=adescr)
+        i4 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=bdescr)
+        jump(i3, i4, p0)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [i1, i2, p0]
+        p1 = new(descr=ssize)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i1, descr=adescr)
+        call(p0, p1, descr=writeadescr)
+        i3 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=adescr)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i2, descr=bdescr)
+        jump(i3, i2, p0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
+
+
+    def test_setarrayitem_followed_by_arraycopy(self):
+        ops = """
+        [p1, p2]
+        setarrayitem_gc(p1, 2, 10, descr=arraydescr)
+        setarrayitem_gc(p2, 3, 13, descr=arraydescr)        
+        call(0, p1, p2, 0, 0, 10, descr=arraycopydescr)
+        jump(p1, p2)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, ops)
+
+    def test_heap_cache_virtuals_forced_by_delayed_setfield(self):
+        py.test.skip('not yet supoprted')
+        ops = """
+        [i1, p0]
+        p1 = new(descr=ssize)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i1, descr=valuedescr)
+        setfield_gc(p0, p1, descr=adescr)
+        call(p0, descr=writeadescr)
+        i2 = getfield_gc(p1, descr=valuedescr)
+        jump(i2, p0)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [i1, p0]
+        p1 = new(descr=ssize)
+        setfield_gc(p1, i1, descr=valuedescr)
+        setfield_gc(p0, p1, descr=adescr)
+        call(p0, descr=writeadescr)
+        jump(i1, p0)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
+
 class TestLLtype(OptimizeOptTest, LLtypeMixin):
     pass
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
@@ -182,7 +182,8 @@
                             EffectInfo.EF_FORCES_VIRTUAL_OR_VIRTUALIZABLE,
                             can_invalidate=True))
     arraycopydescr = cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
-             EffectInfo([], [], [], [], oopspecindex=EffectInfo.OS_ARRAYCOPY))
+             EffectInfo([], [arraydescr], [], [arraydescr],
+                        oopspecindex=EffectInfo.OS_ARRAYCOPY))
 
     for _name, _os in [
         ('strconcatdescr',               'OS_STR_CONCAT'),
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/unroll.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/unroll.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/unroll.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/unroll.py
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@
         self.importable_values = {}
         self.emitting_dissabled = False
         self.emitted_guards = 0
-        self.emitted_pure_operations = {}
 
     def ensure_imported(self, value):
         if not self.emitting_dissabled and value in self.importable_values:
@@ -96,21 +95,6 @@
         new = UnrollableOptimizer(self.metainterp_sd, self.loop)
         return self._new(new)
 
-    def remember_emitting_pure(self, op):
-        self.emitted_pure_operations[op] = True
-
-    def produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(self, sb):
-        for op in self.emitted_pure_operations:
-            if op.getopnum() == rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC_PURE or \
-               op.getopnum() == rop.STRGETITEM or \
-               op.getopnum() == rop.UNICODEGETITEM:
-                if not self.getvalue(op.getarg(1)).is_constant():
-                    continue
-            sb.add_potential(op)
-        for opt in self.optimizations:
-            opt.produce_potential_short_preamble_ops(sb)
-
-
 
 class UnrollOptimizer(Optimization):
     """Unroll the loop into two iterations. The first one will
@@ -154,7 +138,7 @@
 
             KillHugeIntBounds(self.optimizer).apply()
             
-            loop.preamble.operations = self.optimizer.newoperations
+            loop.preamble.operations = self.optimizer.get_newoperations()
             jump_args = [self.getvalue(a).get_key_box() for a in jump_args]
 
             start_resumedescr = loop.preamble.start_resumedescr.clone_if_mutable()
@@ -167,8 +151,9 @@
             virtual_state = modifier.get_virtual_state(jump_args)
             
             values = [self.getvalue(arg) for arg in jump_args]
-            inputargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values)
-            short_inputargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, keyboxes=True)
+            inputargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, self.optimizer)
+            short_inputargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, self.optimizer,
+                                                           keyboxes=True)
 
             self.constant_inputargs = {}
             for box in jump_args: 
@@ -197,7 +182,7 @@
             # operations needed to setup the proper state of those virtuals
             # in the peeled loop
             inputarg_setup_ops = []
-            preamble_optimizer.newoperations = []
+            preamble_optimizer.clear_newoperations()
             seen = {}
             for box in inputargs:
                 if box in seen:
@@ -211,9 +196,8 @@
                     continue
                 seen[box] = True
                 value = preamble_optimizer.getvalue(box)
-                value.force_box()
-            preamble_optimizer.flush()
-            inputarg_setup_ops += preamble_optimizer.newoperations
+                value.force_box(preamble_optimizer)
+            inputarg_setup_ops += preamble_optimizer.get_newoperations()
 
             # Setup the state of the new optimizer by emiting the
             # short preamble operations and discarding the result
@@ -244,13 +228,13 @@
                                 virtual_state)
             
             loop.inputargs = inputargs
-            args = [preamble_optimizer.getvalue(self.short_boxes.original(a)).force_box()\
+            args = [preamble_optimizer.getvalue(self.short_boxes.original(a)).force_box(preamble_optimizer)\
                     for a in inputargs]
             jmp = ResOperation(rop.JUMP, args, None)
             jmp.setdescr(loop.token)
             loop.preamble.operations.append(jmp)
 
-            loop.operations = self.optimizer.newoperations
+            loop.operations = self.optimizer.get_newoperations()
             maxguards = self.optimizer.metainterp_sd.warmrunnerdesc.memory_manager.max_retrace_guards
             
             if self.optimizer.emitted_guards > maxguards:
@@ -335,9 +319,10 @@
         assert jumpop
         original_jumpargs = jumpop.getarglist()[:]
         values = [self.getvalue(arg) for arg in jumpop.getarglist()]
-        jumpargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values)
+        jumpargs = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, self.optimizer)
         jumpop.initarglist(jumpargs)
-        jmp_to_short_args = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, keyboxes=True)
+        jmp_to_short_args = virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, self.optimizer,
+                                                         keyboxes=True)
         self.short_inliner = Inliner(short_inputargs, jmp_to_short_args)
         
         for box, const in self.constant_inputargs.items():
@@ -347,11 +332,11 @@
             newop = self.short_inliner.inline_op(op)
             self.optimizer.send_extra_operation(newop)
         
-        self.optimizer.flush()
+        newoperations = self.optimizer.get_newoperations()
 
         i = j = 0
-        while i < len(self.optimizer.newoperations) or j < len(jumpargs):
-            if i == len(self.optimizer.newoperations):
+        while i < len(newoperations) or j < len(jumpargs):
+            if i == len(newoperations):
                 while j < len(jumpargs):
                     a = jumpargs[j]
                     if self.optimizer.loop.logops:
@@ -360,7 +345,7 @@
                                     jumpargs, short_seen)
                     j += 1
             else:
-                op = self.optimizer.newoperations[i]
+                op = newoperations[i]
 
                 self.boxes_created_this_iteration[op.result] = True
                 args = op.getarglist()
@@ -375,6 +360,7 @@
                     self.import_box(a, inputargs, short, short_jumpargs,
                                     jumpargs, short_seen)
                 i += 1
+            newoperations = self.optimizer.get_newoperations()
 
         jumpop.initarglist(jumpargs)
         self.optimizer.send_extra_operation(jumpop)
@@ -468,7 +454,7 @@
         inputargs.append(box)
         box = newresult
         if box in self.optimizer.values:
-            box = self.optimizer.values[box].force_box()
+            box = self.optimizer.values[box].force_box(self.optimizer)
         jumpargs.append(box)
         
 
@@ -483,11 +469,6 @@
         if op.getopnum() == rop.JUMP:
             loop_token = op.getdescr()
             assert isinstance(loop_token, LoopToken)
-            # FIXME: Use a tree, similar to the tree formed by the full
-            # preamble and it's bridges, instead of a list to save time and
-            # memory. This should also allow better behaviour in
-            # situations that the is_emittable() chain currently cant
-            # handle and the inlining fails unexpectedly belwo.
             short = loop_token.short_preamble
             if short:
                 args = op.getarglist()
@@ -523,7 +504,7 @@
 
                         values = [self.getvalue(arg)
                                   for arg in op.getarglist()]
-                        args = sh.virtual_state.make_inputargs(values,
+                        args = sh.virtual_state.make_inputargs(values, self.optimizer,
                                                                keyboxes=True)
                         inliner = Inliner(sh.inputargs, args)
                         
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/util.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/util.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/util.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/util.py
@@ -90,14 +90,11 @@
     for i in range(len(args1)):
         arg1 = args1[i]
         arg2 = args2[i]
-        if isinstance(arg1, history.Const):
-            if arg1.__class__ is not arg2.__class__:
+        if arg1 is None:
+            if arg2 is not None:
                 return False
-            if not arg1.same_constant(arg2):
-                return False
-        else:
-            if not arg1 is arg2:
-                return False
+        elif not arg1.same_box(arg2):
+            return False
     return True
 
 def args_hash(args):
@@ -106,10 +103,8 @@
     for arg in args:
         if arg is None:
             y = 17
-        elif isinstance(arg, history.Const):
+        else:
             y = arg._get_hash_()
-        else:
-            y = compute_identity_hash(arg)
         res = intmask((1000003 * res) ^ y)
     return res
 
@@ -145,9 +140,12 @@
         for i in range(op1.numargs()):
             x = op1.getarg(i)
             y = op2.getarg(i)
-            assert x == remap.get(y, y)
+            assert x.same_box(remap.get(y, y))
         if op2.result in remap:
-            assert op1.result == remap[op2.result]
+            if op2.result is None:
+                assert op1.result == remap[op2.result]
+            else:
+                assert op1.result.same_box(remap[op2.result])
         else:
             remap[op2.result] = op1.result
         if op1.getopnum() != rop.JUMP:      # xxx obscure
@@ -156,11 +154,20 @@
             assert len(op1.getfailargs()) == len(op2.getfailargs())
             if strict_fail_args:
                 for x, y in zip(op1.getfailargs(), op2.getfailargs()):
-                    assert x == remap.get(y, y)
+                    if x is None:
+                        assert remap.get(y, y) is None
+                    else:
+                        assert x.same_box(remap.get(y, y))
             else:
                 fail_args1 = set(op1.getfailargs())
                 fail_args2 = set([remap.get(y, y) for y in op2.getfailargs()])
-                assert fail_args1 == fail_args2
+                for x in fail_args1:
+                    for y in fail_args2:
+                        if x.same_box(y):
+                            fail_args2.remove(y)
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        assert False
     assert len(oplist1) == len(oplist2)
     print '-'*totwidth
     return True
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
 
 
 class AbstractVirtualValue(optimizer.OptValue):
-    _attrs_ = ('optimizer', 'keybox', 'source_op', '_cached_vinfo')
+    _attrs_ = ('keybox', 'source_op', '_cached_vinfo')
     box = None
     level = optimizer.LEVEL_NONNULL
     _cached_vinfo = None
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op=None):
-        self.optimizer = optimizer
+    def __init__(self, keybox, source_op=None):
         self.keybox = keybox   # only used as a key in dictionaries
         self.source_op = source_op  # the NEW_WITH_VTABLE/NEW_ARRAY operation
                                     # that builds this box
@@ -29,17 +28,17 @@
             return self.keybox
         return self.box
 
-    def force_box(self):
+    def force_box(self, optforce):
         if self.box is None:
-            self.optimizer.forget_numberings(self.keybox)
-            self._really_force()
+            optforce.forget_numberings(self.keybox)
+            self._really_force(optforce)
         return self.box
 
-    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced):
+    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced, optforce):
         value = already_forced.get(self, None)
         if value:
             return value
-        return OptValue(self.force_box())
+        return OptValue(self.force_box(optforce))
 
     def make_virtual_info(self, modifier, fieldnums):
         if fieldnums is None:
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
         raise NotImplementedError("abstract base")
 
-    def _really_force(self):
+    def _really_force(self, optforce):
         raise NotImplementedError("abstract base")
 
     def import_from(self, other, optimizer):
@@ -70,10 +69,11 @@
 get_fielddescrlist_cache._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:memo"
 
 class AbstractVirtualStructValue(AbstractVirtualValue):
-    _attrs_ = ('_fields', '_cached_sorted_fields')
+    _attrs_ = ('_fields', 'cpu', '_cached_sorted_fields')
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op=None):
-        AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op)
+    def __init__(self, cpu, keybox, source_op=None):
+        AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, keybox, source_op)
+        self.cpu = cpu
         self._fields = {}
         self._cached_sorted_fields = None
 
@@ -87,45 +87,44 @@
     def _get_descr(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def _is_immutable_and_filled_with_constants(self):
+    def _is_immutable_and_filled_with_constants(self, optforce):
         count = self._get_descr().count_fields_if_immutable()
         if count != len(self._fields):    # always the case if count == -1
             return False
         for value in self._fields.itervalues():
-            subbox = value.force_box()
+            subbox = value.force_box(optforce)
             if not isinstance(subbox, Const):
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced):
+    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced, optforce):
         if self in already_forced:
             return self
         already_forced[self] = self
         if self._fields:
             for ofs in self._fields.keys():
-                self._fields[ofs] = self._fields[ofs].force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced)
+                self._fields[ofs] = self._fields[ofs].force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced, optforce)
         return self
 
-    def _really_force(self):
+    def _really_force(self, optforce):
         op = self.source_op
         assert op is not None
         # ^^^ This case should not occur any more (see test_bug_3).
         #
         if not we_are_translated():
             op.name = 'FORCE ' + self.source_op.name
-
-        if self._is_immutable_and_filled_with_constants():
-            box = self.optimizer.constant_fold(op)
+            
+        if self._is_immutable_and_filled_with_constants(optforce):
+            box = optforce.optimizer.constant_fold(op)
             self.make_constant(box)
             for ofs, value in self._fields.iteritems():
-                subbox = value.force_box()
+                subbox = value.force_box(optforce)
                 assert isinstance(subbox, Const)
-                execute(self.optimizer.cpu, None, rop.SETFIELD_GC,
+                execute(optforce.optimizer.cpu, None, rop.SETFIELD_GC,
                         ofs, box, subbox)
             # keep self._fields, because it's all immutable anyway
         else:
-            newoperations = self.optimizer.newoperations
-            newoperations.append(op)
+            optforce.emit_operation(op)
             self.box = box = op.result
             #
             iteritems = self._fields.iteritems()
@@ -135,10 +134,11 @@
             for ofs, value in iteritems:
                 if value.is_null():
                     continue
-                subbox = value.force_box()
+                subbox = value.force_box(optforce)
                 op = ResOperation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [box, subbox], None,
                                   descr=ofs)
-                newoperations.append(op)
+
+                optforce.emit_operation(op)
 
     def _get_field_descr_list(self):
         _cached_sorted_fields = self._cached_sorted_fields
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
             else:
                 lst = self._fields.keys()
             sort_descrs(lst)
-            cache = get_fielddescrlist_cache(self.optimizer.cpu)
+            cache = get_fielddescrlist_cache(self.cpu)
             result = cache.get(lst, None)
             if result is None:
                 cache[lst] = lst
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@
 class VirtualValue(AbstractVirtualStructValue):
     level = optimizer.LEVEL_KNOWNCLASS
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, known_class, keybox, source_op=None):
-        AbstractVirtualStructValue.__init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op)
+    def __init__(self, cpu, known_class, keybox, source_op=None):
+        AbstractVirtualStructValue.__init__(self, cpu, keybox, source_op)
         assert isinstance(known_class, Const)
         self.known_class = known_class
 
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
         return modifier.make_virtual(self.known_class, fielddescrs)
 
     def _get_descr(self):
-        return vtable2descr(self.optimizer.cpu, self.known_class.getint())
+        return vtable2descr(self.cpu, self.known_class.getint())
 
     def __repr__(self):
         cls_name = self.known_class.value.adr.ptr._obj._TYPE._name
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@
 
 class VStructValue(AbstractVirtualStructValue):
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, structdescr, keybox, source_op=None):
-        AbstractVirtualStructValue.__init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op)
+    def __init__(self, cpu, structdescr, keybox, source_op=None):
+        AbstractVirtualStructValue.__init__(self, cpu, keybox, source_op)
         self.structdescr = structdescr
 
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@
 
 class VArrayValue(AbstractVirtualValue):
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, arraydescr, size, keybox, source_op=None):
-        AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op)
+    def __init__(self, arraydescr, constvalue, size, keybox, source_op=None):
+        AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, keybox, source_op)
         self.arraydescr = arraydescr
-        self.constvalue = optimizer.new_const_item(arraydescr)
+        self.constvalue = constvalue
         self._items = [self.constvalue] * size
 
     def getlength(self):
@@ -232,31 +232,30 @@
         assert isinstance(itemvalue, optimizer.OptValue)
         self._items[index] = itemvalue
 
-    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced):
+    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced, optforce):
         if self in already_forced:
             return self
         already_forced[self] = self
         for index in range(len(self._items)):
-            self._items[index] = self._items[index].force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced)
+            self._items[index] = self._items[index].force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced, optforce)
         return self
     
