[pypy-commit] pypy numpy-multidim: merge default - tests still broken, working on it

fijal noreply at buildbot.pypy.org
Fri Oct 28 17:20:51 CEST 2011


Author: Maciej Fijalkowski <fijall at gmail.com>
Branch: numpy-multidim
Changeset: r48566:64aadf44e926
Date: 2011-10-28 17:18 +0200
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/64aadf44e926/

Log:	merge default - tests still broken, working on it

diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/heapq.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/heapq.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/heapq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+# -*- coding: latin-1 -*-
+
+"""Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).
+
+Heaps are arrays for which a[k] <= a[2*k+1] and a[k] <= a[2*k+2] for
+all k, counting elements from 0.  For the sake of comparison,
+non-existing elements are considered to be infinite.  The interesting
+property of a heap is that a[0] is always its smallest element.
+
+Usage:
+
+heap = []            # creates an empty heap
+heappush(heap, item) # pushes a new item on the heap
+item = heappop(heap) # pops the smallest item from the heap
+item = heap[0]       # smallest item on the heap without popping it
+heapify(x)           # transforms list into a heap, in-place, in linear time
+item = heapreplace(heap, item) # pops and returns smallest item, and adds
+                               # new item; the heap size is unchanged
+
+Our API differs from textbook heap algorithms as follows:
+
+- We use 0-based indexing.  This makes the relationship between the
+  index for a node and the indexes for its children slightly less
+  obvious, but is more suitable since Python uses 0-based indexing.
+
+- Our heappop() method returns the smallest item, not the largest.
+
+These two make it possible to view the heap as a regular Python list
+without surprises: heap[0] is the smallest item, and heap.sort()
+maintains the heap invariant!
+"""
+
+# Original code by Kevin O'Connor, augmented by Tim Peters and Raymond Hettinger
+
+__about__ = """Heap queues
+
+[explanation by Fran&#65533;ois Pinard]
+
+Heaps are arrays for which a[k] <= a[2*k+1] and a[k] <= a[2*k+2] for
+all k, counting elements from 0.  For the sake of comparison,
+non-existing elements are considered to be infinite.  The interesting
+property of a heap is that a[0] is always its smallest element.
+
+The strange invariant above is meant to be an efficient memory
+representation for a tournament.  The numbers below are `k', not a[k]:
+
+                                   0
+
+                  1                                 2
+
+          3               4                5               6
+
+      7       8       9       10      11      12      13      14
+
+    15 16   17 18   19 20   21 22   23 24   25 26   27 28   29 30
+
+
+In the tree above, each cell `k' is topping `2*k+1' and `2*k+2'.  In
+an usual binary tournament we see in sports, each cell is the winner
+over the two cells it tops, and we can trace the winner down the tree
+to see all opponents s/he had.  However, in many computer applications
+of such tournaments, we do not need to trace the history of a winner.
+To be more memory efficient, when a winner is promoted, we try to
+replace it by something else at a lower level, and the rule becomes
+that a cell and the two cells it tops contain three different items,
+but the top cell "wins" over the two topped cells.
+
+If this heap invariant is protected at all time, index 0 is clearly
+the overall winner.  The simplest algorithmic way to remove it and
+find the "next" winner is to move some loser (let's say cell 30 in the
+diagram above) into the 0 position, and then percolate this new 0 down
+the tree, exchanging values, until the invariant is re-established.
+This is clearly logarithmic on the total number of items in the tree.
+By iterating over all items, you get an O(n ln n) sort.
+
+A nice feature of this sort is that you can efficiently insert new
+items while the sort is going on, provided that the inserted items are
+not "better" than the last 0'th element you extracted.  This is
+especially useful in simulation contexts, where the tree holds all
+incoming events, and the "win" condition means the smallest scheduled
+time.  When an event schedule other events for execution, they are
+scheduled into the future, so they can easily go into the heap.  So, a
+heap is a good structure for implementing schedulers (this is what I
+used for my MIDI sequencer :-).
+
+Various structures for implementing schedulers have been extensively
+studied, and heaps are good for this, as they are reasonably speedy,
+the speed is almost constant, and the worst case is not much different
+than the average case.  However, there are other representations which
+are more efficient overall, yet the worst cases might be terrible.
+
+Heaps are also very useful in big disk sorts.  You most probably all
+know that a big sort implies producing "runs" (which are pre-sorted
+sequences, which size is usually related to the amount of CPU memory),
+followed by a merging passes for these runs, which merging is often
+very cleverly organised[1].  It is very important that the initial
+sort produces the longest runs possible.  Tournaments are a good way
+to that.  If, using all the memory available to hold a tournament, you
+replace and percolate items that happen to fit the current run, you'll
+produce runs which are twice the size of the memory for random input,
+and much better for input fuzzily ordered.
+
+Moreover, if you output the 0'th item on disk and get an input which
+may not fit in the current tournament (because the value "wins" over
+the last output value), it cannot fit in the heap, so the size of the
+heap decreases.  The freed memory could be cleverly reused immediately
+for progressively building a second heap, which grows at exactly the
+same rate the first heap is melting.  When the first heap completely
+vanishes, you switch heaps and start a new run.  Clever and quite
+effective!
+
+In a word, heaps are useful memory structures to know.  I use them in
+a few applications, and I think it is good to keep a `heap' module
+around. :-)
+
+--------------------
+[1] The disk balancing algorithms which are current, nowadays, are
+more annoying than clever, and this is a consequence of the seeking
+capabilities of the disks.  On devices which cannot seek, like big
+tape drives, the story was quite different, and one had to be very
+clever to ensure (far in advance) that each tape movement will be the
+most effective possible (that is, will best participate at
+"progressing" the merge).  Some tapes were even able to read
+backwards, and this was also used to avoid the rewinding time.
+Believe me, real good tape sorts were quite spectacular to watch!
+From all times, sorting has always been a Great Art! :-)
+"""
+
+__all__ = ['heappush', 'heappop', 'heapify', 'heapreplace', 'merge',
+           'nlargest', 'nsmallest', 'heappushpop']
+
+from itertools import islice, repeat, count, imap, izip, tee, chain
+from operator import itemgetter
+import bisect
+
+def heappush(heap, item):
+    """Push item onto heap, maintaining the heap invariant."""
+    heap.append(item)
+    _siftdown(heap, 0, len(heap)-1)
+
+def heappop(heap):
+    """Pop the smallest item off the heap, maintaining the heap invariant."""
+    lastelt = heap.pop()    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty
+    if heap:
+        returnitem = heap[0]
+        heap[0] = lastelt
+        _siftup(heap, 0)
+    else:
+        returnitem = lastelt
+    return returnitem
+
+def heapreplace(heap, item):
+    """Pop and return the current smallest value, and add the new item.
+
+    This is more efficient than heappop() followed by heappush(), and can be
+    more appropriate when using a fixed-size heap.  Note that the value
+    returned may be larger than item!  That constrains reasonable uses of
+    this routine unless written as part of a conditional replacement:
+
+        if item > heap[0]:
+            item = heapreplace(heap, item)
+    """
+    returnitem = heap[0]    # raises appropriate IndexError if heap is empty
+    heap[0] = item
+    _siftup(heap, 0)
+    return returnitem
+
+def heappushpop(heap, item):
+    """Fast version of a heappush followed by a heappop."""
+    if heap and heap[0] < item:
+        item, heap[0] = heap[0], item
+        _siftup(heap, 0)
+    return item
+
+def heapify(x):
+    """Transform list into a heap, in-place, in O(len(heap)) time."""
+    n = len(x)
+    # Transform bottom-up.  The largest index there's any point to looking at
+    # is the largest with a child index in-range, so must have 2*i + 1 < n,
+    # or i < (n-1)/2.  If n is even = 2*j, this is (2*j-1)/2 = j-1/2 so
+    # j-1 is the largest, which is n//2 - 1.  If n is odd = 2*j+1, this is
+    # (2*j+1-1)/2 = j so j-1 is the largest, and that's again n//2-1.
+    for i in reversed(xrange(n//2)):
+        _siftup(x, i)
+
+def nlargest(n, iterable):
+    """Find the n largest elements in a dataset.
+
+    Equivalent to:  sorted(iterable, reverse=True)[:n]
+    """
+    if n < 0: # for consistency with the c impl
+        return []
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    result = list(islice(it, n))
+    if not result:
+        return result
+    heapify(result)
+    _heappushpop = heappushpop