-    def _really_force(self):
+    def _really_force(self, optforce):
         assert self.source_op is not None
         if not we_are_translated():
             self.source_op.name = 'FORCE ' + self.source_op.name
-        newoperations = self.optimizer.newoperations
-        newoperations.append(self.source_op)
+        optforce.emit_operation(self.source_op)        
         self.box = box = self.source_op.result
         for index in range(len(self._items)):
             subvalue = self._items[index]
             if subvalue is not self.constvalue:
                 if subvalue.is_null():
                     continue
-                subbox = subvalue.force_box()
+                subbox = subvalue.force_box(optforce)
                 op = ResOperation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC,
                                   [box, ConstInt(index), subbox], None,
                                   descr=self.arraydescr)
-                newoperations.append(op)
+                optforce.emit_operation(op)
 
     def get_args_for_fail(self, modifier):
         if self.box is None and not modifier.already_seen_virtual(self.keybox):
@@ -279,17 +278,18 @@
         return OptVirtualize()
         
     def make_virtual(self, known_class, box, source_op=None):
-        vvalue = VirtualValue(self.optimizer, known_class, box, source_op)
+        vvalue = VirtualValue(self.optimizer.cpu, known_class, box, source_op)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
     def make_varray(self, arraydescr, size, box, source_op=None):
-        vvalue = VArrayValue(self.optimizer, arraydescr, size, box, source_op)
+        constvalue = self.new_const_item(arraydescr)
+        vvalue = VArrayValue(arraydescr, constvalue, size, box, source_op)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
     def make_vstruct(self, structdescr, box, source_op=None):
-        vvalue = VStructValue(self.optimizer, structdescr, box, source_op)
+        vvalue = VStructValue(self.optimizer.cpu, structdescr, box, source_op)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
@@ -362,7 +362,6 @@
             self.make_equal_to(op.result, fieldvalue)
         else:
             value.ensure_nonnull()
-            ###self.heap_op_optimizer.optimize_GETFIELD_GC(op, value)
             self.emit_operation(op)
 
     # note: the following line does not mean that the two operations are
@@ -377,7 +376,6 @@
             value.setfield(op.getdescr(), fieldvalue)
         else:
             value.ensure_nonnull()
-            ###self.heap_op_optimizer.optimize_SETFIELD_GC(op, value, fieldvalue)
             self.emit_operation(op)
 
     def optimize_NEW_WITH_VTABLE(self, op):
@@ -417,7 +415,6 @@
                 self.make_equal_to(op.result, itemvalue)
                 return
         value.ensure_nonnull()
-        ###self.heap_op_optimizer.optimize_GETARRAYITEM_GC(op, value)
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
     # note: the following line does not mean that the two operations are
@@ -432,7 +429,6 @@
                 value.setitem(indexbox.getint(), self.getvalue(op.getarg(2)))
                 return
         value.ensure_nonnull()
-        ###self.heap_op_optimizer.optimize_SETARRAYITEM_GC(op, value, fieldvalue)
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     def _generate_guards(self, other, box, cpu, extra_guards):
         raise InvalidLoop
 
-    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value):
+    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def enum(self, virtual_state):
@@ -100,14 +100,14 @@
     def _generalization_of(self, other):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value):
+    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         assert isinstance(value, virtualize.AbstractVirtualStructValue)
         assert value.is_virtual()
         for i in range(len(self.fielddescrs)):
             v = value._fields[self.fielddescrs[i]]
             s = self.fieldstate[i]
             if s.position > self.position:
-                s.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, v)
+                s.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, v, optimizer)
 
     def _enum(self, virtual_state):
         for s in self.fieldstate:
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value):
+    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         assert isinstance(value, virtualize.VArrayValue)
         assert value.is_virtual()
         for i in range(len(self.fieldstate)):
             v = value._items[i]
             s = self.fieldstate[i]
             if s.position > self.position:
-                s.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, v)
+                s.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, v, optimizer)
 
     def _enum(self, virtual_state):
         for s in self.fieldstate:
@@ -316,11 +316,11 @@
             import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
             raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value):
+    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         if self.level == LEVEL_CONSTANT:
             return
         assert 0 <= self.position_in_notvirtuals 
-        boxes[self.position_in_notvirtuals] = value.force_box()
+        boxes[self.position_in_notvirtuals] = value.force_box(optimizer)
 
     def _enum(self, virtual_state):
         if self.level == LEVEL_CONSTANT:
@@ -377,11 +377,13 @@
             self.state[i].generate_guards(other.state[i], args[i],
                                           cpu, extra_guards, renum)
 
-    def make_inputargs(self, values, keyboxes=False):
+    def make_inputargs(self, values, optimizer, keyboxes=False):
+        if optimizer.optearlyforce:
+            optimizer = optimizer.optearlyforce
         assert len(values) == len(self.state)
         inputargs = [None] * len(self.notvirtuals)
         for i in range(len(values)):
-            self.state[i].enum_forced_boxes(inputargs, values[i])
+            self.state[i].enum_forced_boxes(inputargs, values[i], optimizer)
 
         if keyboxes:
             for i in range(len(values)):
@@ -434,7 +436,12 @@
     def get_virtual_state(self, jump_args):
         self.optimizer.force_at_end_of_preamble()
         already_forced = {}
-        values = [self.getvalue(box).force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced)
+        if self.optimizer.optearlyforce:
+            opt = self.optimizer.optearlyforce
+        else:
+            opt = self.optimizer
+        values = [self.getvalue(box).force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced,
+                                                              opt)
                   for box in jump_args]
 
         for value in values:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 class __extend__(optimizer.OptValue):
     """New methods added to the base class OptValue for this file."""
 
-    def getstrlen(self, optimization, mode):
+    def getstrlen(self, string_optimizer, mode):
         if mode is mode_string:
             s = self.get_constant_string_spec(mode_string)
             if s is not None:
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@
             s = self.get_constant_string_spec(mode_unicode)
             if s is not None:
                 return ConstInt(len(s))
-        if optimization is None:
+        if string_optimizer is None:
             return None
         self.ensure_nonnull()
-        box = self.force_box()
+        box = self.force_box(string_optimizer)
         lengthbox = BoxInt()
-        optimization.propagate_forward(ResOperation(mode.STRLEN, [box], lengthbox))
+        string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRLEN, [box], lengthbox))
         return lengthbox
 
     @specialize.arg(1)
@@ -68,25 +68,25 @@
         else:
             return None
 
-    def string_copy_parts(self, optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
+    def string_copy_parts(self, string_optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
         # Copies the pointer-to-string 'self' into the target string
         # given by 'targetbox', at the specified offset.  Returns the offset
         # at the end of the copy.
-        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(optimizer, mode)
-        srcbox = self.force_box()
-        return copy_str_content(optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
+        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(string_optimizer, mode)
+        srcbox = self.force_box(string_optimizer)
+        return copy_str_content(string_optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
                                 CONST_0, offsetbox, lengthbox, mode)
 
 
 class VAbstractStringValue(virtualize.AbstractVirtualValue):
     _attrs_ = ('mode',)
 
-    def __init__(self, optimizer, keybox, source_op, mode):
-        virtualize.AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, optimizer, keybox,
+    def __init__(self, keybox, source_op, mode):
+        virtualize.AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, keybox,
                                                  source_op)
         self.mode = mode
 
-    def _really_force(self):
+    def _really_force(self, optforce):
         if self.mode is mode_string:
             s = self.get_constant_string_spec(mode_string)
             if s is not None:
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@
                 return
         assert self.source_op is not None
         self.box = box = self.source_op.result
-        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(self.optimizer, self.mode)
+        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(optforce, self.mode)
         op = ResOperation(self.mode.NEWSTR, [lengthbox], box)
         if not we_are_translated():
             op.name = 'FORCE'
-        self.optimizer.emit_operation(op)
-        self.string_copy_parts(self.optimizer, box, CONST_0, self.mode)
+        optforce.emit_operation(op)
+        self.string_copy_parts(optforce, box, CONST_0, self.mode)
 
 
 class VStringPlainValue(VAbstractStringValue):
@@ -140,20 +140,20 @@
         return mode.emptystr.join([mode.chr(c.box.getint())
                                    for c in self._chars])
 
-    def string_copy_parts(self, optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
+    def string_copy_parts(self, string_optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
         if not self.is_virtual() and targetbox is not self.box:
-            lengthbox = self.getstrlen(optimizer, mode)
-            srcbox = self.force_box()
-            return copy_str_content(optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
+            lengthbox = self.getstrlen(string_optimizer, mode)
+            srcbox = self.force_box(string_optimizer)
+            return copy_str_content(string_optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
                                 CONST_0, offsetbox, lengthbox, mode)
         for i in range(len(self._chars)):
-            charbox = self._chars[i].force_box()
+            charbox = self._chars[i].force_box(string_optimizer)
             if not (isinstance(charbox, Const) and charbox.same_constant(CONST_0)):
-                optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRSETITEM, [targetbox,
-                                                                    offsetbox,
-                                                                    charbox],
+                string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRSETITEM, [targetbox,
+                                                                               offsetbox,
+                                                                               charbox],
                                                   None))
-            offsetbox = _int_add(optimizer, offsetbox, CONST_1)
+            offsetbox = _int_add(string_optimizer, offsetbox, CONST_1)
         return offsetbox
 
     def get_args_for_fail(self, modifier):
@@ -187,16 +187,16 @@
         self.left = left
         self.right = right
 
-    def getstrlen(self, optimizer, mode):
+    def getstrlen(self, string_optimizer, mode):
         if self.lengthbox is None:
-            len1box = self.left.getstrlen(optimizer, mode)
+            len1box = self.left.getstrlen(string_optimizer, mode)
             if len1box is None:
                 return None
-            len2box = self.right.getstrlen(optimizer, mode)
+            len2box = self.right.getstrlen(string_optimizer, mode)
             if len2box is None:
                 return None
-            self.lengthbox = _int_add(optimizer, len1box, len2box)
-            # ^^^ may still be None, if optimizer is None
+            self.lengthbox = _int_add(string_optimizer, len1box, len2box)
+            # ^^^ may still be None, if string_optimizer is None
         return self.lengthbox
 
     @specialize.arg(1)
@@ -209,10 +209,10 @@
             return None
         return s1 + s2
 
-    def string_copy_parts(self, optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
-        offsetbox = self.left.string_copy_parts(optimizer, targetbox,
+    def string_copy_parts(self, string_optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
+        offsetbox = self.left.string_copy_parts(string_optimizer, targetbox,
                                                 offsetbox, mode)
-        offsetbox = self.right.string_copy_parts(optimizer, targetbox,
+        offsetbox = self.right.string_copy_parts(string_optimizer, targetbox,
                                                  offsetbox, mode)
         return offsetbox
 
@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@
         self.vstart = vstart
         self.vlength = vlength
 
-    def getstrlen(self, _, mode):
-        return self.vlength.force_box()
+    def getstrlen(self, optforce, mode):
+        return self.vlength.force_box(optforce)
 
     @specialize.arg(1)
     def get_constant_string_spec(self, mode):
@@ -267,11 +267,11 @@
             return s1[start : start + length]
         return None
 
-    def string_copy_parts(self, optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
-        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(optimizer, mode)
-        return copy_str_content(optimizer,
-                                self.vstr.force_box(), targetbox,
-                                self.vstart.force_box(), offsetbox,
+    def string_copy_parts(self, string_optimizer, targetbox, offsetbox, mode):
+        lengthbox = self.getstrlen(string_optimizer, mode)
+        return copy_str_content(string_optimizer,
+                                self.vstr.force_box(string_optimizer), targetbox,
+                                self.vstart.force_box(string_optimizer), offsetbox,
                                 lengthbox, mode)
 
     def get_args_for_fail(self, modifier):
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
         return modifier.make_vstrslice(self.mode is mode_unicode)
 
 
-def copy_str_content(optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
+def copy_str_content(string_optimizer, srcbox, targetbox,
                      srcoffsetbox, offsetbox, lengthbox, mode, need_next_offset=True):
     if isinstance(srcbox, ConstPtr) and isinstance(srcoffsetbox, Const):
         M = 5
@@ -310,26 +310,26 @@
         # up to M characters are done "inline", i.e. with STRGETITEM/STRSETITEM
         # instead of just a COPYSTRCONTENT.
         for i in range(lengthbox.value):
-            charbox = _strgetitem(optimizer, srcbox, srcoffsetbox, mode)
-            srcoffsetbox = _int_add(optimizer, srcoffsetbox, CONST_1)
-            optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRSETITEM, [targetbox,
-                                                                offsetbox,
-                                                                charbox],
+            charbox = _strgetitem(string_optimizer, srcbox, srcoffsetbox, mode)
+            srcoffsetbox = _int_add(string_optimizer, srcoffsetbox, CONST_1)
+            string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRSETITEM, [targetbox,
+                                                                           offsetbox,
+                                                                           charbox],
                                               None))
-            offsetbox = _int_add(optimizer, offsetbox, CONST_1)
+            offsetbox = _int_add(string_optimizer, offsetbox, CONST_1)
     else:
         if need_next_offset:
-            nextoffsetbox = _int_add(optimizer, offsetbox, lengthbox)
+            nextoffsetbox = _int_add(string_optimizer, offsetbox, lengthbox)
         else:
             nextoffsetbox = None
         op = ResOperation(mode.COPYSTRCONTENT, [srcbox, targetbox,
                                                 srcoffsetbox, offsetbox,
                                                 lengthbox], None)
-        optimizer.emit_operation(op)
+        string_optimizer.emit_operation(op)
         offsetbox = nextoffsetbox
     return offsetbox
 
-def _int_add(optimizer, box1, box2):
+def _int_add(string_optimizer, box1, box2):
     if isinstance(box1, ConstInt):
         if box1.value == 0:
             return box2
@@ -337,23 +337,23 @@
             return ConstInt(box1.value + box2.value)
     elif isinstance(box2, ConstInt) and box2.value == 0:
         return box1
-    if optimizer is None:
+    if string_optimizer is None:
         return None
     resbox = BoxInt()
-    optimizer.propagate_forward(ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [box1, box2], resbox))
+    string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [box1, box2], resbox))
     return resbox
 
-def _int_sub(optimizer, box1, box2):
+def _int_sub(string_optimizer, box1, box2):
     if isinstance(box2, ConstInt):
         if box2.value == 0:
             return box1
         if isinstance(box1, ConstInt):
             return ConstInt(box1.value - box2.value)
     resbox = BoxInt()
-    optimizer.propagate_forward(ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [box1, box2], resbox))
+    string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [box1, box2], resbox))
     return resbox
 
-def _strgetitem(optimizer, strbox, indexbox, mode):
+def _strgetitem(string_optimizer, strbox, indexbox, mode):
     if isinstance(strbox, ConstPtr) and isinstance(indexbox, ConstInt):
         if mode is mode_string:
             s = strbox.getref(lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR))
@@ -362,30 +362,28 @@
             s = strbox.getref(lltype.Ptr(rstr.UNICODE))
             return ConstInt(ord(s.chars[indexbox.getint()]))
     resbox = BoxInt()
-    optimizer.propagate_forward(ResOperation(mode.STRGETITEM, [strbox, indexbox],
-                                      resbox))
+    string_optimizer.emit_operation(ResOperation(mode.STRGETITEM, [strbox, indexbox],
+                                                 resbox))
     return resbox
 
 
 class OptString(optimizer.Optimization):
     "Handling of strings and unicodes."
-    enabled = True
-
     def new(self):
         return OptString()
 
     def make_vstring_plain(self, box, source_op, mode):
-        vvalue = VStringPlainValue(self.optimizer, box, source_op, mode)
+        vvalue = VStringPlainValue(box, source_op, mode)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
     def make_vstring_concat(self, box, source_op, mode):
-        vvalue = VStringConcatValue(self.optimizer, box, source_op, mode)
+        vvalue = VStringConcatValue(box, source_op, mode)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
     def make_vstring_slice(self, box, source_op, mode):
-        vvalue = VStringSliceValue(self.optimizer, box, source_op, mode)
+        vvalue = VStringSliceValue(box, source_op, mode)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
@@ -435,9 +433,9 @@
         value.ensure_nonnull()
         #
         if value.is_virtual() and isinstance(value, VStringSliceValue):
-            fullindexbox = _int_add(self.optimizer,
-                                    value.vstart.force_box(),
-                                    vindex.force_box())
+            fullindexbox = _int_add(self,
+                                    value.vstart.force_box(self),
+                                    vindex.force_box(self))
             value = value.vstr
             vindex = self.getvalue(fullindexbox)
         #
@@ -449,7 +447,7 @@
                 if res is not optimizer.CVAL_UNINITIALIZED_ZERO:
                     return res
         #
-        resbox = _strgetitem(self.optimizer, value.force_box(), vindex.force_box(), mode)
+        resbox = _strgetitem(self, value.force_box(self), vindex.force_box(self), mode)
         return self.getvalue(resbox)
 
     def optimize_STRLEN(self, op):
@@ -459,7 +457,7 @@
 
     def _optimize_STRLEN(self, op, mode):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
-        lengthbox = value.getstrlen(self.optimizer, mode)
+        lengthbox = value.getstrlen(self, mode)
         self.make_equal_to(op.result, self.getvalue(lengthbox))
 
     def optimize_COPYSTRCONTENT(self, op):
@@ -477,12 +475,12 @@
 
         if length.is_constant() and length.box.getint() == 0:
             return
-        copy_str_content(self.optimizer,
-            src.force_box(),
-            dst.force_box(),
-            srcstart.force_box(),
-            dststart.force_box(),
-            length.force_box(),
+        copy_str_content(self,
+            src.force_box(self),
+            dst.force_box(self),
+            srcstart.force_box(self),
+            dststart.force_box(self),
+            length.force_box(self),
             mode, need_next_offset=False
         )
 
@@ -508,6 +506,8 @@
                     return
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
+    optimize_CALL_PURE = optimize_CALL
+
     def opt_call_str_STR2UNICODE(self, op):
         # Constant-fold unicode("constant string").
         # More generally, supporting non-constant but virtual cases is
@@ -547,16 +547,16 @@
             return True
         #
         vstr.ensure_nonnull()
-        lengthbox = _int_sub(self.optimizer, vstop.force_box(),
-                                            vstart.force_box())
+        lengthbox = _int_sub(self, vstop.force_box(self),
+                                   vstart.force_box(self))
         #
         if isinstance(vstr, VStringSliceValue):
             # double slicing  s[i:j][k:l]
             vintermediate = vstr
             vstr = vintermediate.vstr
-            startbox = _int_add(self.optimizer,
-                                vintermediate.vstart.force_box(),
-                                vstart.force_box())
+            startbox = _int_add(self,
+                                vintermediate.vstart.force_box(self),
+                                vstart.force_box(self))
             vstart = self.getvalue(startbox)
         #
         value = self.make_vstring_slice(op.result, op, mode)
@@ -587,15 +587,12 @@
             return True
         #
         if v1.is_nonnull() and v2.is_nonnull():
-            if l1box is not None and l2box is not None and (
-                l1box == l2box or (isinstance(l1box, ConstInt) and
-                                   isinstance(l2box, ConstInt) and
-                                   l1box.value == l2box.value)):
+            if l1box is not None and l2box is not None and l1box.same_box(l2box):
                 do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_LENGTHOK
             else:
                 do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_NONNULL
-            self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.force_box(),
-                                             v2.force_box()], op.result, mode)
+            self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.force_box(self),
+                                             v2.force_box(self)], op.result, mode)
             return True
         return False
 
@@ -603,7 +600,7 @@
         l2box = v2.getstrlen(None, mode)
         if isinstance(l2box, ConstInt):
             if l2box.value == 0:
-                lengthbox = v1.getstrlen(self.optimizer, mode)
+                lengthbox = v1.getstrlen(self, mode)
                 seo = self.optimizer.send_extra_operation
                 seo(ResOperation(rop.INT_EQ, [lengthbox, CONST_0], resultbox))
                 return True
@@ -614,17 +611,17 @@
                     vchar1 = self.strgetitem(v1, optimizer.CVAL_ZERO, mode)
                     vchar2 = self.strgetitem(v2, optimizer.CVAL_ZERO, mode)
                     seo = self.optimizer.send_extra_operation
-                    seo(ResOperation(rop.INT_EQ, [vchar1.force_box(),
-                                                  vchar2.force_box()],
+                    seo(ResOperation(rop.INT_EQ, [vchar1.force_box(self),
+                                                  vchar2.force_box(self)],
                                      resultbox))
                     return True
                 if isinstance(v1, VStringSliceValue):
                     vchar = self.strgetitem(v2, optimizer.CVAL_ZERO, mode)
                     do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_SLICE_CHAR
-                    self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.vstr.force_box(),
-                                                     v1.vstart.force_box(),
-                                                     v1.vlength.force_box(),
-                                                     vchar.force_box()],
+                    self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.vstr.force_box(self),
+                                                     v1.vstart.force_box(self),
+                                                     v1.vlength.force_box(self),
+                                                     vchar.force_box(self)],
                                                 resultbox, mode)
                     return True
         #
@@ -635,10 +632,10 @@
             if v1.is_null():
                 self.make_constant(resultbox, CONST_1)
                 return True
-            op = ResOperation(rop.PTR_EQ, [v1.force_box(),
+            op = ResOperation(rop.PTR_EQ, [v1.force_box(self),
                                            llhelper.CONST_NULL],
                               resultbox)
-            self.optimizer.emit_operation(op)
+            self.emit_operation(op)
             return True
         #
         return False
@@ -652,8 +649,8 @@
                     do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_NONNULL_CHAR
                 else:
                     do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_CHECKNULL_CHAR
-                self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.force_box(),
-                                                 vchar.force_box()], resultbox,
+                self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.force_box(self),
+                                                 vchar.force_box(self)], resultbox,
                                             mode)
                 return True
         #
@@ -662,10 +659,10 @@
                 do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_SLICE_NONNULL
             else:
                 do = EffectInfo.OS_STREQ_SLICE_CHECKNULL
-            self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.vstr.force_box(),
-                                             v1.vstart.force_box(),
-                                             v1.vlength.force_box(),
-                                             v2.force_box()], resultbox, mode)
+            self.generate_modified_call(do, [v1.vstr.force_box(self),
+                                             v1.vstart.force_box(self),
+                                             v1.vlength.force_box(self),
+                                             v2.force_box(self)], resultbox, mode)
             return True
         return False
 
@@ -675,16 +672,11 @@
         calldescr, func = cic.callinfo_for_oopspec(oopspecindex)
         op = ResOperation(rop.CALL, [ConstInt(func)] + args, result,
                           descr=calldescr)
-        self.optimizer.emit_operation(op)
+        self.emit_operation(op)
 
     def propagate_forward(self, op):
-        if not self.enabled:
-            self.emit_operation(op)
-            return
-
         dispatch_opt(self, op)
 
-
 dispatch_opt = make_dispatcher_method(OptString, 'optimize_',
         default=OptString.emit_operation)
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
@@ -162,15 +162,18 @@
             if registers[i] is oldbox:
                 registers[i] = newbox
         if not we_are_translated():
-            assert oldbox not in registers[count:]
+            for b in registers[count:]:
+                assert not oldbox.same_box(b)
+                
 
     def make_result_of_lastop(self, resultbox):
         got_type = resultbox.type
-        if not we_are_translated():
-            typeof = {'i': history.INT,
-                      'r': history.REF,
-                      'f': history.FLOAT}
-            assert typeof[self.jitcode._resulttypes[self.pc]] == got_type
+        # XXX disabled for now, conflicts with str_guard_value
+        #if not we_are_translated():
+        #    typeof = {'i': history.INT,
+        #              'r': history.REF,
+        #              'f': history.FLOAT}
+        #    assert typeof[self.jitcode._resulttypes[self.pc]] == got_type
         target_index = ord(self.bytecode[self.pc-1])
         if got_type == history.INT:
             self.registers_i[target_index] = resultbox
@@ -219,6 +222,7 @@
                     'cast_float_to_int', 'cast_int_to_float',
                     'cast_float_to_singlefloat', 'cast_singlefloat_to_float',
                     'float_neg', 'float_abs',
+                    'cast_ptr_to_int', 'cast_int_to_ptr',
                     ]:
         exec py.code.Source('''
             @arguments("box")
@@ -895,6 +899,21 @@
     def _opimpl_guard_value(self, orgpc, box):
         self.implement_guard_value(orgpc, box)
 
+    @arguments("orgpc", "box", "box", "descr")
+    def opimpl_str_guard_value(self, orgpc, box, funcbox, descr):
+        if isinstance(box, Const):
+            return box     # no promotion needed, already a Const
+        else:
+            constbox = box.constbox()
+            resbox = self.do_residual_call(funcbox, descr, [box, constbox])
+            promoted_box = resbox.constbox()
+            # This is GUARD_VALUE because GUARD_TRUE assumes the existance
+            # of a label when computing resumepc
+            self.generate_guard(rop.GUARD_VALUE, resbox, [promoted_box],
+                                resumepc=orgpc)
+            self.metainterp.replace_box(box, constbox)
+            return constbox
+
     opimpl_int_guard_value = _opimpl_guard_value
     opimpl_ref_guard_value = _opimpl_guard_value
     opimpl_float_guard_value = _opimpl_guard_value
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/quasiimmut.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/quasiimmut.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/quasiimmut.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/quasiimmut.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, rclass
 from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import cast_base_ptr_to_instance
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.history import AbstractDescr
+from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
 
 
 def get_mutate_field_name(fieldname):
@@ -50,13 +51,13 @@
 
 class QuasiImmut(object):
     llopaque = True
+    compress_limit = 30
     
     def __init__(self, cpu):
         self.cpu = cpu
         # list of weakrefs to the LoopTokens that must be invalidated if
         # this value ever changes
         self.looptokens_wrefs = []
-        self.compress_limit = 30
 
     def hide(self):
         qmut_ptr = self.cpu.ts.cast_instance_to_base_ref(self)
@@ -75,6 +76,8 @@
     def compress_looptokens_list(self):
         self.looptokens_wrefs = [wref for wref in self.looptokens_wrefs
                                       if wref() is not None]
+        # NB. we must keep around the looptoken_wrefs that are
+        # already invalidated; see below
         self.compress_limit = (len(self.looptokens_wrefs) + 15) * 2
 
     def invalidate(self):
@@ -86,7 +89,16 @@
         for wref in wrefs:
             looptoken = wref()
             if looptoken is not None:
+                looptoken.invalidated = True
                 self.cpu.invalidate_loop(looptoken)
+                # NB. we must call cpu.invalidate_loop() even if
+                # looptoken.invalidated was already set to True.
+                # It's possible to invalidate several times the
+                # same looptoken; see comments in jit.backend.model
+                # in invalidate_loop().
+                if not we_are_translated():
+                    self.cpu.stats.invalidated_token_numbers.add(
+                        looptoken.number)
 
 
 class QuasiImmutDescr(AbstractDescr):
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
@@ -221,7 +221,6 @@
         newop.setfailargs(self.getfailargs())
         return newop
 
-
 # ============
 # arity mixins
 # ============
@@ -434,6 +433,8 @@
     'INT_INVERT/1',
     #
     'SAME_AS/1',      # gets a Const or a Box, turns it into another Box
+    'CAST_PTR_TO_INT/1',
+    'CAST_INT_TO_PTR/1',
     #
     'PTR_EQ/2b',
     'PTR_NE/2b',
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from pypy.rlib.jit import (JitDriver, we_are_jitted, hint, dont_look_inside,
     loop_invariant, elidable, promote, jit_debug, assert_green,
     AssertGreenFailed, unroll_safe, current_trace_length, look_inside_iff,
-    isconstant, isvirtual)
+    isconstant, isvirtual, promote_string)
 from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import ovfcheck
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory, rffi
 from pypy.rpython.ootypesystem import ootype
@@ -2956,6 +2956,18 @@
         assert res == f(32)
         self.check_loops(arraylen_gc=2)
 
+    def test_ulonglong_mod(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ['n', 'sa', 'i'])
+        def f(n):
+            sa = i = rffi.cast(rffi.ULONGLONG, 1)
+            while i < rffi.cast(rffi.ULONGLONG, n):
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(sa=sa, n=n, i=i)
+                sa += sa % i
+                i += 1
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [32])
+        assert res == f(32)
+
+
 class TestOOtype(BasicTests, OOJitMixin):
 
     def test_oohash(self):
@@ -3408,6 +3420,106 @@
         assert res == main(1, 10)
         self.check_loops(call=0)
 
+    def test_setarrayitem_followed_by_arraycopy(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ['n', 'sa', 'x', 'y'])
+        def f(n):
+            sa = 0
+            x = [1,2,n]
+            y = [1,2,3]
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(sa=sa, n=n, x=x, y=y)
+                y[0] = n
+                x[0:3] = y
+                sa += x[0]
+                n -= 1
+            return sa
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [16])
+        assert res == f(16)
+        
+
 
 class TestLLtype(BaseLLtypeTests, LLJitMixin):
-    pass
+    def test_tagged(self):
+        from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import UnboxedValue
+        class Base(object):
+            __slots__ = ()
+
+        class Int(UnboxedValue, Base):
+            __slots__ = ["a"]
+
+            def is_pos(self):
+                return self.a > 0
+
+            def dec(self):
+                return Int(self.a - 1)
+
+
+        class Float(Base):
+            def __init__(self, a):
+                self.a = a
+
+            def is_pos(self):
+                return self.a > 0
+
+            def dec(self):
+                return Float(self.a - 1)
+
+        driver = JitDriver(greens=['pc', 's'], reds=['o'])
+
+        def main(fl, n, s):
+            if s:
+                s = "--j"
+            else:
+                s = "---j"
+            if fl:
+                o = Float(float(n))
+            else:
+                o = Int(n)
+            pc = 0
+            while True:
+                driver.jit_merge_point(s=s, pc=pc, o=o)
+                c = s[pc]
+                if c == "j":
+                    driver.can_enter_jit(s=s, pc=pc, o=o)
+                    if o.is_pos():
+                        pc = 0
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        break
+                elif c == "-":
+                    o = o.dec()
+                pc += 1
+            return pc
+        res = self.meta_interp(main, [False, 100, True], taggedpointers=True)
+
+    def test_rerased(self):
+        from pypy.rlib.rerased import erase_int, unerase_int, new_erasing_pair
+        eraseX, uneraseX = new_erasing_pair("X")
+        #
+        class X:
+            def __init__(self, a, b):
+                self.a = a
+                self.b = b
+        #
+        def f(i, j):
+            # 'j' should be 0 or 1, not other values
+            if j > 0:
+                e = eraseX(X(i, j))
+            else:
+                try:
+                    e = erase_int(i)
+                except OverflowError:
+                    return -42
+            if j & 1:
+                x = uneraseX(e)
+                return x.a - x.b
+            else:
+                return unerase_int(e)
+        #
+        x = self.interp_operations(f, [-128, 0], taggedpointers=True)
+        assert x == -128
+        bigint = sys.maxint//2 + 1
+        x = self.interp_operations(f, [bigint, 0], taggedpointers=True)
+        assert x == -42
+        x = self.interp_operations(f, [1000, 1], taggedpointers=True)
+        assert x == 999
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
@@ -355,6 +355,14 @@
         assert not h.is_unescaped(box1)
         assert not h.is_unescaped(box2)
 
+    def test_circular_virtuals(self):
+        h = HeapCache()
+        h.new(box1)
+        h.new(box2)
+        h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETFIELD_GC, None, [box1, box2])
+        h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETFIELD_GC, None, [box2, box1])
+        h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETFIELD_GC, None, [box3, box1]) # does not crash
+
     def test_unescaped_array(self):
         h = HeapCache()
         h.new_array(box1, lengthbox1)
@@ -362,4 +370,4 @@
         h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, None, [box1, index1, box2])
         assert h.is_unescaped(box1)
         h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, None, [box2, index1, box1])
-        assert not h.is_unescaped(box1)
\ No newline at end of file
+        assert not h.is_unescaped(box1)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_longlong.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_longlong.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_longlong.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_longlong.py
@@ -118,6 +118,26 @@
         res = self.interp_operations(f, [1000000000])
         assert res == 123500000000.0
 
+    def test_floats_negative(self):
+        def f(i):
+            # i == 1000000000
+            f = i * -123.5
+            n = r_longlong(f)
+            compare(n, -29, 1054051584)
+            return float(n)
+        res = self.interp_operations(f, [1000000000])
+        assert res == -123500000000.0
+
+    def test_floats_ulonglong(self):
+        def f(i):
+            # i == 1000000000
+            f = i * 12350000000.0
+            n = r_ulonglong(f)
+            compare(n, -1419508847, 538116096)
+            return float(n)
+        res = self.interp_operations(f, [1000000000])
+        assert res == 12350000000000000000.0
+
     def test_unsigned_compare_ops(self):
         def f(n1, n2):
             # n == 30002000000000
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_memmgr.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_memmgr.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_memmgr.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_memmgr.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 class FakeLoopToken:
     generation = 0
+    invalidated = False
 
 
 class _TestMemoryManager:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_quasiimmut.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_quasiimmut.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_quasiimmut.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_quasiimmut.py
@@ -48,6 +48,13 @@
 
 class QuasiImmutTests(object):
 
+    def setup_method(self, meth):
+        self.prev_compress_limit = QuasiImmut.compress_limit
+        QuasiImmut.compress_limit = 1
+
+    def teardown_method(self, meth):
+        QuasiImmut.compress_limit = self.prev_compress_limit
+
     def test_simple_1(self):
         myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens=['foo'], reds=['x', 'total'])
         class Foo:
@@ -289,7 +296,7 @@
             return total
 
         res = self.meta_interp(main, [])
-        self.check_loop_count(9)
+        self.check_tree_loop_count(6)
         assert res == main()
 
     def test_change_during_running(self):
@@ -317,7 +324,7 @@
         assert f(100, 15) == 3009
         res = self.meta_interp(f, [100, 15])
         assert res == 3009
-        self.check_loops(guard_not_invalidated=2, getfield_gc=0,
+        self.check_loops(guard_not_invalidated=4, getfield_gc=0,
                          call_may_force=0, guard_not_forced=0)
 
     def test_list_simple_1(self):
@@ -453,10 +460,30 @@
         assert f(100, 15) == 3009
         res = self.meta_interp(f, [100, 15])
         assert res == 3009
-        self.check_loops(guard_not_invalidated=2, getfield_gc=0,
+        self.check_loops(guard_not_invalidated=4, getfield_gc=0,
                          getarrayitem_gc=0, getarrayitem_gc_pure=0,
                          call_may_force=0, guard_not_forced=0)
 