+    for elem in it:
+        _heappushpop(result, elem)
+    result.sort(reverse=True)
+    return result
+
+def nsmallest(n, iterable):
+    """Find the n smallest elements in a dataset.
+
+    Equivalent to:  sorted(iterable)[:n]
+    """
+    if n < 0: # for consistency with the c impl
+        return []
+    if hasattr(iterable, '__len__') and n * 10 <= len(iterable):
+        # For smaller values of n, the bisect method is faster than a minheap.
+        # It is also memory efficient, consuming only n elements of space.
+        it = iter(iterable)
+        result = sorted(islice(it, 0, n))
+        if not result:
+            return result
+        insort = bisect.insort
+        pop = result.pop
+        los = result[-1]    # los --> Largest of the nsmallest
+        for elem in it:
+            if los <= elem:
+                continue
+            insort(result, elem)
+            pop()
+            los = result[-1]
+        return result
+    # An alternative approach manifests the whole iterable in memory but
+    # saves comparisons by heapifying all at once.  Also, saves time
+    # over bisect.insort() which has O(n) data movement time for every
+    # insertion.  Finding the n smallest of an m length iterable requires
+    #    O(m) + O(n log m) comparisons.
+    h = list(iterable)
+    heapify(h)
+    return map(heappop, repeat(h, min(n, len(h))))
+
+# 'heap' is a heap at all indices >= startpos, except possibly for pos.  pos
+# is the index of a leaf with a possibly out-of-order value.  Restore the
+# heap invariant.
+def _siftdown(heap, startpos, pos):
+    newitem = heap[pos]
+    # Follow the path to the root, moving parents down until finding a place
+    # newitem fits.
+    while pos > startpos:
+        parentpos = (pos - 1) >> 1
+        parent = heap[parentpos]
+        if newitem < parent:
+            heap[pos] = parent
+            pos = parentpos
+            continue
+        break
+    heap[pos] = newitem
+
+# The child indices of heap index pos are already heaps, and we want to make
+# a heap at index pos too.  We do this by bubbling the smaller child of
+# pos up (and so on with that child's children, etc) until hitting a leaf,
+# then using _siftdown to move the oddball originally at index pos into place.
+#
+# We *could* break out of the loop as soon as we find a pos where newitem <=
+# both its children, but turns out that's not a good idea, and despite that
+# many books write the algorithm that way.  During a heap pop, the last array
+# element is sifted in, and that tends to be large, so that comparing it
+# against values starting from the root usually doesn't pay (= usually doesn't
+# get us out of the loop early).  See Knuth, Volume 3, where this is
+# explained and quantified in an exercise.
+#
+# Cutting the # of comparisons is important, since these routines have no
+# way to extract "the priority" from an array element, so that intelligence
+# is likely to be hiding in custom __cmp__ methods, or in array elements
+# storing (priority, record) tuples.  Comparisons are thus potentially
+# expensive.
+#
+# On random arrays of length 1000, making this change cut the number of
+# comparisons made by heapify() a little, and those made by exhaustive
+# heappop() a lot, in accord with theory.  Here are typical results from 3
+# runs (3 just to demonstrate how small the variance is):
+#
+# Compares needed by heapify     Compares needed by 1000 heappops
+# --------------------------     --------------------------------
+# 1837 cut to 1663               14996 cut to 8680
+# 1855 cut to 1659               14966 cut to 8678
+# 1847 cut to 1660               15024 cut to 8703
+#
+# Building the heap by using heappush() 1000 times instead required
+# 2198, 2148, and 2219 compares:  heapify() is more efficient, when
+# you can use it.
+#
+# The total compares needed by list.sort() on the same lists were 8627,
+# 8627, and 8632 (this should be compared to the sum of heapify() and
+# heappop() compares):  list.sort() is (unsurprisingly!) more efficient
+# for sorting.
+
+def _siftup(heap, pos):
+    endpos = len(heap)
+    startpos = pos
+    newitem = heap[pos]
+    # Bubble up the smaller child until hitting a leaf.
+    childpos = 2*pos + 1    # leftmost child position
+    while childpos < endpos:
+        # Set childpos to index of smaller child.
+        rightpos = childpos + 1
+        if rightpos < endpos and not heap[childpos] < heap[rightpos]:
+            childpos = rightpos
+        # Move the smaller child up.
+        heap[pos] = heap[childpos]
+        pos = childpos
+        childpos = 2*pos + 1
+    # The leaf at pos is empty now.  Put newitem there, and bubble it up