+    def test_invalidated_loop_is_not_used_any_more_as_target(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens=['foo'], reds=['x'])
+        class Foo:
+            _immutable_fields_ = ['step?']
+        @dont_look_inside
+        def residual(x, foo):
+            if x == 20:
+                foo.step = 1
+        def f(x):
+            foo = Foo()
+            foo.step = 2
+            while x > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(foo=foo, x=x)
+                residual(x, foo)
+                x -= foo.step
+            return foo.step
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [60])
+        assert res == 1
+        self.check_tree_loop_count(4)   # at least not 2 like before
+
 
 class TestLLtypeGreenFieldsTests(QuasiImmutTests, LLJitMixin):
     pass
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_resume.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_resume.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_resume.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_resume.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import with_statement
 import py
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory, rffi
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt.optimizer import OptValue
@@ -180,22 +181,27 @@
     reader.consume_boxes(info, bi, br, bf)
     b1s = reader.liveboxes[0]
     b2s = reader.liveboxes[1]
-    assert bi == [b1s, ConstInt(111), b1s]
-    assert br == [ConstPtr(gcrefnull), b2s]
+    assert_same(bi, [b1s, ConstInt(111), b1s])
+    assert_same(br, [ConstPtr(gcrefnull), b2s])
     bi, br, bf = [None]*2, [None]*0, [None]*0
     info = MyBlackholeInterp([lltype.Signed,
                               lltype.Signed]).get_current_position_info()
     reader.consume_boxes(info, bi, br, bf)
-    assert bi == [ConstInt(222), ConstInt(333)]
+    assert_same(bi, [ConstInt(222), ConstInt(333)])
     bi, br, bf = [None]*2, [None]*1, [None]*0
     info = MyBlackholeInterp([lltype.Signed, llmemory.GCREF,
                               lltype.Signed]).get_current_position_info()
     reader.consume_boxes(info, bi, br, bf)
     b3s = reader.liveboxes[2]
-    assert bi == [b1s, b3s]
-    assert br == [b2s]
+    assert_same(bi, [b1s, b3s])
+    assert_same(br, [b2s])
     #
 
+def assert_same(list1, list2):
+    assert len(list1) == len(list2)
+    for b1, b2 in zip(list1, list2):
+        assert b1.same_box(b2)
+
 def test_simple_read_tagged_ints():
     storage = Storage()
     storage.rd_consts = []
@@ -576,8 +582,9 @@
 
 
 class FakeOptimizer_VirtualValue(object):
-    class cpu:
-        pass
+    class optimizer:
+        class cpu:
+            pass
 fakeoptimizer = FakeOptimizer_VirtualValue()
 
 def ConstAddr(addr, cpu):   # compatibility
@@ -1022,11 +1029,11 @@
     metainterp = MyMetaInterp()
     reader = ResumeDataFakeReader(storage, newboxes, metainterp)
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
-    assert lst == [b1t, b1t, b3t]
+    assert_same(lst, [b1t, b1t, b3t])
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
-    assert lst == [ConstInt(2), ConstInt(3)]
+    assert_same(lst, [ConstInt(2), ConstInt(3)])
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
-    assert lst == [b1t, ConstInt(1), b1t, b1t]
+    assert_same(lst, [b1t, ConstInt(1), b1t, b1t])
     assert metainterp.trace == []    
 
 
@@ -1043,11 +1050,11 @@
     reader = ResumeDataFakeReader(storage, newboxes, metainterp)
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
     c1t = ConstInt(111)
-    assert lst == [c1t, b2t, b3t]
+    assert_same(lst, [c1t, b2t, b3t])
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
-    assert lst == [ConstInt(2), ConstInt(3)]
+    assert_same(lst, [ConstInt(2), ConstInt(3)])
     lst = reader.consume_boxes()
-    assert lst == [c1t, ConstInt(1), c1t, b2t]
+    assert_same(lst, [c1t, ConstInt(1), c1t, b2t])
     assert metainterp.trace == []
 
 
@@ -1113,9 +1120,11 @@
     # check that we get the operations in 'expected', in a possibly different
     # order.
     assert len(trace) == len(expected)
-    for x in trace:
-        assert x in expected
-        expected.remove(x)
+    with CompareableConsts():
+        for x in trace:
+            assert x in expected
+            expected.remove(x)
+
     ptr = b2t.value._obj.container._as_ptr()
     assert lltype.typeOf(ptr) == lltype.Ptr(LLtypeMixin.NODE)
     assert ptr.value == 111
@@ -1125,6 +1134,18 @@
     assert ptr2.parent.value == 33
     assert ptr2.parent.next == ptr
 
+class CompareableConsts(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.oldeq = None
+        
+    def __enter__(self):
+        assert self.oldeq is None
+        self.oldeq = Const.__eq__
+        Const.__eq__ = Const.same_box
+        
+    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
+        Const.__eq__ = self.oldeq
+
 def test_virtual_adder_make_varray():
     b2s, b4s = [BoxPtr(), BoxInt(4)]
     c1s = ConstInt(111)
@@ -1135,12 +1156,7 @@
     modifier.liveboxes = {}
     modifier.vfieldboxes = {}
 
-    class FakeOptimizer(object):
-        class cpu:
-            pass
-        def new_const_item(self, descr):
-            return None
-    v2 = VArrayValue(FakeOptimizer(), LLtypeMixin.arraydescr, 2, b2s)
+    v2 = VArrayValue(LLtypeMixin.arraydescr, None, 2, b2s)
     v2._items = [b4s, c1s]
     modifier.register_virtual_fields(b2s, [b4s, c1s])
     liveboxes = []
@@ -1167,8 +1183,9 @@
         (rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [b2t,ConstInt(1), c1s], None,
                               LLtypeMixin.arraydescr),
         ]
-    for x, y in zip(expected, trace):
-        assert x == y
+    with CompareableConsts():
+        for x, y in zip(expected, trace):
+            assert x == y
     #
     ptr = b2t.value._obj.container._as_ptr()
     assert lltype.typeOf(ptr) == lltype.Ptr(lltype.GcArray(lltype.Signed))
@@ -1211,8 +1228,9 @@
         (rop.SETFIELD_GC, [b2t, c1s],  None, LLtypeMixin.adescr),
         (rop.SETFIELD_GC, [b2t, b4t], None, LLtypeMixin.bdescr),
         ]
-    for x, y in zip(expected, trace):
-        assert x == y
+    with CompareableConsts():
+        for x, y in zip(expected, trace):
+            assert x == y
     #
     ptr = b2t.value._obj.container._as_ptr()
     assert lltype.typeOf(ptr) == lltype.Ptr(LLtypeMixin.S)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_string.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_string.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_string.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_string.py
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 from pypy.jit.codewriter.policy import StopAtXPolicy
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.support import LLJitMixin, OOJitMixin
 from pypy.rlib.debug import debug_print
-from pypy.rlib.jit import JitDriver, dont_look_inside, we_are_jitted
+from pypy.rlib.jit import JitDriver, dont_look_inside, we_are_jitted,\
+     promote_string
 from pypy.rlib.rstring import StringBuilder
 from pypy.rpython.ootypesystem import ootype
 
@@ -484,6 +485,42 @@
             return len(sa.val)
         assert self.meta_interp(f, ['a']) == f('a')
 
+    def test_string_comepare_quasiimmutable(self):
+        class Sys(object):
+            _immutable_fields_ = ["defaultencoding?"]
+            def __init__(self, s):
+                self.defaultencoding = s
+        _str = self._str
+        sys = Sys(_str('ascii'))        
+        mydriver = JitDriver(reds = ['n', 'sa'], greens = [])
+        def f(n):
+            sa = 0
+            sys.defaultencoding = _str('ascii')
+            while n:
+                mydriver.jit_merge_point(n=n, sa=sa)
+                if sys.defaultencoding == _str('ascii'):
+                    sa += 1
+                n -= 1
+            sys.defaultencoding = _str('utf-8')
+            return sa
+        assert self.meta_interp(f, [8]) == f(8)
+        self.check_loops({'int_add': 1, 'guard_true': 1, 'int_sub': 1,
+                          'jump': 1, 'int_is_true': 1,
+                          'guard_not_invalidated': 1})
+
+    def test_promote_string(self):
+        driver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ['n'])
+        
+        def f(n):
+            while n < 21:
+                driver.jit_merge_point(n=n)
+                promote_string(str(n % 3))
+                n += 1
+            return 0
+
+        self.meta_interp(f, [0])
+        self.check_loops(call=3 + 1) # one for int2str
+
 #class TestOOtype(StringTests, OOJitMixin):
 #    CALL = "oosend"
 #    CALL_PURE = "oosend_pure"
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualref.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualref.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualref.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualref.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from pypy.rpython.llinterp import LLException
 from pypy.rlib.jit import JitDriver, dont_look_inside, vref_None
 from pypy.rlib.jit import virtual_ref, virtual_ref_finish, InvalidVirtualRef
+from pypy.rlib.jit import non_virtual_ref
 from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import compute_unique_id
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.support import LLJitMixin, OOJitMixin, _get_jitcodes
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import rop
@@ -595,6 +596,65 @@
         res = self.meta_interp(fn, [10])
         assert res == 6
 
+    def test_is_virtual(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens=[], reds=['n', 'res1'])
+        class X:
+            pass
+        @dont_look_inside
+        def residual(vref):
+            return vref.virtual
+        #
+        def f(n):
+            res1 = -42
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n, res1=res1)
+                x = X()
+                vref = virtual_ref(x)
+                res1 = residual(vref)
+                virtual_ref_finish(vref, x)
+                n -= 1
+            return res1
+        #
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 1
+
+    def test_is_not_virtual_none(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens=[], reds=['n', 'res1'])
+        @dont_look_inside
+        def residual(vref):
+            return vref.virtual
+        #
+        def f(n):
+            res1 = -42
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n, res1=res1)
+                res1 = residual(vref_None)
+                n -= 1
+            return res1
+        #
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 0
+
+    def test_is_not_virtual_non_none(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens=[], reds=['n', 'res1'])
+        class X:
+            pass
+        @dont_look_inside
+        def residual(vref):
+            return vref.virtual
+        #
+        def f(n):
+            res1 = -42
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n, res1=res1)
+                x = X()
+                res1 = residual(non_virtual_ref(x))
+                n -= 1
+            return res1
+        #
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 0
+
 
 class TestLLtype(VRefTests, LLJitMixin):
     pass
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualstate.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualstate.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualstate.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_virtualstate.py
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
         
 
 class BaseTestBridges(BaseTest):
-    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:heap:unroll"
+    enable_opts = "intbounds:rewrite:virtualize:string:pure:heap:unroll"
 
     def _do_optimize_bridge(self, bridge, call_pure_results):
         from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt import optimize_bridge_1, build_opt_chain
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/virtualref.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/virtualref.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/virtualref.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/virtualref.py
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
     def replace_force_virtual_with_call(self, graphs):
         # similar to rvirtualizable2.replace_force_virtualizable_with_call().
         c_force_virtual_ptr = None
+        c_is_virtual_ptr = None
         force_virtual_count = 0
         for graph in graphs:
             for block in graph.iterblocks():
@@ -52,6 +53,13 @@
                         op.opname = 'direct_call'
                         op.args = [c_force_virtual_ptr, op.args[0]]
                         force_virtual_count += 1
+                    #
+                    if op.opname == 'jit_is_virtual':
+                        if c_is_virtual_ptr is None:
+                            c_is_virtual_ptr = self.get_is_virtual_fnptr()
+                        #
+                        op.opname = 'direct_call'
+                        op.args = [c_is_virtual_ptr, op.args[0]]
         #
         if c_force_virtual_ptr is not None:
             log("replaced %d 'jit_force_virtual' with %r" % (force_virtual_count,
@@ -129,6 +137,17 @@
             force_virtual_if_necessary)
         return inputconst(lltype.typeOf(funcptr), funcptr)
 
+    def get_is_virtual_fnptr(self):
+        #
+        def is_virtual(inst):
+            if not inst:
+                return False
+            return inst.typeptr == self.jit_virtual_ref_vtable
+        #
+        FUNC = lltype.FuncType([rclass.OBJECTPTR], lltype.Bool)
+        funcptr = self.warmrunnerdesc.helper_func(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), is_virtual)
+        return inputconst(lltype.typeOf(funcptr), funcptr)
+
     def force_virtual(self, inst):
         vref = lltype.cast_pointer(lltype.Ptr(self.JIT_VIRTUAL_REF), inst)
         token = vref.virtual_token
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
         extraconfigopts = {'translation.list_comprehension_operations': True}
     else:
         extraconfigopts = {}
+    if kwds.pop("taggedpointers", False):
+        extraconfigopts["translation.taggedpointers"] = True
     interp, graph = get_interpreter(function, args,
                                     backendopt=False,  # will be done below
                                     type_system=type_system,
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmstate.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmstate.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmstate.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmstate.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
         if self.compiled_merge_points_wref is not None:
             for wref in self.compiled_merge_points_wref:
                 looptoken = wref()
-                if looptoken is not None:
+                if looptoken is not None and not looptoken.invalidated:
                     result.append(looptoken)
         return result
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/__init__.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/__init__.py
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
         'any'           : 'app_functional.any',
         'all'           : 'app_functional.all',
         'sum'           : 'app_functional.sum',
+        'map'           : 'app_functional.map',
+        'reduce'        : 'app_functional.reduce',
+        'filter'        : 'app_functional.filter',
+        'zip'           : 'app_functional.zip',
         'vars'          : 'app_inspect.vars',
         'dir'           : 'app_inspect.dir',
 
@@ -86,11 +90,7 @@
         'enumerate'     : 'functional.W_Enumerate',
         'min'           : 'functional.min',
         'max'           : 'functional.max',
-        'map'           : 'functional.map',
-        'zip'           : 'functional.zip',
-        'reduce'        : 'functional.reduce',
         'reversed'      : 'functional.reversed',
-        'filter'        : 'functional.filter',
         'super'         : 'descriptor.W_Super',
         'staticmethod'  : 'descriptor.StaticMethod',
         'classmethod'   : 'descriptor.ClassMethod',
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
            builtin = space.interpclass_w(w_builtin)
            if isinstance(builtin, module.Module):
                return builtin
-       # no builtin! make a default one.  Given them None, at least.
+       # no builtin! make a default one.  Give them None, at least.
        builtin = module.Module(space, None)
        space.setitem(builtin.w_dict, space.wrap('None'), space.w_None)
        return builtin
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_functional.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_functional.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_functional.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_functional.py
@@ -48,4 +48,135 @@
         # Very intentionally *not* +=, that would have different semantics if
         # start was a mutable type, such as a list
         last = last + x
-    return last
\ No newline at end of file
+    return last
+
+def map(func, *collections):
+    """map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list
+
+Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of
+the argument sequence(s).  If more than one sequence is given, the
+function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding
+item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all
+sequences have the same length.  If the function is None, return a list of
+the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence)."""
+    if not collections:
+        raise TypeError("map() requires at least two arguments")
+    num_collections = len(collections)
+    none_func = func is None
+    if num_collections == 1:
+        if none_func:
+            return list(collections[0])
+        else:
+            # Special case for the really common case of a single collection,
+            # this can be eliminated if we could unroll that loop that creates
+            # `args` based on whether or not len(collections) was constant
+            result = []
+            for item in collections[0]:
+                result.append(func(item))
+            return result
+    result = []
+    # Pair of (iterator, has_finished)
+    iterators = [(iter(seq), False) for seq in collections]
+    while True:
+        cont = False
+        args = []
+        for idx, (iterator, has_finished) in enumerate(iterators):
+            val = None
+            if not has_finished:
+                try:
+                    val = next(iterator)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    iterators[idx] = (None, True)
+                else:
+                    cont = True
+            args.append(val)
+        args = tuple(args)
+        if cont:
+            if none_func:
+                result.append(args)
+            else:
+                result.append(func(*args))
+        else:
+            return result
+
+sentinel = object()
+
+def reduce(func, sequence, initial=sentinel):
+    """reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value
+
+Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence,
+from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value.
+For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates
+((((1+2)+3)+4)+5).  If initial is present, it is placed before the items
+of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the
+sequence is empty."""
+    iterator = iter(sequence)
+    if initial is sentinel:
+        try:
+            initial = next(iterator)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise TypeError("reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value")
+    result = initial
+    for item in iterator:
+        result = func(result, item)
+    return result
+
+def filter(func, seq):
+    """filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string
+
+Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true.  If
+function is None, return the items that are true.  If sequence is a tuple
+or string, return the same type, else return a list."""
+    if func is None:
+        func = bool
+    if isinstance(seq, str):
+        return _filter_string(func, seq, str)
+    elif isinstance(seq, unicode):
+        return _filter_string(func, seq, unicode)
+    elif isinstance(seq, tuple):
+        return _filter_tuple(func, seq)
+    result = []
+    for item in seq:
+        if func(item):
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+def _filter_string(func, string, str_type):
+    if func is bool and type(string) is str_type:
+        return string
+    result = []
+    for i in range(len(string)):
+        # You must call __getitem__ on the strings, simply iterating doesn't
+        # work :/
+        item = string[i]
+        if func(item):
+            if not isinstance(item, str_type):
+                raise TypeError("__getitem__ returned a non-string type")
+            result.append(item)
+    return str_type().join(result)
+
+def _filter_tuple(func, seq):
+    result = []
+    for i in range(len(seq)):
+        # Again, must call __getitem__, at least there are tests.
+        item = seq[i]
+        if func(item):
+            result.append(item)
+    return tuple(result)
+
+def zip(*sequences):
+    """zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)]
+
+Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element
+from each of the argument sequences.  The returned list is truncated
+in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence."""
+    if not sequences:
+        return []
+    result = []
+    iterators = [iter(seq) for seq in sequences]
+    while True:
+        try:
+            items = [next(it) for it in iterators]
+        except StopIteration:
+            return result
+        result.append(tuple(items))
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py
@@ -27,7 +27,20 @@
     co = compile(source.rstrip()+"\n", filename, 'exec')
     exec co in glob, loc
 
-def raw_input(prompt=None):
+def _write_prompt(stdout, prompt):
+    print >> stdout, prompt,
+    try:
+        flush = stdout.flush
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        flush()
+    try:
+        stdout.softspace = 0
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+def raw_input(prompt=''):
     """raw_input([prompt]) -> string
 
 Read a string from standard input.  The trailing newline is stripped.
@@ -47,18 +60,10 @@
     if (hasattr(sys, '__raw_input__') and
         isinstance(stdin, file)  and stdin.fileno() == 0 and stdin.isatty() and
         isinstance(stdout, file) and stdout.fileno() == 1):
-        if prompt is None:
-            prompt = ''
-        return sys.__raw_input__(prompt)
+        _write_prompt(stdout, '')
+        return sys.__raw_input__(str(prompt))
 
-    if prompt is not None:
-        stdout.write(prompt)
-        try:
-            flush = stdout.flush
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            flush()
+    _write_prompt(stdout, prompt)
     line = stdin.readline()
     if not line:    # inputting an empty line gives line == '\n'
         raise EOFError
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/compiling.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/compiling.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/compiling.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/compiling.py
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@
         raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError,
               w('eval() arg 1 must be a string or code object'))
 
-    caller = space.getexecutioncontext().gettopframe_nohidden()
     if space.is_w(w_globals, space.w_None):
+        caller = space.getexecutioncontext().gettopframe_nohidden()
         if caller is None:
             w_globals = space.newdict()
             if space.is_w(w_locals, space.w_None):
@@ -97,13 +97,9 @@
     elif space.is_w(w_locals, space.w_None):
         w_locals = w_globals
 
-    try:
-        space.getitem(w_globals, space.wrap('__builtins__'))
-    except OperationError, e:
-        if not e.match(space, space.w_KeyError):
-            raise
-        if caller is not None:
-            w_builtin = space.builtin.pick_builtin(caller.w_globals)
-            space.setitem(w_globals, space.wrap('__builtins__'), w_builtin)
+    # xxx removed: adding '__builtins__' to the w_globals dict, if there
+    # is none.  This logic was removed as costly (it requires to get at
+    # the gettopframe_nohidden()).  I bet no test fails, and it's a really
+    # obscure case.
 
     return codeobj.exec_code(space, w_globals, w_locals)
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/functional.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/functional.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/functional.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/functional.py
@@ -193,229 +193,14 @@
     return min_max(space, __args__, "max")
 
 def min(space, __args__):
-    """Return the smallest item in a sequence.
+    """min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
+    min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
 
-    If more than one argument is passed, return the minimum of them.
+    With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item.
+    With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
     """
     return min_max(space, __args__, "min")
 
- at unwrap_spec(collections_w="args_w")
-def map(space, w_func, collections_w):
-    """does 3 separate things, hence this enormous docstring.
-       1.  if function is None, return a list of tuples, each with one
-           item from each collection.  If the collections have different
-           lengths,  shorter ones are padded with None.
-
-       2.  if function is not None, and there is only one collection,
-           apply function to every item in the collection and return a
-           list of the results.
-
-       3.  if function is not None, and there are several collections,
-           repeatedly call the function with one argument from each
-           collection.  If the collections have different lengths,
-           shorter ones are padded with None
-    """
-    if not collections_w:
-        msg = "map() requires at least two arguments"
-        raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(msg))
-    none_func = space.is_w(w_func, space.w_None)
-    if len(collections_w) == 1:
-        w_collection = collections_w[0]
-        if none_func:
-            result_w = space.unpackiterable(w_collection)
-        else:
-            result_w = map_single_collection(space, w_func, w_collection)
-    else:
-        result_w = map_multiple_collections(space, w_func, collections_w,
-                                            none_func)
-    return space.newlist(result_w)
-
-def map_single_collection(space, w_func, w_collection):
-    """Special case for 'map(func, coll)', where 'func' is not None and there
-    is only one 'coll' argument."""
-    w_iter = space.iter(w_collection)
-    # xxx special hacks for speed
-    from pypy.interpreter import function, pycode
-    if isinstance(w_func, function.Function):
-        # xxx compatibility issue: what if func_code is modified in the
-        # middle of running map()??  That's far too obscure for me to care...
-        code = w_func.getcode()
-        fast_natural_arity = code.fast_natural_arity
-        if fast_natural_arity == (1|pycode.PyCode.FLATPYCALL):
-            assert isinstance(code, pycode.PyCode)
-            return map_single_user_function(code, w_func, w_iter)
-    # /xxx end of special hacks
-    return map_single_other_callable(space, w_func, w_iter)
-
-def map_single_other_callable(space, w_func, w_iter):
-    result_w = []
-    while True:
-        try:
-            w_item = space.next(w_iter)
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                raise
-            break
-        result_w.append(space.call_function(w_func, w_item))
-    return result_w
-map_single_other_callable._dont_inline_ = True
-
-from pypy.rlib.jit import JitDriver
-mapjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = ['code'],
-                         reds = ['w_func', 'w_iter', 'result_w'])
-def map_single_user_function(code, w_func, w_iter):
-    result_w = []
-    while True:
-        mapjitdriver.can_enter_jit(code=code, w_func=w_func,
-                                   w_iter=w_iter, result_w=result_w)
-        mapjitdriver.jit_merge_point(code=code, w_func=w_func,
-                                     w_iter=w_iter, result_w=result_w)
-        space = w_func.space
-        try:
-            w_item = space.next(w_iter)
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                raise
-            break
-        new_frame = space.createframe(code, w_func.w_func_globals,
-                                      w_func)
-        new_frame.locals_stack_w[0] = w_item
-        w_res = new_frame.run()
-        result_w.append(w_res)
-    return result_w
-
-def map_multiple_collections(space, w_func, collections_w, none_func):
-    result_w = []
-    iterators_w = [space.iter(w_seq) for w_seq in collections_w]
-    num_iterators = len(iterators_w)
-    while True:
-        cont = False
-        args_w = [space.w_None] * num_iterators
-        for i in range(num_iterators):
-            if iterators_w[i] is not None:
-                try:
-                    args_w[i] = space.next(iterators_w[i])
-                except OperationError, e:
-                    if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                        raise
-                    iterators_w[i] = None
-                else:
-                    cont = True
-        if not cont:
-            break
-        w_args = space.newtuple(args_w)
-        if none_func:
-            w_res = w_args
-        else:
-            w_res = space.call(w_func, w_args)
-        result_w.append(w_res)
-    return result_w
-
- at unwrap_spec(sequences_w="args_w")
-def zip(space, sequences_w):
-    """Return a list of tuples, where the nth tuple contains every nth item of
-    each collection.
-
-    If the collections have different lengths, zip returns a list as long as the
-    shortest collection, ignoring the trailing items in the other collections.
-    """
-    if not sequences_w:
-        return space.newlist([])
-    result_w = []
-    iterators_w = [space.iter(w_seq) for w_seq in sequences_w]
-    while True:
-        try:
-            items_w = [space.next(w_it) for w_it in iterators_w]
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                raise
-            return space.newlist(result_w)
-        result_w.append(space.newtuple(items_w))
-
-def reduce(space, w_func, w_sequence, w_initial=NoneNotWrapped):
-    """ Apply function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of sequence,
-        from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value.
-        Optionally begin with an initial value.
-    """
-    w_iter = space.iter(w_sequence)
-    if w_initial is None:
-        try:
-            w_initial = space.next(w_iter)
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                msg = "reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value"
-                raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(msg))
-            raise
-    w_result = w_initial
-    while True:
-        try:
-            w_next = space.next(w_iter)
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                raise
-            break
-        w_result = space.call_function(w_func, w_result, w_next)
-    return w_result
-
-def filter(space, w_func, w_seq):
-    """construct a list of those elements of collection for which function
-       is True.  If function is None, then return the items in the sequence
-       which are True.
-    """
-    if space.is_true(space.isinstance(w_seq, space.w_str)):
-        return _filter_string(space, w_func, w_seq, space.w_str)
-    if space.is_true(space.isinstance(w_seq, space.w_unicode)):
-        return _filter_string(space, w_func, w_seq, space.w_unicode)
-    if space.is_true(space.isinstance(w_seq, space.w_tuple)):
-        return _filter_tuple(space, w_func, w_seq)
-    w_iter = space.iter(w_seq)
-    result_w = []
-    none_func = space.is_w(w_func, space.w_None)
-    while True:
-        try:
-            w_next = space.next(w_iter)
-        except OperationError, e:
-            if not e.match(space, space.w_StopIteration):
-                raise
-            break
-        if none_func:
-            w_keep = w_next
-        else:
-            w_keep = space.call_function(w_func, w_next)
-        if space.is_true(w_keep):
-            result_w.append(w_next)
-    return space.newlist(result_w)
-
-def _filter_tuple(space, w_func, w_tuple):
-    none_func = space.is_w(w_func, space.w_None)
-    length = space.len_w(w_tuple)
-    result_w = []
-    for i in range(length):
-        w_item = space.getitem(w_tuple, space.wrap(i))
-        if none_func:
-            w_keep = w_item
-        else:
-            w_keep = space.call_function(w_func, w_item)
-        if space.is_true(w_keep):
-            result_w.append(w_item)
-    return space.newtuple(result_w)
-
-def _filter_string(space, w_func, w_string, w_str_type):
-    none_func = space.is_w(w_func, space.w_None)
-    if none_func and space.is_w(space.type(w_string), w_str_type):
-        return w_string
-    length = space.len_w(w_string)
-    result_w = []
-    for i in range(length):
-        w_item = space.getitem(w_string, space.wrap(i))
-        if none_func or space.is_true(space.call_function(w_func, w_item)):
-            if not space.is_true(space.isinstance(w_item, w_str_type)):
-                msg = "__getitem__ returned a non-string type"
-                raise OperationError(space.w_TypeError, space.wrap(msg))
-            result_w.append(w_item)
-    w_empty = space.call_function(w_str_type)
-    return space.call_method(w_empty, "join", space.newlist(result_w))
-
 class W_Enumerate(Wrappable):
 
     def __init__(self, w_iter, w_start):
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_functional.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_functional.py
--- a/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_functional.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_functional.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
        assert list(xrange(A())) == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
        assert list(xrange(0, A())) == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
        assert list(xrange(0, 10, A())) == [0, 5]
- 
+
    def test_xrange_float(self):
       assert list(xrange(0.1, 2.0, 1.1)) == [0, 1]
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_rawinput.py b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_rawinput.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypy/module/__builtin__/test/test_rawinput.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import autopath
+
+
+class AppTestRawInput():
+
+    def test_raw_input(self):
+        import sys, StringIO
+        for prompt, expected in [("def:", "abc/ def:/ghi\n"),
+                                 ("", "abc/ /ghi\n"),
+                                 (42, "abc/ 42/ghi\n"),
+                                 (None, "abc/ None/ghi\n"),
+                                 (Ellipsis, "abc/ /ghi\n")]:
+            save = sys.stdin, sys.stdout
+            try:
+                sys.stdin = StringIO.StringIO("foo\nbar\n")
+                out = sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
+                print "abc",    # softspace = 1
+                out.write('/')
+                if prompt is Ellipsis:
+                    got = raw_input()
+                else:
+                    got = raw_input(prompt)
+                out.write('/')
+                print "ghi"
+            finally:
+                sys.stdin, sys.stdout = save
+            assert out.getvalue() == expected
+            assert got == "foo"
+
+    def test_softspace(self):
+        import sys
+        import StringIO
+        fin = StringIO.StringIO()
+        fout = StringIO.StringIO()
+
+        fin.write("Coconuts\n")
+        fin.seek(0)
+
+        sys_stdin_orig = sys.stdin
+        sys_stdout_orig = sys.stdout
+
+        sys.stdin = fin
+        sys.stdout = fout
+
+        print "test",
+        raw_input("test")
+
+        sys.stdin = sys_stdin_orig
+        sys.stdout = sys_stdout_orig
+
+        fout.seek(0)
+        assert fout.read() == "test test"
+
+    def test_softspace_carryover(self):
+        import sys
+        import StringIO
+        fin = StringIO.StringIO()
+        fout = StringIO.StringIO()
+
+        fin.write("Coconuts\n")
+        fin.seek(0)
+
+        sys_stdin_orig = sys.stdin
+        sys_stdout_orig = sys.stdout
+
+        sys.stdin = fin
+        sys.stdout = fout
+
+        print "test",
+        raw_input("test")
+        print "test",
+
+        sys.stdin = sys_stdin_orig
+        sys.stdout = sys_stdout_orig
+
+        fout.seek(0)
+        assert fout.read() == "test testtest"
diff --git a/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_builders.py b/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_builders.py
--- a/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_builders.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__pypy__/interp_builders.py
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 
         def _check_done(self, space):
             if self.builder is None:
-                raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap("Can't operate on a done builder"))
+                raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
+                        "Can't operate on a built builder"))
 
         @unwrap_spec(size=int)
         def descr__new__(space, w_subtype, size=-1):
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@
         def descr_append_slice(self, space, s, start, end):
             self._check_done(space)
             if not 0 <= start <= end <= len(s):
-                raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap("bad start/stop"))
+                raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
+                        "bad start/stop"))
             self.builder.append_slice(s, start, end)
 
         def descr_build(self, space):
@@ -40,6 +42,12 @@
             self.builder = None
             return w_s
 
+        def descr_len(self, space):
+            if self.builder is None:
+                raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, space.wrap(
+                        "no length of built builder"))
+            return space.wrap(self.builder.getlength())
+
     W_Builder.__name__ = "W_%s" % name
     W_Builder.typedef = TypeDef(name,
         __new__ = interp2app(func_with_new_name(
@@ -48,6 +56,7 @@
         append = interp2app(W_Builder.descr_append),
         append_slice = interp2app(W_Builder.descr_append_slice),
         build = interp2app(W_Builder.descr_build),
+        __len__ = interp2app(W_Builder.descr_len),
     )
     W_Builder.typedef.acceptable_as_base_class = False
     return W_Builder
diff --git a/pypy/module/__pypy__/test/test_builders.py b/pypy/module/__pypy__/test/test_builders.py
--- a/pypy/module/__pypy__/test/test_builders.py
+++ b/pypy/module/__pypy__/test/test_builders.py
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
         b = StringBuilder()
         b.append("abc")
         b.append("123")
+        assert len(b) == 6
         b.append("you and me")
         s = b.build()
+        raises(ValueError, len, b)
         assert s == "abc123you and me"
-        raises(ValueError, b.build)
\ No newline at end of file
+        raises(ValueError, b.build)
diff --git a/pypy/module/_continuation/interp_continuation.py b/pypy/module/_continuation/interp_continuation.py
--- a/pypy/module/_continuation/interp_continuation.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_continuation/interp_continuation.py
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
         #  - normal:      self.sthread != None, not is_empty_handle(self.h)
         #  - finished:    self.sthread != None, is_empty_handle(self.h)
 
+    def __del__(self):
+        sthread = self.sthread
+        if sthread is not None and not sthread.is_empty_handle(self.h):
+            sthread.destroy(self.h)
+
     def check_sthread(self):
         ec = self.space.getexecutioncontext()
         if ec.stacklet_thread is not self.sthread:
@@ -28,6 +33,8 @@
     def descr_init(self, w_callable, __args__):
         if self.sthread is not None:
             raise geterror(self.space, "continulet already __init__ialized")
+        sthread = build_sthread(self.space)
+        workaround_disable_jit(sthread)
         #
         # hackish: build the frame "by hand", passing it the correct arguments
         space = self.space
@@ -41,7 +48,6 @@
         self.bottomframe = bottomframe
         #
         global_state.origin = self
-        sthread = build_sthread(self.space)
         self.sthread = sthread
         h = sthread.new(new_stacklet_callback)
         post_switch(sthread, h)
@@ -71,6 +77,7 @@
                 global_state.clear()
                 raise geterror(self.space, "continulet already finished")
         self.check_sthread()
+        workaround_disable_jit(self.sthread)
         #
         global_state.origin = self
         if to is None:
@@ -259,6 +266,16 @@
         sthread = ec.stacklet_thread = SThread(space, ec)
     return sthread
 
+def workaround_disable_jit(sthread):
+    # A bad workaround to kill the JIT anywhere in this thread.
+    # This forces all the frames.  It's a bad workaround because
+    # it takes O(depth) time, and it will cause some "abort:
+    # vable escape" in the JIT.  The goal is to prevent any frame
+    # from being still virtuals, because the JIT generates code
+    # to un-virtualizable them "on demand" by loading values based
+    # on FORCE_TOKEN, which is an address in the stack.
+    sthread.ec.force_all_frames()
+
 # ____________________________________________________________
 
 def permute(space, args_w):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file.py b/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file.py
--- a/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_file/test/test_file.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import with_statement
-import py
+import py, os, errno
 
 from pypy.conftest import gettestobjspace, option
 
@@ -257,6 +257,39 @@
             assert self.temppath in g.getvalue()
 
 
+class AppTestNonblocking(object):
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        from pypy.module._file.interp_file import W_File
+
+        cls.old_read = os.read
+
+        if option.runappdirect:
+            py.test.skip("works with internals of _file impl on py.py")
+
+        state = [0]
+        def read(fd, n=None):
+            if fd != 42:
+                return cls.old_read(fd, n)
+            if state[0] == 0:
+                state[0] += 1
+                return "xyz"
+            if state[0] < 3:
+                state[0] += 1
+                raise OSError(errno.EAGAIN, "xyz")
+            return ''
+        os.read = read
+        stdin = W_File(cls.space)
+        stdin.file_fdopen(42, "r", 1)
+        stdin.name = '<stdin>'
+        cls.w_stream = stdin
+
+    def teardown_class(cls):
+        os.read = cls.old_read
+
+    def test_nonblocking_file(self):
+        res = self.stream.read()
+        assert res == 'xyz'
+
 class AppTestConcurrency(object):
     # these tests only really make sense on top of a translated pypy-c,
     # because on top of py.py the inner calls to os.write() don't
@@ -374,24 +407,24 @@
         with self.file(self.temppath, 'w') as f:
             f.write('foo')
         assert f.closed
-        
+
         with self.file(self.temppath, 'r') as f:
             s = f.readline()
 
         assert s == "foo"
         assert f.closed
-    
+
     def test_subclass_with(self):
         file = self.file
         class C(file):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 self.subclass_closed = False
                 file.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-            
+
             def close(self):
                 self.subclass_closed = True
                 file.close(self)
-        
+
         with C(self.temppath, 'w') as f:
             pass
         assert f.subclass_closed
diff --git a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_connection.py b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_connection.py
--- a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_connection.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_connection.py
@@ -225,7 +225,9 @@
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
-    def __init__(self, fd, flags):
+    def __init__(self, space, fd, flags):
+        if fd == self.INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE or fd < 0:
+            raise OperationError(space.w_IOError, space.wrap("invalid handle %d" % fd))
         W_BaseConnection.__init__(self, flags)
         self.fd = fd
 