+    # to its final resting place (by sifting its parents down).
+    heap[pos] = newitem
+    _siftdown(heap, startpos, pos)
+
+# If available, use C implementation
+try:
+    from _heapq import *
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+def merge(*iterables):
+    '''Merge multiple sorted inputs into a single sorted output.
+
+    Similar to sorted(itertools.chain(*iterables)) but returns a generator,
+    does not pull the data into memory all at once, and assumes that each of
+    the input streams is already sorted (smallest to largest).
+
+    >>> list(merge([1,3,5,7], [0,2,4,8], [5,10,15,20], [], [25]))
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+
+    '''
+    _heappop, _heapreplace, _StopIteration = heappop, heapreplace, StopIteration
+
+    h = []
+    h_append = h.append
+    for itnum, it in enumerate(map(iter, iterables)):
+        try:
+            next = it.next
+            h_append([next(), itnum, next])
+        except _StopIteration:
+            pass
+    heapify(h)
+
+    while 1:
+        try:
+            while 1:
+                v, itnum, next = s = h[0]   # raises IndexError when h is empty
+                yield v
+                s[0] = next()               # raises StopIteration when exhausted
+                _heapreplace(h, s)          # restore heap condition
+        except _StopIteration:
+            _heappop(h)                     # remove empty iterator
+        except IndexError:
+            return
+
+# Extend the implementations of nsmallest and nlargest to use a key= argument
+_nsmallest = nsmallest
+def nsmallest(n, iterable, key=None):
+    """Find the n smallest elements in a dataset.
+
+    Equivalent to:  sorted(iterable, key=key)[:n]
+    """
+    # Short-cut for n==1 is to use min() when len(iterable)>0
+    if n == 1:
+        it = iter(iterable)
+        head = list(islice(it, 1))
+        if not head:
+            return []
+        if key is None:
+            return [min(chain(head, it))]
+        return [min(chain(head, it), key=key)]
+
+    # When n>=size, it's faster to use sort()
+    try:
+        size = len(iterable)
+    except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+    else:
+        if n >= size:
+            return sorted(iterable, key=key)[:n]
+
+    # When key is none, use simpler decoration
+    if key is None:
+        it = izip(iterable, count())                        # decorate
+        result = _nsmallest(n, it)
+        return map(itemgetter(0), result)                   # undecorate
+
+    # General case, slowest method
+    in1, in2 = tee(iterable)
+    it = izip(imap(key, in1), count(), in2)                 # decorate
+    result = _nsmallest(n, it)
+    return map(itemgetter(2), result)                       # undecorate
+
+_nlargest = nlargest
+def nlargest(n, iterable, key=None):
+    """Find the n largest elements in a dataset.
+
+    Equivalent to:  sorted(iterable, key=key, reverse=True)[:n]
+    """
+
+    # Short-cut for n==1 is to use max() when len(iterable)>0
+    if n == 1:
+        it = iter(iterable)
+        head = list(islice(it, 1))
+        if not head:
+            return []
+        if key is None:
+            return [max(chain(head, it))]
+        return [max(chain(head, it), key=key)]
+
+    # When n>=size, it's faster to use sort()
+    try:
+        size = len(iterable)
+    except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+    else:
+        if n >= size:
+            return sorted(iterable, key=key, reverse=True)[:n]
+
+    # When key is none, use simpler decoration
+    if key is None:
+        it = izip(iterable, count(0,-1))                    # decorate
+        result = _nlargest(n, it)
+        return map(itemgetter(0), result)                   # undecorate
+
+    # General case, slowest method
+    in1, in2 = tee(iterable)
+    it = izip(imap(key, in1), count(0,-1), in2)             # decorate
+    result = _nlargest(n, it)
+    return map(itemgetter(2), result)                       # undecorate
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Simple sanity test
+    heap = []
+    data = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 0]
+    for item in data:
+        heappush(heap, item)
+    sort = []
+    while heap:
+        sort.append(heappop(heap))
+    print sort
+
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_heapq.py b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_heapq.py
--- a/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_heapq.py
+++ b/lib-python/modified-2.7/test/test_heapq.py
@@ -186,6 +186,11 @@
         self.assertFalse(sys.modules['heapq'] is self.module)
         self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.module.heapify, 'func_code'))
 