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@
         flags = (readable and READABLE) | (writable and WRITABLE)
 
         self = space.allocate_instance(W_FileConnection, w_subtype)
-        W_FileConnection.__init__(self, fd, flags)
+        W_FileConnection.__init__(self, space, fd, flags)
         return space.wrap(self)
 
     def fileno(self, space):
diff --git a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_semaphore.py b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_semaphore.py
--- a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_semaphore.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/interp_semaphore.py
@@ -468,6 +468,9 @@
 
         self.count -= 1
 
+    def after_fork(self):
+        self.count = 0
+
     @unwrap_spec(kind=int, maxvalue=int)
     def rebuild(space, w_cls, w_handle, kind, maxvalue):
         self = space.allocate_instance(W_SemLock, w_cls)
@@ -512,6 +515,7 @@
     acquire = interp2app(W_SemLock.acquire),
     release = interp2app(W_SemLock.release),
     _rebuild = interp2app(W_SemLock.rebuild.im_func, as_classmethod=True),
+    _after_fork = interp2app(W_SemLock.after_fork),
     __enter__=interp2app(W_SemLock.enter),
     __exit__=interp2app(W_SemLock.exit),
     SEM_VALUE_MAX=SEM_VALUE_MAX,
diff --git a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_connection.py b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_connection.py
--- a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_connection.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_connection.py
@@ -145,3 +145,9 @@
             else:
                 c.close()
         space.delslice(w_connections, space.wrap(0), space.wrap(100))
+
+    def test_bad_fd(self):
+        import _multiprocessing
+
+        raises(IOError, _multiprocessing.Connection, -1)
+        raises(IOError, _multiprocessing.Connection, -15)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_semaphore.py b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_semaphore.py
--- a/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_semaphore.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_multiprocessing/test/test_semaphore.py
@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@
         sem.release()
         assert sem._count() == 0
 
+        sem.acquire()
+        sem._after_fork()
+        assert sem._count() == 0
+
     def test_recursive(self):
         from _multiprocessing import SemLock
         kind = self.RECURSIVE
diff --git a/pypy/module/_sre/interp_sre.py b/pypy/module/_sre/interp_sre.py
--- a/pypy/module/_sre/interp_sre.py
+++ b/pypy/module/_sre/interp_sre.py
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
 # SRE_Pattern class
 
 class W_SRE_Pattern(Wrappable):
+    _immutable_fields_ = ["code", "flags"]
 
     def cannot_copy_w(self):
         space = self.space
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/api.py b/pypy/module/cpyext/api.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/api.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/api.py
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@
         compile_extra=['-DPy_BUILD_CORE'],
         )
 
+class CConfig2:
+    _compilation_info_ = CConfig._compilation_info_
+
 class CConfig_constants:
     _compilation_info_ = CConfig._compilation_info_
 
@@ -300,9 +303,13 @@
         return unwrapper_raise # used in 'normal' RPython code.
     return decorate
 
-def cpython_struct(name, fields, forward=None):
+def cpython_struct(name, fields, forward=None, level=1):
     configname = name.replace(' ', '__')
-    setattr(CConfig, configname, rffi_platform.Struct(name, fields))
+    if level == 1:
+        config = CConfig
+    else:
+        config = CConfig2
+    setattr(config, configname, rffi_platform.Struct(name, fields))
     if forward is None:
         forward = lltype.ForwardReference()
     TYPES[configname] = forward
@@ -445,9 +452,10 @@
 #              'int*': rffi.INTP}
 
 def configure_types():
-    for name, TYPE in rffi_platform.configure(CConfig).iteritems():
-        if name in TYPES:
-            TYPES[name].become(TYPE)
+    for config in (CConfig, CConfig2):
+        for name, TYPE in rffi_platform.configure(config).iteritems():
+            if name in TYPES:
+                TYPES[name].become(TYPE)
 
 def build_type_checkers(type_name, cls=None):
     """
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/include/object.h b/pypy/module/cpyext/include/object.h
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/include/object.h
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/include/object.h
@@ -321,6 +321,15 @@
 
 } PyTypeObject;
 
+typedef struct {
+    PyTypeObject ht_type;
+    PyNumberMethods as_number;
+    PyMappingMethods as_mapping;
+    PySequenceMethods as_sequence;
+    PyBufferProcs as_buffer;
+    PyObject *ht_name, *ht_slots;
+} PyHeapTypeObject;
+
 /* Flag bits for printing: */
 #define Py_PRINT_RAW	1	/* No string quotes etc. */
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/pyobject.py b/pypy/module/cpyext/pyobject.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/pyobject.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/pyobject.py
@@ -19,13 +19,42 @@
     basestruct = PyObject.TO
 
     def get_dealloc(self, space):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        from pypy.module.cpyext.typeobject import subtype_dealloc
+        return llhelper(
+            subtype_dealloc.api_func.functype,
+            subtype_dealloc.api_func.get_wrapper(space))
+
     def allocate(self, space, w_type, itemcount=0):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        # similar to PyType_GenericAlloc?
+        # except that it's not related to any pypy object.
+
+        pytype = rffi.cast(PyTypeObjectPtr, make_ref(space, w_type))
+        # Don't increase refcount for non-heaptypes
+        if pytype:
+            flags = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, pytype.c_tp_flags)
+            if not flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
+                Py_DecRef(space, w_type)
+
+        if pytype:
+            size = pytype.c_tp_basicsize
+        else:
+            size = rffi.sizeof(self.basestruct)
+        if itemcount:
+            size += itemcount * pytype.c_tp_itemsize
+        buf = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDP.TO, size,
+                            flavor='raw', zero=True)
+        pyobj = rffi.cast(PyObject, buf)
+        pyobj.c_ob_refcnt = 1
+        pyobj.c_ob_type = pytype
+        return pyobj
+
     def attach(self, space, pyobj, w_obj):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        pass
+
     def realize(self, space, ref):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        # For most types, a reference cannot exist without
+        # a real interpreter object
+        raise InvalidPointerException(str(ref))
 
 typedescr_cache = {}
 
@@ -40,6 +69,7 @@
     """
 
     tp_basestruct = kw.pop('basestruct', PyObject.TO)
+    tp_alloc      = kw.pop('alloc', None)
     tp_attach     = kw.pop('attach', None)
     tp_realize    = kw.pop('realize', None)
     tp_dealloc    = kw.pop('dealloc', None)
@@ -49,58 +79,24 @@
 
     class CpyTypedescr(BaseCpyTypedescr):
         basestruct = tp_basestruct
-        realize = tp_realize
 
-        def get_dealloc(self, space):
-            if tp_dealloc:
+        if tp_alloc:
+            def allocate(self, space, w_type, itemcount=0):
+                return tp_alloc(space, w_type)
+
+        if tp_dealloc:
+            def get_dealloc(self, space):
                 return llhelper(
                     tp_dealloc.api_func.functype,
                     tp_dealloc.api_func.get_wrapper(space))
-            else:
-                from pypy.module.cpyext.typeobject import subtype_dealloc
-                return llhelper(
-                    subtype_dealloc.api_func.functype,
-                    subtype_dealloc.api_func.get_wrapper(space))
-
-        def allocate(self, space, w_type, itemcount=0):
-            # similar to PyType_GenericAlloc?
-            # except that it's not related to any pypy object.
-
-            pytype = rffi.cast(PyTypeObjectPtr, make_ref(space, w_type))
-            # Don't increase refcount for non-heaptypes
-            if pytype:
-                flags = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, pytype.c_tp_flags)
-                if not flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
-                    Py_DecRef(space, w_type)
-
-            if pytype:
-                size = pytype.c_tp_basicsize
-            else:
-                size = rffi.sizeof(tp_basestruct)
-            if itemcount:
-                size += itemcount * pytype.c_tp_itemsize
-            buf = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDP.TO, size,
-                                flavor='raw', zero=True)
-            pyobj = rffi.cast(PyObject, buf)
-            pyobj.c_ob_refcnt = 1
-            pyobj.c_ob_type = pytype
-            return pyobj
 
         if tp_attach:
             def attach(self, space, pyobj, w_obj):
                 tp_attach(space, pyobj, w_obj)
-        else:
-            def attach(self, space, pyobj, w_obj):
-                pass
 
         if tp_realize:
             def realize(self, space, ref):
                 return tp_realize(space, ref)
-        else:
-            def realize(self, space, ref):
-                # For most types, a reference cannot exist without
-                # a real interpreter object
-                raise InvalidPointerException(str(ref))
     if typedef:
         CpyTypedescr.__name__ = "CpyTypedescr_%s" % (typedef.name,)
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_typeobject.py b/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_typeobject.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_typeobject.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/test/test_typeobject.py
@@ -268,6 +268,21 @@
         assert type(obj) is foo.Custom
         assert type(foo.Custom) is foo.MetaType
 
+    def test_heaptype(self):
+        module = self.import_extension('foo', [
+           ("name_by_heaptype", "METH_O",
+            '''
+                 PyHeapTypeObject *heaptype = (PyHeapTypeObject *)args;
+                 Py_INCREF(heaptype->ht_name);
+                 return heaptype->ht_name;
+             '''
+             )
+            ])
+        class C(object):
+            pass
+        assert module.name_by_heaptype(C) == "C"
+        
+
 class TestTypes(BaseApiTest):
     def test_type_attributes(self, space, api):
         w_class = space.appexec([], """():
diff --git a/pypy/module/cpyext/typeobject.py b/pypy/module/cpyext/typeobject.py
--- a/pypy/module/cpyext/typeobject.py
+++ b/pypy/module/cpyext/typeobject.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     generic_cpy_call, Py_TPFLAGS_READY, Py_TPFLAGS_READYING,
     Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE, METH_VARARGS, METH_KEYWORDS, CANNOT_FAIL,
     Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GETCHARBUFFER,
-    build_type_checkers)
+    build_type_checkers, PyObjectFields)
 from pypy.module.cpyext.pyobject import (
     PyObject, make_ref, create_ref, from_ref, get_typedescr, make_typedescr,
     track_reference, RefcountState, borrow_from)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 from pypy.module.cpyext.structmember import PyMember_GetOne, PyMember_SetOne
 from pypy.module.cpyext.typeobjectdefs import (
     PyTypeObjectPtr, PyTypeObject, PyGetSetDef, PyMemberDef, newfunc,
-    PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods, PyBufferProcs)
+    PyNumberMethods, PyMappingMethods, PySequenceMethods, PyBufferProcs)
 from pypy.module.cpyext.slotdefs import (
     slotdefs_for_tp_slots, slotdefs_for_wrappers, get_slot_tp_function)
 from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError
@@ -39,6 +39,19 @@
 
 PyType_Check, PyType_CheckExact = build_type_checkers("Type", "w_type")
 
+PyHeapTypeObjectStruct = lltype.ForwardReference()
+PyHeapTypeObject = lltype.Ptr(PyHeapTypeObjectStruct)
+PyHeapTypeObjectFields = (
+    ("ht_type", PyTypeObject),
+    ("ht_name", PyObject),
+    ("as_number", PyNumberMethods),
+    ("as_mapping", PyMappingMethods),
+    ("as_sequence", PySequenceMethods),
+    ("as_buffer", PyBufferProcs),
+    )
+cpython_struct("PyHeapTypeObject", PyHeapTypeObjectFields, PyHeapTypeObjectStruct,
+               level=2)
+
 class W_GetSetPropertyEx(GetSetProperty):
     def __init__(self, getset, w_type):
         self.getset = getset
@@ -136,6 +149,8 @@
             assert len(slot_names) == 2
             struct = getattr(pto, slot_names[0])
             if not struct:
+                assert not space.config.translating
+                assert not pto.c_tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
                 if slot_names[0] == 'c_tp_as_number':
                     STRUCT_TYPE = PyNumberMethods
                 elif slot_names[0] == 'c_tp_as_sequence':
@@ -301,6 +316,7 @@
 
     make_typedescr(space.w_type.instancetypedef,
                    basestruct=PyTypeObject,
+                   alloc=type_alloc,
                    attach=type_attach,
                    realize=type_realize,
                    dealloc=type_dealloc)
@@ -319,11 +335,13 @@
     track_reference(space, lltype.nullptr(PyObject.TO), space.w_type)
     track_reference(space, lltype.nullptr(PyObject.TO), space.w_object)
     track_reference(space, lltype.nullptr(PyObject.TO), space.w_tuple)
+    track_reference(space, lltype.nullptr(PyObject.TO), space.w_str)
 
     # create the objects
     py_type = create_ref(space, space.w_type)
     py_object = create_ref(space, space.w_object)
     py_tuple = create_ref(space, space.w_tuple)
+    py_str = create_ref(space, space.w_str)
 
     # form cycles
     pto_type = rffi.cast(PyTypeObjectPtr, py_type)
@@ -340,10 +358,15 @@
     pto_object.c_tp_bases.c_ob_type = pto_tuple
     pto_tuple.c_tp_bases.c_ob_type = pto_tuple
 
+    for typ in (py_type, py_object, py_tuple, py_str):
+        heaptype = rffi.cast(PyHeapTypeObject, typ)
+        heaptype.c_ht_name.c_ob_type = pto_type
+
     # Restore the mapping
     track_reference(space, py_type, space.w_type, replace=True)
     track_reference(space, py_object, space.w_object, replace=True)
     track_reference(space, py_tuple, space.w_tuple, replace=True)
+    track_reference(space, py_str, space.w_str, replace=True)
 
 
 @cpython_api([PyObject], lltype.Void, external=False)
@@ -416,17 +439,34 @@
     Py_DecRef(space, obj_pto.c_tp_cache) # let's do it like cpython
     Py_DecRef(space, obj_pto.c_tp_dict)
     if obj_pto.c_tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
-        if obj_pto.c_tp_as_buffer:
-            lltype.free(obj_pto.c_tp_as_buffer, flavor='raw')
-        if obj_pto.c_tp_as_number:
-            lltype.free(obj_pto.c_tp_as_number, flavor='raw')
-        if obj_pto.c_tp_as_sequence:
-            lltype.free(obj_pto.c_tp_as_sequence, flavor='raw')
+        heaptype = rffi.cast(PyHeapTypeObject, obj)
+        Py_DecRef(space, heaptype.c_ht_name)
         Py_DecRef(space, base_pyo)
-        rffi.free_charp(obj_pto.c_tp_name)
         PyObject_dealloc(space, obj)
 
 
+def type_alloc(space, w_metatype):
+    size = rffi.sizeof(PyHeapTypeObject)
+    metatype = rffi.cast(PyTypeObjectPtr, make_ref(space, w_metatype))
+    # Don't increase refcount for non-heaptypes
+    if metatype:
+        flags = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, metatype.c_tp_flags)
+        if not flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
+            Py_DecRef(space, w_metatype)
+
+    heaptype = lltype.malloc(PyHeapTypeObject.TO,
+                             flavor='raw', zero=True)
+    pto = heaptype.c_ht_type
+    pto.c_ob_refcnt = 1
+    pto.c_ob_type = metatype
+    pto.c_tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
+    pto.c_tp_as_number = heaptype.c_as_number
+    pto.c_tp_as_sequence = heaptype.c_as_sequence
+    pto.c_tp_as_mapping = heaptype.c_as_mapping
+    pto.c_tp_as_buffer = heaptype.c_as_buffer
+    
+    return rffi.cast(PyObject, heaptype)
+
 def type_attach(space, py_obj, w_type):
     """
     Fills a newly allocated PyTypeObject from an existing type.
@@ -445,12 +485,18 @@
     if space.is_w(w_type, space.w_str):
         setup_string_buffer_procs(space, pto)
 
-    pto.c_tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
     pto.c_tp_free = llhelper(PyObject_Del.api_func.functype,
             PyObject_Del.api_func.get_wrapper(space))
     pto.c_tp_alloc = llhelper(PyType_GenericAlloc.api_func.functype,
             PyType_GenericAlloc.api_func.get_wrapper(space))
-    pto.c_tp_name = rffi.str2charp(w_type.getname(space))
+    if pto.c_tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE:
+        w_typename = space.getattr(w_type, space.wrap('__name__'))
+        heaptype = rffi.cast(PyHeapTypeObject, pto)
+        heaptype.c_ht_name = make_ref(space, w_typename)
+        from pypy.module.cpyext.stringobject import PyString_AsString
+        pto.c_tp_name = PyString_AsString(space, heaptype.c_ht_name)
+    else:
+        pto.c_tp_name = rffi.str2charp(w_type.getname(space))
     pto.c_tp_basicsize = -1 # hopefully this makes malloc bail out
     pto.c_tp_itemsize = 0
     # uninitialized fields:
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/__init__.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/__init__.py
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
         ("arccos", "arccos"),
         ("arcsin", "arcsin"),
         ("arctan", "arctan"),
+        ("arcsinh", "arcsinh"),
+        ("arctanh", "arctanh"),
         ("copysign", "copysign"),
         ("cos", "cos"),
         ("divide", "divide"),
@@ -50,4 +52,6 @@
     appleveldefs = {
         'average': 'app_numpy.average',
         'mean': 'app_numpy.mean',
+        'inf': 'app_numpy.inf',
+        'e': 'app_numpy.e',
     }
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/app_numpy.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/app_numpy.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/app_numpy.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/app_numpy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
+import math
+
 import numpy
 