+    def test_islice_protection(self):
+        m = self.module
+        self.assertFalse(m.nsmallest(-1, [1]))
+        self.assertFalse(m.nlargest(-1, [1]))
+
 
 class TestHeapC(TestHeap):
     module = c_heapq
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/descr.py b/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/descr.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/descr.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/llsupport/descr.py
@@ -281,6 +281,9 @@
     def is_float_field(self):
         return self.fielddescr.is_float_field()
 
+    def sort_key(self):
+        return self.fielddescr.sort_key()
+
     def repr_of_descr(self):
         return '<InteriorFieldDescr %s>' % self.fielddescr.repr_of_descr()
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/assembler.py
@@ -1596,11 +1596,26 @@
     genop_getarrayitem_gc_pure = genop_getarrayitem_gc
     genop_getarrayitem_raw = genop_getarrayitem_gc
 
+    def _get_interiorfield_addr(self, temp_loc, index_loc, itemsize_loc,
+                                base_loc, ofs_loc):
+        assert isinstance(itemsize_loc, ImmedLoc)
+        if isinstance(index_loc, ImmedLoc):
+            temp_loc = imm(index_loc.value * itemsize_loc.value)
+        else:
+            # XXX should not use IMUL in most cases
+            assert isinstance(temp_loc, RegLoc)
+            assert isinstance(index_loc, RegLoc)
+            self.mc.IMUL_rri(temp_loc.value, index_loc.value,
+                             itemsize_loc.value)
+        assert isinstance(ofs_loc, ImmedLoc)
+        return AddressLoc(base_loc, temp_loc, 0, ofs_loc.value)
+
     def genop_getinteriorfield_gc(self, op, arglocs, resloc):
-        base_loc, ofs_loc, itemsize_loc, fieldsize_loc, index_loc, sign_loc = arglocs
-        # XXX should not use IMUL in most cases
-        self.mc.IMUL(index_loc, itemsize_loc)
-        src_addr = AddressLoc(base_loc, index_loc, 0, ofs_loc.value)
+        (base_loc, ofs_loc, itemsize_loc, fieldsize_loc,
+            index_loc, sign_loc) = arglocs
+        src_addr = self._get_interiorfield_addr(resloc, index_loc,
+                                                itemsize_loc, base_loc,
+                                                ofs_loc)
         self.load_from_mem(resloc, src_addr, fieldsize_loc, sign_loc)
 
 
@@ -1611,13 +1626,11 @@
         self.save_into_mem(dest_addr, value_loc, size_loc)
 
     def genop_discard_setinteriorfield_gc(self, op, arglocs):
-        base_loc, ofs_loc, itemsize_loc, fieldsize_loc, index_loc, value_loc = arglocs
-        # XXX should not use IMUL in most cases
-        if isinstance(index_loc, ImmedLoc):
-            index_loc = imm(index_loc.value * itemsize_loc.value)
-        else:
-            self.mc.IMUL(index_loc, itemsize_loc)
-        dest_addr = AddressLoc(base_loc, index_loc, 0, ofs_loc.value)
+        (base_loc, ofs_loc, itemsize_loc, fieldsize_loc,
+            index_loc, temp_loc, value_loc) = arglocs
+        dest_addr = self._get_interiorfield_addr(temp_loc, index_loc,
+                                                 itemsize_loc, base_loc,
+                                                 ofs_loc)
         self.save_into_mem(dest_addr, value_loc, fieldsize_loc)
 