+
+inf = float("inf")
+e = math.e
+
 def average(a):
     # This implements a weighted average, for now we don't implement the
     # weighting, just the average part!
@@ -8,4 +14,4 @@
 def mean(a):
     if not hasattr(a, "mean"):
         a = numpy.array(a)
-    return a.mean()
\ No newline at end of file
+    return a.mean()
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import TypeDef, interp_attrproperty, GetSetProperty
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import signature
 from pypy.objspace.std.floatobject import float2string
-from pypy.rlib import rfloat
-from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import widen
+from pypy.rlib import rarithmetic, rfloat
+from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import LONG_BIT, widen
 from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import specialize, enforceargs
 from pypy.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
 
 
+UNSIGNEDLTR = "u"
 SIGNEDLTR = "i"
 BOOLLTR = "b"
 FLOATINGLTR = "f"
@@ -61,7 +62,10 @@
             self.val = val
 
         def wrap(self, space):
-            return space.wrap(self.val)
+            val = self.val
+            if valtype is rarithmetic.r_singlefloat:
+                val = float(val)
+            return space.wrap(val)
 
         def convert_to(self, dtype):
             return dtype.adapt_val(self.val)
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@
         return self.adapt_val(func(self, self.for_computation(self.unbox(v))))
     return impl
 
-class ArithmaticTypeMixin(object):
+class ArithmeticTypeMixin(object):
     _mixin_ = True
 
     @binop
@@ -157,9 +161,6 @@
     @binop
     def mul(self, v1, v2):
         return v1 * v2
-    @binop
-    def div(self, v1, v2):
-        return v1 / v2
 
     @unaryop
     def pos(self, v):
@@ -200,12 +201,26 @@
         return v1 >= v2
 
 
-class FloatArithmeticDtype(ArithmaticTypeMixin):
+class FloatArithmeticDtype(ArithmeticTypeMixin):
     _mixin_ = True
 
+    def unwrap(self, space, w_item):
+        return self.adapt_val(space.float_w(space.float(w_item)))
+
     def for_computation(self, v):
-        return v
+        return float(v)
 
+    def str_format(self, item):
+        return float2string(self.for_computation(self.unbox(item)), 'g', rfloat.DTSF_STR_PRECISION)
+
+    @binop
+    def div(self, v1, v2):
+        try:
+            return v1 / v2
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            if v1 == v2 == 0.0:
+                return rfloat.NAN
+            return rfloat.copysign(rfloat.INFINITY, v1 * v2)
     @binop
     def mod(self, v1, v2):
         return math.fmod(v1, v2)
@@ -250,19 +265,29 @@
         return math.tan(v)
     @unaryop
     def arcsin(self, v):
-        if v < -1.0 or v > 1.0:
+        if not -1.0 <= v <= 1.0:
             return rfloat.NAN
         return math.asin(v)
     @unaryop
     def arccos(self, v):
-        if v < -1.0 or v > 1.0:
+        if not -1.0 <= v <= 1.0:
             return rfloat.NAN
         return math.acos(v)
     @unaryop
     def arctan(self, v):
         return math.atan(v)
+    @unaryop
+    def arcsinh(self, v):
+        return math.asinh(v)
+    @unaryop
+    def arctanh(self, v):
+        if v == 1.0 or v == -1.0:
+            return math.copysign(rfloat.INFINITY, v)
+        if not -1.0 < v < 1.0:
+            return rfloat.NAN
+        return math.atanh(v)
 
-class IntegerArithmeticDtype(ArithmaticTypeMixin):
+class IntegerArithmeticDtype(ArithmeticTypeMixin):
     _mixin_ = True
 
     def unwrap(self, space, w_item):
@@ -271,10 +296,21 @@
     def for_computation(self, v):
         return widen(v)
 
+    def str_format(self, item):
+        return str(widen(self.unbox(item)))
+
+    @binop
+    def div(self, v1, v2):
+        if v2 == 0:
+            return 0
+        return v1 / v2
     @binop
     def mod(self, v1, v2):
         return v1 % v2
 
+class SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype):
+    _mixin_ = True
+
     @unaryop
     def sign(self, v):
         if v > 0:
@@ -285,17 +321,22 @@
             assert v == 0
             return 0
 
-    def str_format(self, item):
-        return str(widen(self.unbox(item)))
+class UnsignedIntegerArithmeticDtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype):
+    _mixin_ = True
+
+    @unaryop
+    def sign(self, v):
+        return int(v != 0)
+
 
 W_BoolDtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 0, kind = BOOLLTR, name = "bool",
-    aliases = ["?"],
+    aliases = ["?", "bool", "bool8"],
     applevel_types = ["bool"],
     T = lltype.Bool,
     valtype = bool,
 )
-class W_BoolDtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype, W_BoolDtype):
+class W_BoolDtype(SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_BoolDtype):
     def unwrap(self, space, w_item):
         return self.adapt_val(space.is_true(w_item))
 
@@ -308,67 +349,138 @@
 
 W_Int8Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 1, kind = SIGNEDLTR, name = "int8",
-    aliases = ["int8"],
+    aliases = ["b", "int8", "i1"],
     applevel_types = [],
     T = rffi.SIGNEDCHAR,
     valtype = rffi.SIGNEDCHAR._type,
     expected_size = 1,
 )
-class W_Int8Dtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int8Dtype):
+class W_Int8Dtype(SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int8Dtype):
+    pass
+
+W_UInt8Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
+    num = 2, kind = UNSIGNEDLTR, name = "uint8",
+    aliases = ["B", "uint8", "I1"],
+    applevel_types = [],
+    T = rffi.UCHAR,
+    valtype = rffi.UCHAR._type,
+    expected_size = 1,
+)
+class W_UInt8Dtype(UnsignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_UInt8Dtype):
     pass
 
 W_Int16Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 3, kind = SIGNEDLTR, name = "int16",
-    aliases = ["int16"],
+    aliases = ["h", "int16", "i2"],
     applevel_types = [],
     T = rffi.SHORT,
     valtype = rffi.SHORT._type,
     expected_size = 2,
 )
-class W_Int16Dtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int16Dtype):
+class W_Int16Dtype(SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int16Dtype):
+    pass
+
+W_UInt16Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
+    num = 4, kind = UNSIGNEDLTR, name = "uint16",
+    aliases = ["H", "uint16", "I2"],
+    applevel_types = [],
+    T = rffi.USHORT,
+    valtype = rffi.USHORT._type,
+    expected_size = 2,
+)
+class W_UInt16Dtype(UnsignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_UInt16Dtype):
     pass
 
 W_Int32Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 5, kind = SIGNEDLTR, name = "int32",
-    aliases = ["i"],
+    aliases = ["i", "int32", "i4"],
     applevel_types = [],
     T = rffi.INT,
     valtype = rffi.INT._type,
     expected_size = 4,
 )
-class W_Int32Dtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int32Dtype):
+class W_Int32Dtype(SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int32Dtype):
+    pass
+
+W_UInt32Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
+    num = 6, kind = UNSIGNEDLTR, name = "uint32",
+    aliases = ["I", "uint32", "I4"],
+    applevel_types = [],
+    T = rffi.UINT,
+    valtype = rffi.UINT._type,
+    expected_size = 4,
+)
+class W_UInt32Dtype(UnsignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_UInt32Dtype):
     pass
 
 W_Int64Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 9, kind = SIGNEDLTR, name = "int64",
-    aliases = [],
+    aliases = ["q", "int64", "i8"],
     applevel_types = ["long"],
     T = rffi.LONGLONG,
     valtype = rffi.LONGLONG._type,
     expected_size = 8,
 )
-class W_Int64Dtype(IntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int64Dtype):
+class W_Int64Dtype(SignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_Int64Dtype):
+    pass
+
+W_UInt64Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
+    num = 10, kind = UNSIGNEDLTR, name = "uint64",
+    aliases = ["Q", "uint64", "I8"],
+    applevel_types = [],
+    T = rffi.ULONGLONG,
+    valtype = rffi.ULONGLONG._type,
+    expected_size = 8,
+)
+class W_UInt64Dtype(UnsignedIntegerArithmeticDtype, W_UInt64Dtype):
+    pass
+
+if LONG_BIT == 32:
+    long_dtype = W_Int32Dtype
+    ulong_dtype = W_UInt32Dtype
+elif LONG_BIT == 64:
+    long_dtype = W_Int64Dtype
+    ulong_dtype = W_UInt64Dtype
+else:
+    assert False
+
+class W_LongDtype(long_dtype):
+    num = 7
+    aliases = ["l"]
+    applevel_types = ["int"]
+
+class W_ULongDtype(ulong_dtype):
+    num = 8
+    aliases = ["L"]
+
+W_Float32Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
+    num = 11, kind = FLOATINGLTR, name = "float32",
+    aliases = ["f", "float32", "f4"],
+    applevel_types = [],
+    T = lltype.SingleFloat,
+    valtype = rarithmetic.r_singlefloat,
+    expected_size = 4,
+)
+class W_Float32Dtype(FloatArithmeticDtype, W_Float32Dtype):
     pass
 
 W_Float64Dtype = create_low_level_dtype(
     num = 12, kind = FLOATINGLTR, name = "float64",
-    aliases = [],
+    aliases = ["d", "float64", "f8"],
     applevel_types = ["float"],
     T = lltype.Float,
     valtype = float,
     expected_size = 8,
 )
 class W_Float64Dtype(FloatArithmeticDtype, W_Float64Dtype):
-    def unwrap(self, space, w_item):
-        return self.adapt_val(space.float_w(space.float(w_item)))
-
-    def str_format(self, item):
-        return float2string(self.unbox(item), 'g', rfloat.DTSF_STR_PRECISION)
+    pass
 
 ALL_DTYPES = [
     W_BoolDtype,
-    W_Int8Dtype, W_Int16Dtype, W_Int32Dtype, W_Int64Dtype,
-    W_Float64Dtype
+    W_Int8Dtype, W_UInt8Dtype, W_Int16Dtype, W_UInt16Dtype,
+    W_Int32Dtype, W_UInt32Dtype, W_LongDtype, W_ULongDtype,
+    W_Int64Dtype, W_UInt64Dtype,
+    W_Float32Dtype, W_Float64Dtype,
 ]
 
 dtypes_by_alias = unrolling_iterable([
@@ -395,6 +507,7 @@
 
     num = interp_attrproperty("num", cls=W_Dtype),
     kind = interp_attrproperty("kind", cls=W_Dtype),
+    itemsize = interp_attrproperty("num_bytes", cls=W_Dtype),
     shape = GetSetProperty(W_Dtype.descr_get_shape),
 )
 W_Dtype.typedef.acceptable_as_base_class = False
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 from pypy.interpreter.typedef import TypeDef, GetSetProperty, interp_attrproperty
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import interp_dtype, signature
 from pypy.rlib import jit
+from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import LONG_BIT
 from pypy.tool.sourcetools import func_with_new_name
 
 
@@ -180,23 +181,56 @@
 
     # Everything promotes to float, and bool promotes to everything.
     if dt2.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR or dt1.kind == interp_dtype.BOOLLTR:
+        # Float32 + 8-bit int = Float64
+        if dt2.num == 11 and dt1.num_bytes >= 4:
+            return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float64Dtype)
         return dt2
 
-    assert False
+    # for now this means mixing signed and unsigned
+    if dt2.kind == interp_dtype.SIGNEDLTR:
+        # if dt2 has a greater number of bytes, then just go with it
+        if dt1.num_bytes < dt2.num_bytes:
+            return dt2
+        # we need to promote both dtypes
+        dtypenum = dt2.num + 2
+    else:
+        # increase to the next signed type (or to float)
+        dtypenum = dt2.num + 1
+        # UInt64 + signed = Float64
+        if dt2.num == 10:
+            dtypenum += 1
+    newdtype = interp_dtype.ALL_DTYPES[dtypenum]
+
+    if newdtype.num_bytes > dt2.num_bytes or newdtype.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR:
+        return space.fromcache(newdtype)
+    else:
+        # we only promoted to long on 32-bit or to longlong on 64-bit
+        # this is really for dealing with the Long and Ulong dtypes
+        if LONG_BIT == 32:
+            dtypenum += 2
+        else:
+            dtypenum += 3
+        return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.ALL_DTYPES[dtypenum])
 
 def find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, dt, promote_to_float=False,
     promote_bools=False, promote_to_largest=False):
     if promote_bools and (dt.kind == interp_dtype.BOOLLTR):
         return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int8Dtype)
     if promote_to_float:
+        if dt.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR:
+            return dt
+        if dt.num >= 5:
+            return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float64Dtype)
         for bytes, dtype in interp_dtype.dtypes_by_num_bytes:
-            if dtype.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR and dtype.num_bytes >= dt.num_bytes:
+            if dtype.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR and dtype.num_bytes > dt.num_bytes:
                 return space.fromcache(dtype)
     if promote_to_largest:
         if dt.kind == interp_dtype.BOOLLTR or dt.kind == interp_dtype.SIGNEDLTR:
             return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int64Dtype)
         elif dt.kind == interp_dtype.FLOATINGLTR:
             return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float64Dtype)
+        elif dt.kind == interp_dtype.UNSIGNEDLTR:
+            return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_UInt64Dtype)
         else:
             assert False
     return dt
@@ -205,15 +239,23 @@
     w_type = space.type(w_obj)
 
     bool_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype)
+    long_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_LongDtype)
     int64_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int64Dtype)
 
     if space.is_w(w_type, space.w_bool):
-        if current_guess is None:
+        if current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype:
             return bool_dtype
+        return current_guess
     elif space.is_w(w_type, space.w_int):
         if (current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype or
-            current_guess is int64_dtype):
+            current_guess is long_dtype):
+            return long_dtype
+        return current_guess
+    elif space.is_w(w_type, space.w_long):
+        if (current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype or
+            current_guess is long_dtype or current_guess is int64_dtype):
             return int64_dtype
+        return current_guess
     return space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float64Dtype)
 
 
@@ -225,7 +267,9 @@
         def impl(res_dtype, lvalue, rvalue):
             res = getattr(res_dtype, op_name)(lvalue, rvalue)
             if comparison_func:
-                res = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype).box(res)
+                booldtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype)
+                assert isinstance(booldtype, interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype)
+                res = booldtype.box(res)
             return res
     return func_with_new_name(impl, ufunc_name)
 
@@ -268,6 +312,8 @@
             ("arcsin", "arcsin", 1, {"promote_to_float": True}),
             ("arccos", "arccos", 1, {"promote_to_float": True}),
             ("arctan", "arctan", 1, {"promote_to_float": True}),
+            ("arcsinh", "arcsinh", 1, {"promote_to_float": True}),
+            ("arctanh", "arctanh", 1, {"promote_to_float": True}),
         ]:
             self.add_ufunc(space, *ufunc_def)
 
@@ -277,7 +323,7 @@
 
         identity = extra_kwargs.get("identity")
         if identity is not None:
-            identity = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int64Dtype).adapt_val(identity)
+            identity = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_LongDtype).adapt_val(identity)
         extra_kwargs["identity"] = identity
 
         func = ufunc_dtype_caller(space, ufunc_name, op_name, argcount,
@@ -290,4 +336,4 @@
         setattr(self, ufunc_name, ufunc)
 
 def get(space):
-    return space.fromcache(UfuncState)
\ No newline at end of file
+    return space.fromcache(UfuncState)
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_base.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_base.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_base.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_base.py
@@ -64,18 +64,46 @@
     def test_unaryops(self, space):
         bool_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype)
         int8_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int8Dtype)
+        uint8_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_UInt8Dtype)
+        int16_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int16Dtype)
+        uint16_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_UInt16Dtype)
         int32_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int32Dtype)
+        uint32_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_UInt32Dtype)
+        long_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_LongDtype)
+        ulong_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_ULongDtype)
+        int64_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int64Dtype)
+        uint64_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_UInt64Dtype)
+        float32_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float32Dtype)
         float64_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Float64Dtype)
 
-        # Normal rules, everythign returns itself
+        # Normal rules, everything returns itself
         assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, bool_dtype) is bool_dtype
         assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int8_dtype) is int8_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint8_dtype) is uint8_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int16_dtype) is int16_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint16_dtype) is uint16_dtype
         assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int32_dtype) is int32_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint32_dtype) is uint32_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, long_dtype) is long_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, ulong_dtype) is ulong_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int64_dtype) is int64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint64_dtype) is uint64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, float32_dtype) is float32_dtype
         assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, float64_dtype) is float64_dtype
 
         # Coerce to floats, some of these will eventually be float16, or
         # whatever our smallest float type is.
-        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, bool_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
-        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int8_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, bool_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype # will be float16 if we ever put that in
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int8_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype # will be float16 if we ever put that in
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint8_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype # will be float16 if we ever put that in
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int16_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint16_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype
         assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int32_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
-        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, float64_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
\ No newline at end of file
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint32_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, int64_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, uint64_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, float32_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float32_dtype
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, float64_dtype, promote_to_float=True) is float64_dtype
+
+        # promote bools, happens with sign ufunc
+        assert find_unaryop_result_dtype(space, bool_dtype, promote_bools=True) is int8_dtype
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_dtypes.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
         from numpy import dtype
 
         assert dtype(bool).num == 0
+        assert dtype(int).num == 7
         assert dtype(long).num == 9
         assert dtype(float).num == 12
 
@@ -81,6 +82,48 @@
             assert isinstance(a[i], (int, long))
             assert a[1] == 1
 
+    def test_overflow(self):
+        from numpy import array, dtype
+        assert array([128], 'b')[0] == -128
+        assert array([256], 'B')[0] == 0
+        assert array([32768], 'h')[0] == -32768
+        assert array([65536], 'H')[0] == 0
+        if dtype('l').itemsize == 4: # 32-bit
+            raises(OverflowError, "array([2**32/2], 'i')")
+            raises(OverflowError, "array([2**32], 'I')")
+        raises(OverflowError, "array([2**64/2], 'q')")
+        raises(OverflowError, "array([2**64], 'Q')")
+
+    def test_bool_binop_types(self):
+        from numpy import array, dtype
+        types = ('?','b','B','h','H','i','I','l','L','q','Q','f','d')
+        N = len(types)
+        a = array([True], '?')
+        for t in types:
+            assert (a + array([0], t)).dtype is dtype(t)
+
+    def test_binop_types(self):
+        from numpy import array, dtype
+        tests = [('b','B','h'), ('b','h','h'), ('b','H','i'), ('b','i','i'),
+                 ('b','l','l'), ('b','q','q'), ('b','Q','d'), ('B','h','h'),
+                 ('B','H','H'), ('B','i','i'), ('B','I','I'), ('B','l','l'),
+                 ('B','L','L'), ('B','q','q'), ('B','Q','Q'), ('h','H','i'),
+                 ('h','i','i'), ('h','l','l'), ('h','q','q'), ('h','Q','d'),
+                 ('H','i','i'), ('H','I','I'), ('H','l','l'), ('H','L','L'),
+                 ('H','q','q'), ('H','Q','Q'), ('i','l','l'), ('i','q','q'),
+                 ('i','Q','d'), ('I','L','L'), ('I','q','q'), ('I','Q','Q'),
+                 ('q','Q','d'), ('b','f','f'), ('B','f','f'), ('h','f','f'),
+                 ('H','f','f'), ('i','f','d'), ('I','f','d'), ('l','f','d'),
+                 ('L','f','d'), ('q','f','d'), ('Q','f','d'), ('q','d','d')]
+        if dtype('i').itemsize == dtype('l').itemsize: # 32-bit
+            tests.extend([('b','I','q'), ('b','L','q'), ('h','I','q'),
+                          ('h','L','q'), ('i','I','q'), ('i','L','q')])
+        else:
+            tests.extend([('b','I','l'), ('b','L','d'), ('h','I','l'),
+                          ('h','L','d'), ('i','I','l'), ('i','L','d')])
+        for d1, d2, dout in tests:
+            assert (array([1], d1) + array([1], d2)).dtype is dtype(dout)
+
     def test_add_int8(self):
         from numpy import array, dtype
 
@@ -99,6 +142,15 @@
         for i in range(5):
             assert b[i] == i * 2
 
+    def test_add_uint32(self):
+        from numpy import array, dtype
+
+        a = array(range(5), dtype="I")
+        b = a + a
+        assert b.dtype is dtype("I")
+        for i in range(5):
+            assert b[i] == i * 2
+
     def test_shape(self):
         from numpy import dtype
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_module.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_module.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_module.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_module.py
@@ -10,4 +10,12 @@
     def test_average(self):
         from numpy import array, average
         assert average(range(10)) == 4.5
-        assert average(array(range(10))) == 4.5
\ No newline at end of file
+        assert average(array(range(10))) == 4.5
+
+    def test_constants(self):
+        import math
+        from numpy import inf, e
+        assert type(inf) is float
+        assert inf == float("inf")
+        assert e == math.e
+        assert type(e) is float
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_numarray.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_numarray.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_numarray.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_numarray.py
@@ -285,7 +285,9 @@
             assert b[i] == i * 5
 
     def test_div(self):
-        from numpy import array, dtype
+        from math import isnan
+        from numpy import array, dtype, inf
+
         a = array(range(1, 6))
         b = a / a
         for i in range(5):
@@ -297,6 +299,24 @@
         for i in range(5):
             assert b[i] == 1
 
+        a = array([-1, 0, 1])
+        b = array([0, 0, 0])
+        c = a / b
+        assert (c == [0, 0, 0]).all()
+
+        a = array([-1.0, 0.0, 1.0])
+        b = array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        c = a / b
+        assert c[0] == -inf
+        assert isnan(c[1])
+        assert c[2] == inf
+
+        b = array([-0.0, -0.0, -0.0])
+        c = a / b
+        assert c[0] == inf
+        assert isnan(c[1])
+        assert c[2] == -inf
+
     def test_div_other(self):
         from numpy import array
         a = array(range(5))
@@ -551,8 +571,10 @@
         from numpy import array, dtype
 
         assert array([True]).dtype is dtype(bool)
-        assert array([True, 1]).dtype is dtype(long)
-        assert array([1, 2, 3]).dtype is dtype(long)
+        assert array([True, False]).dtype is dtype(bool)
+        assert array([True, 1]).dtype is dtype(int)
+        assert array([1, 2, 3]).dtype is dtype(int)
+        assert array([1L, 2, 3]).dtype is dtype(long)
         assert array([1.2, True]).dtype is dtype(float)
         assert array([1.2, 5]).dtype is dtype(float)
         assert array([]).dtype is dtype(float)
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
             assert b[i] == math.sin(a[i])
 
         a = sin(array([True, False], dtype=bool))
-        assert a[0] == sin(1)
+        assert abs(a[0] - sin(1)) < 1e-7 # a[0] will be less precise
         assert a[1] == 0.0
 
     def test_cos(self):
@@ -298,6 +298,25 @@
         b = arctan(a)
         assert math.isnan(b[0])
 
+    def test_arcsinh(self):
+        import math
+        from numpy import arcsinh, inf
+
+        for v in [inf, -inf, 1.0, math.e]:
+            assert math.asinh(v) == arcsinh(v)
+        assert math.isnan(arcsinh(float("nan")))
+
+    def test_arctanh(self):
+        import math
+        from numpy import arctanh
+
+        for v in [.99, .5, 0, -.5, -.99]:
+            assert math.atanh(v) == arctanh(v)
+        for v in [2.0, -2.0]:
+            assert math.isnan(arctanh(v))
+        for v in [1.0, -1.0]:
+            assert arctanh(v) == math.copysign(float("inf"), v)
+
     def test_reduce_errors(self):
         from numpy import sin, add
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
@@ -1,20 +1,24 @@
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.support import LLJitMixin
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import interp_ufuncs, signature
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.compile import (numpy_compile, FakeSpace,
-    FloatObject)
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Float64Dtype, W_Int64Dtype
+    FloatObject, IntObject)
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Int32Dtype, W_Float64Dtype, W_Int64Dtype, W_UInt64Dtype
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_numarray import (BaseArray, SingleDimArray,
     SingleDimSlice, scalar_w)
 from pypy.rlib.nonconst import NonConstant
 from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import llstr
 from pypy.rpython.test.test_llinterp import interpret
 
+import py
+
 
 class TestNumpyJIt(LLJitMixin):
     def setup_class(cls):
         cls.space = FakeSpace()
         cls.float64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
         cls.int64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Int64Dtype)
+        cls.uint64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_UInt64Dtype)
+        cls.int32_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Int32Dtype)
 
     def test_add(self):
         def f(i):
@@ -303,6 +307,31 @@
                           'int_lt': 1, 'guard_true': 1, 'jump': 1})
         assert result == 11.0
 
+    def test_int32_sum(self):
+        py.test.skip("pypy/jit/backend/llimpl.py needs to be changed to "
+                     "deal correctly with int dtypes for this test to "
+                     "work. skip for now until someone feels up to the task")
+        space = self.space
+        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
+        int32_dtype = self.int32_dtype
+
+        def f(n):
+            if NonConstant(False):
+                dtype = float64_dtype
+            else:
+                dtype = int32_dtype
+            ar = SingleDimArray(n, dtype=dtype)
+            i = 0
+            while i < n:
+                ar.get_concrete().setitem(i, int32_dtype.box(7))
+                i += 1
+            v = ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_sum(space)
+            assert isinstance(v, IntObject)
+            return v.intval
+
+        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        assert result == f(5)
+
 class TestTranslation(object):
     def test_compile(self):
         x = numpy_compile('aa+f*f/a-', 10)
diff --git a/pypy/module/posix/interp_posix.py b/pypy/module/posix/interp_posix.py
--- a/pypy/module/posix/interp_posix.py
+++ b/pypy/module/posix/interp_posix.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import rffi, lltype
 from pypy.rpython.tool import rffi_platform
 from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
+from pypy.module.sys.interp_encoding import getfilesystemencoding
 
 import os, sys
 _WIN = sys.platform == 'win32'
@@ -32,17 +33,19 @@
             raise OperationError(space.w_OverflowError,
                                  space.wrap("integer out of range"))
 
+def fsencode_w(space, w_obj):
+    if space.isinstance_w(w_obj, space.w_unicode):
+        w_obj = space.call_method(w_obj, 'encode',
+                                  getfilesystemencoding(space))
+    return space.str_w(w_obj)
+
 class FileEncoder(object):
     def __init__(self, space, w_obj):
         self.space = space
         self.w_obj = w_obj
 
     def as_bytes(self):
-        from pypy.module.sys.interp_encoding import getfilesystemencoding
-        space = self.space
-        w_bytes = space.call_method(self.w_obj, 'encode',
-                                    getfilesystemencoding(space))
-        return space.str_w(w_bytes)
+        return fsencode_w(self.space, self.w_obj)
 
     def as_unicode(self):
         return self.space.unicode_w(self.w_obj)
@@ -56,7 +59,6 @@
         return self.space.str_w(self.w_obj)
 
     def as_unicode(self):
-        from pypy.module.sys.interp_encoding import getfilesystemencoding
         space = self.space
         w_unicode = space.call_method(self.w_obj, 'decode',
                                       getfilesystemencoding(space))
@@ -536,7 +538,6 @@
 
 The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special
 entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory."""
-    from pypy.module.sys.interp_encoding import getfilesystemencoding
     try:
         if space.isinstance_w(w_dirname, space.w_unicode):
             dirname = FileEncoder(space, w_dirname)
@@ -734,8 +735,7 @@
 def _exit(space, status):
     os._exit(status)
 
- at unwrap_spec(command=str)
-def execv(space, command, w_args):
+def execv(space, w_command, w_args):
     """ execv(path, args)
 
 Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
@@ -743,12 +743,13 @@
         path: path of executable file
         args: iterable of strings
     """
+    command = fsencode_w(space, w_command)
     try:
         args_w = space.unpackiterable(w_args)
         if len(args_w) < 1:
             w_msg = space.wrap("execv() must have at least one argument")
             raise OperationError(space.w_ValueError, w_msg)
-        args = [space.str_w(w_arg) for w_arg in args_w]
+        args = [fsencode_w(space, w_arg) for w_arg in args_w]
     except OperationError, e:
         if not e.match(space, space.w_TypeError):
             raise
@@ -759,8 +760,7 @@
     except OSError, e:
         raise wrap_oserror(space, e)
 
- at unwrap_spec(command=str)
-def execve(space, command, w_args, w_env):
+def execve(space, w_command, w_args, w_env):
     """ execve(path, args, env)
 
 Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.
@@ -769,7 +769,8 @@
         args: iterable of arguments
         env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings
     """
-    args = [space.str_w(w_arg) for w_arg in space.unpackiterable(w_args)]
+    command = fsencode_w(space, w_command)
+    args = [fsencode_w(space, w_arg) for w_arg in space.unpackiterable(w_args)]
     env = {}
     w_keys = space.call_method(w_env, 'keys')
     for w_key in space.unpackiterable(w_keys):
diff --git a/pypy/module/posix/test/test_posix2.py b/pypy/module/posix/test/test_posix2.py
--- a/pypy/module/posix/test/test_posix2.py
+++ b/pypy/module/posix/test/test_posix2.py
@@ -415,6 +415,23 @@
                 else:
                     py.test.fail("didn't raise")
 
+        def test_execv_unicode(self):
+            os = self.posix
+            import sys
+            if not hasattr(os, "fork"):
+                skip("Need fork() to test execv()")
+            try:
+                output = u"caf\xe9 \u1234\n".encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                skip("encoding not good enough")
+            pid = os.fork()
+            if pid == 0:
+                os.execv(u"/bin/sh", ["sh", "-c",
+                                      u"echo caf\xe9 \u1234 > onefile"])
+            os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+            assert open("onefile").read() == output
+            os.unlink("onefile")
+
         def test_execve(self):
             os = self.posix
             if not hasattr(os, "fork"):
@@ -425,6 +442,24 @@
             os.waitpid(pid, 0)
             assert open("onefile").read() == "xxx"
             os.unlink("onefile")
+
+        def test_execve_unicode(self):
+            os = self.posix
+            import sys
+            if not hasattr(os, "fork"):
+                skip("Need fork() to test execve()")
+            try:
+                output = u"caf\xe9 \u1234\n".encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                skip("encoding not good enough")
+            pid = os.fork()
+            if pid == 0:
+                os.execve(u"/bin/sh", ["sh", "-c",
+                                      u"echo caf\xe9 \u1234 > onefile"],
+                          {'ddd': 'xxx'})
+            os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+            assert open("onefile").read() == output
+            os.unlink("onefile")
         pass # <- please, inspect.getsource(), don't crash
 
     if hasattr(__import__(os.name), "spawnv"):
diff --git a/pypy/module/pyexpat/__init__.py b/pypy/module/pyexpat/__init__.py
--- a/pypy/module/pyexpat/__init__.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pyexpat/__init__.py
@@ -4,12 +4,8 @@
 
 class ErrorsModule(MixedModule):
     "Definition of pyexpat.errors module."
-
-    appleveldefs = {
-        }
-
-    interpleveldefs = {
-        }
+    appleveldefs = {}
+    interpleveldefs = {}
 
     def setup_after_space_initialization(self):
         from pypy.module.pyexpat import interp_pyexpat
@@ -18,6 +14,18 @@
                     interp_pyexpat.ErrorString(self.space,
                     getattr(interp_pyexpat, name)))
 
+class ModelModule(MixedModule):
+    "Definition of pyexpat.model module."
+    appleveldefs = {}
+    interpleveldefs = {}
+
+    def setup_after_space_initialization(self):
+        from pypy.module.pyexpat import interp_pyexpat
+        space = self.space
+        for name in interp_pyexpat.xml_model_list:
+            value = getattr(interp_pyexpat, name)
+            space.setattr(self, space.wrap(name), space.wrap(value))
+
 class Module(MixedModule):
     "Python wrapper for Expat parser."
 
@@ -39,6 +47,7 @@
 
     submodules = {
         'errors': ErrorsModule,
+        'model':  ModelModule,
     }
 
     for name in ['XML_PARAM_ENTITY_PARSING_NEVER',
diff --git a/pypy/module/pyexpat/interp_pyexpat.py b/pypy/module/pyexpat/interp_pyexpat.py
--- a/pypy/module/pyexpat/interp_pyexpat.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pyexpat/interp_pyexpat.py
@@ -76,6 +76,18 @@
     "XML_ERROR_FINISHED",
     "XML_ERROR_SUSPEND_PE",
     ]
+xml_model_list = [
+    "XML_CTYPE_EMPTY",
+    "XML_CTYPE_ANY",
+    "XML_CTYPE_MIXED",
+    "XML_CTYPE_NAME",
+    "XML_CTYPE_CHOICE",
+    "XML_CTYPE_SEQ",
+    "XML_CQUANT_NONE",
+    "XML_CQUANT_OPT",
+    "XML_CQUANT_REP",
+    "XML_CQUANT_PLUS",
+    ]
 
 class CConfigure:
     _compilation_info_ = eci
@@ -104,6 +116,8 @@
 
     for name in xml_error_list:
         locals()[name] = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger(name)
+    for name in xml_model_list:
+        locals()[name] = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger(name)
 
 for k, v in rffi_platform.configure(CConfigure).items():
     globals()[k] = v
diff --git a/pypy/module/pyexpat/test/test_parser.py b/pypy/module/pyexpat/test/test_parser.py
--- a/pypy/module/pyexpat/test/test_parser.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pyexpat/test/test_parser.py
@@ -131,3 +131,7 @@
                'encoding specified in XML declaration is incorrect')
         assert (pyexpat.errors.XML_ERROR_XML_DECL ==
                 'XML declaration not well-formed')
+
+    def test_model(self):
+        import pyexpat
+        assert isinstance(pyexpat.model.XML_CTYPE_EMPTY, int)
diff --git a/pypy/module/pypyjit/interp_jit.py b/pypy/module/pypyjit/interp_jit.py
--- a/pypy/module/pypyjit/interp_jit.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pypyjit/interp_jit.py
@@ -137,20 +137,15 @@
 
     def jump_absolute(self, jumpto, _, ec=None):
         if we_are_jitted():
-            # Normally, the tick counter is decremented by 100 for every
-            # Python opcode.  Here, to better support JIT compilation of
-            # small loops, we decrement it by a possibly smaller constant.
-            # We get the maximum 100 when the (unoptimized) trace length
-            # is at least 3200 (a bit randomly).
-            trace_length = r_uint(current_trace_length())
-            decr_by = trace_length // 32
-            if decr_by < 1:
-                decr_by = 1
-            elif decr_by > 100:    # also if current_trace_length() returned -1
-                decr_by = 100
+            #


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