     def genop_discard_setarrayitem_gc(self, op, arglocs):
diff --git a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
--- a/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/backend/x86/regalloc.py
@@ -1046,16 +1046,26 @@
             need_lower_byte = True
         else:
             need_lower_byte = False
-        base_loc = self.rm.make_sure_var_in_reg(op.getarg(0), args)
-        tempvar = TempBox()
-        index_loc = self.rm.force_result_in_reg(tempvar, op.getarg(1), args)
-        # we're free to modify index now
-        value_loc = self.make_sure_var_in_reg(op.getarg(2), args + [tempvar],
+        box_base, box_index, box_value = args
+        base_loc = self.rm.make_sure_var_in_reg(box_base, args)
+        index_loc = self.rm.make_sure_var_in_reg(box_index, args)
+        value_loc = self.make_sure_var_in_reg(box_value, args,
                                               need_lower_byte=need_lower_byte)
-        self.rm.possibly_free_var(tempvar)
-        self.possibly_free_vars(args)
+        # If 'index_loc' is not an immediate, then we need a 'temp_loc' that
+        # is a register whose value will be destroyed.  It's fine to destroy
+        # the same register as 'index_loc', but not the other ones.
+        self.rm.possibly_free_var(box_index)
+        if not isinstance(index_loc, ImmedLoc):
+            tempvar = TempBox()
+            temp_loc = self.rm.force_allocate_reg(tempvar, [box_base,
+                                                            box_value])
+            self.rm.possibly_free_var(tempvar)
+        else:
+            temp_loc = None
+        self.rm.possibly_free_var(box_base)
+        self.possibly_free_var(box_value)
         self.PerformDiscard(op, [base_loc, ofs, itemsize, fieldsize,
-                                 index_loc, value_loc])
+                                 index_loc, temp_loc, value_loc])
 
     def consider_strsetitem(self, op):
         args = op.getarglist()
@@ -1126,13 +1136,14 @@
         else:
             sign_loc = imm0
         args = op.getarglist()
-        tmpvar = TempBox()
         base_loc = self.rm.make_sure_var_in_reg(op.getarg(0), args)
-        index_loc = self.rm.force_result_in_reg(tmpvar, op.getarg(1),
-                                                args)
-        self.rm.possibly_free_vars_for_op(op)
-        self.rm.possibly_free_var(tmpvar)
-        result_loc = self.force_allocate_reg(op.result)
+        index_loc = self.rm.make_sure_var_in_reg(op.getarg(1), args)
+        # 'base' and 'index' are put in two registers (or one if 'index'
+        # is an immediate).  'result' can be in the same register as
+        # 'index' but must be in a different register than 'base'.
+        self.rm.possibly_free_var(op.getarg(1))
+        result_loc = self.force_allocate_reg(op.result, [op.getarg(0)])
+        self.rm.possibly_free_var(op.getarg(0))
         self.Perform(op, [base_loc, ofs, itemsize, fieldsize,
                           index_loc, sign_loc], result_loc)
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/jtransform.py
@@ -844,6 +844,10 @@
         if self._is_gc(op.args[0]):
             return op
 
+    def rewrite_op_cast_opaque_ptr(self, op):
+        # None causes the result of this op to get aliased to op.args[0]
+        return [SpaceOperation('mark_opaque_ptr', op.args, None), None]
+
     def rewrite_op_force_cast(self, op):
         v_arg = op.args[0]
         v_result = op.result
diff --git a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
--- a/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/codewriter/test/test_jtransform.py
@@ -1128,3 +1128,16 @@
                         varoftype(lltype.Signed))
     tr = Transformer(None, None)
     raises(NotImplementedError, tr.rewrite_operation, op)
+
+def test_cast_opaque_ptr():
+    S = lltype.GcStruct("S", ("x", lltype.Signed))
+    v1 = varoftype(lltype.Ptr(S))
+    v2 = varoftype(lltype.Ptr(rclass.OBJECT))
+
+    op = SpaceOperation('cast_opaque_ptr', [v1], v2)
+    tr = Transformer()
+    [op1, op2] = tr.rewrite_operation(op)
+    assert op1.opname == 'mark_opaque_ptr'
+    assert op1.args == [v1]
+    assert op1.result is None
+    assert op2 is None
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/blackhole.py
@@ -505,9 +505,6 @@
     @arguments("r", "r", returns="i")
     def bhimpl_instance_ptr_ne(a, b):
         return a != b
-    @arguments("r", returns="r")
-    def bhimpl_cast_opaque_ptr(a):
-        return a
     @arguments("r", returns="i")
     def bhimpl_cast_ptr_to_int(a):
         i = lltype.cast_ptr_to_int(a)
@@ -518,6 +515,10 @@
         ll_assert((i & 1) == 1, "bhimpl_cast_int_to_ptr: not an odd int")
         return lltype.cast_int_to_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, i)
 
+    @arguments("r")
+    def bhimpl_mark_opaque_ptr(a):
+        pass
+
     @arguments("i", returns="i")
     def bhimpl_int_copy(a):
         return a
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/heapcache.py
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
         self.clear_caches(opnum, descr, argboxes)
 
     def mark_escaped(self, opnum, argboxes):
-        idx = 0
         if opnum == rop.SETFIELD_GC:
             assert len(argboxes) == 2
             box, valuebox = argboxes
@@ -42,8 +41,20 @@
                 self.dependencies.setdefault(box, []).append(valuebox)
             else:
                 self._escape(valuebox)
-        # GETFIELD_GC doesn't escape it's argument
-        elif opnum != rop.GETFIELD_GC:
+        elif opnum == rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC:
+            assert len(argboxes) == 3
+            box, indexbox, valuebox = argboxes
+            if self.is_unescaped(box) and self.is_unescaped(valuebox):
+                self.dependencies.setdefault(box, []).append(valuebox)
+            else:
+                self._escape(valuebox)
+        # GETFIELD_GC, MARK_OPAQUE_PTR, PTR_EQ, and PTR_NE don't escape their
+        # arguments
+        elif (opnum != rop.GETFIELD_GC and
+              opnum != rop.MARK_OPAQUE_PTR and
+              opnum != rop.PTR_EQ and
+              opnum != rop.PTR_NE):
+            idx = 0
             for box in argboxes:
                 # setarrayitem_gc don't escape its first argument
                 if not (idx == 0 and opnum in [rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC]):
@@ -60,13 +71,13 @@
                 self._escape(dep)
 
     def clear_caches(self, opnum, descr, argboxes):
-        if opnum == rop.SETFIELD_GC:
-            return
-        if opnum == rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC:
-            return
-        if opnum == rop.SETFIELD_RAW:
-            return
-        if opnum == rop.SETARRAYITEM_RAW:
+        if (opnum == rop.SETFIELD_GC or
+            opnum == rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC or
+            opnum == rop.SETFIELD_RAW or
+            opnum == rop.SETARRAYITEM_RAW or
+            opnum == rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC or
+            opnum == rop.COPYSTRCONTENT or
+            opnum == rop.COPYUNICODECONTENT):
             return
         if rop._OVF_FIRST <= opnum <= rop._OVF_LAST:
             return
@@ -75,9 +86,9 @@
         if opnum == rop.CALL or opnum == rop.CALL_LOOPINVARIANT:
             effectinfo = descr.get_extra_info()
             ef = effectinfo.extraeffect
-            if ef == effectinfo.EF_LOOPINVARIANT or \
-               ef == effectinfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CANNOT_RAISE or \
-               ef == effectinfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CAN_RAISE:
+            if (ef == effectinfo.EF_LOOPINVARIANT or
+                ef == effectinfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CANNOT_RAISE or
+                ef == effectinfo.EF_ELIDABLE_CAN_RAISE):
                 return
             # A special case for ll_arraycopy, because it is so common, and its
             # effects are so well defined.
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/history.py
@@ -929,6 +929,9 @@
     def view(self, **kwds):
         pass
 
+    def clear(self):
+        pass
+
 class Stats(object):
     """For tests."""
 
@@ -943,6 +946,15 @@
         self.aborted_keys = []
         self.invalidated_token_numbers = set()
 
+    def clear(self):
+        del self.loops[:]
+        del self.locations[:]
+        del self.aborted_keys[:]
+        self.invalidated_token_numbers.clear()
+        self.compiled_count = 0
+        self.enter_count = 0
+        self.aborted_count = 0
+
     def set_history(self, history):
         self.operations = history.operations
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/optimizer.py
@@ -209,13 +209,19 @@
     def setfield(self, ofs, value):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    def getlength(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
     def getitem(self, index):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def getlength(self):
+    def setitem(self, index, value):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def setitem(self, index, value):
+    def getinteriorfield(self, index, ofs, default):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def setinteriorfield(self, index, ofs, value):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
@@ -283,11 +289,11 @@
             return self.optimizer.optpure.has_pure_result(opnum, args, descr)
         return False
 
-    def get_pure_result(self, key):    
+    def get_pure_result(self, key):
         if self.optimizer.optpure:
             return self.optimizer.optpure.get_pure_result(key)
         return None
-    
+
     def setup(self):
         pass
 
@@ -524,7 +530,7 @@
 
     def replace_op(self, old_op, new_op):
         # XXX: Do we want to cache indexes to prevent search?
-        i = len(self._newoperations) 
+        i = len(self._newoperations)
         while i > 0:
             i -= 1
             if self._newoperations[i] is old_op:
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/rewrite.py
@@ -465,10 +465,9 @@
                                         args = [op.getarg(0), ConstInt(highest_bit(val))])
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
-    def optimize_CAST_OPAQUE_PTR(self, op):
+    def optimize_MARK_OPAQUE_PTR(self, op):
         value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
         self.optimizer.opaque_pointers[value] = True
-        self.make_equal_to(op.result, value)
 
     def optimize_CAST_PTR_TO_INT(self, op):
         self.pure(rop.CAST_INT_TO_PTR, [op.result], op.getarg(0))
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/simplify.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/simplify.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/simplify.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/simplify.py
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
         #     but it's a bit hard to implement robustly if heap.py is also run
         pass
 
-    optimize_CAST_OPAQUE_PTR = optimize_VIRTUAL_REF
+    def optimize_MARK_OPAQUE_PTR(self, op):
+        pass
 
 
 dispatch_opt = make_dispatcher_method(OptSimplify, 'optimize_',
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizebasic.py
@@ -935,7 +935,6 @@
         """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
 
-
     def test_virtual_constant_isnonnull(self):
         ops = """
         [i0]
@@ -951,6 +950,32 @@
         """
         self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
 
+    def test_virtual_array_of_struct(self):
+        ops = """
+        [f0, f1, f2, f3]
+        p0 = new_array(2, descr=complexarraydescr)
+        setinteriorfield_gc(p0, 0, f0, descr=complexrealdescr)
+        setinteriorfield_gc(p0, 0, f1, descr=compleximagdescr)
+        setinteriorfield_gc(p0, 1, f2, descr=complexrealdescr)
+        setinteriorfield_gc(p0, 1, f3, descr=compleximagdescr)
+        f4 = getinteriorfield_gc(p0, 0, descr=complexrealdescr)
+        f5 = getinteriorfield_gc(p0, 1, descr=complexrealdescr)
+        f6 = float_mul(f4, f5)
+        f7 = getinteriorfield_gc(p0, 0, descr=compleximagdescr)
+        f8 = getinteriorfield_gc(p0, 1, descr=compleximagdescr)
+        f9 = float_mul(f7, f8)
+        f10 = float_add(f6, f9)
+        finish(f10)
+        """
+        expected = """
+        [f0, f1, f2, f3]
+        f4 = float_mul(f0, f2)
+        f5 = float_mul(f1, f3)
+        f6 = float_add(f4, f5)
+        finish(f6)
+        """
+        self.optimize_loop(ops, expected)
+
     def test_nonvirtual_1(self):
         ops = """
         [i]
@@ -4181,10 +4206,12 @@
         class FakeCallInfoCollection:
             def callinfo_for_oopspec(self, oopspecindex):
                 calldescrtype = type(LLtypeMixin.strequaldescr)
+                effectinfotype = type(LLtypeMixin.strequaldescr.get_extra_info())
                 for value in LLtypeMixin.__dict__.values():
                     if isinstance(value, calldescrtype):
                         extra = value.get_extra_info()
-                        if extra and extra.oopspecindex == oopspecindex:
+                        if (extra and isinstance(extra, effectinfotype) and
+                            extra.oopspecindex == oopspecindex):
                             # returns 0 for 'func' in this test
                             return value, 0
                 raise AssertionError("not found: oopspecindex=%d" %
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_optimizeopt.py
@@ -5800,10 +5800,12 @@
         class FakeCallInfoCollection:
             def callinfo_for_oopspec(self, oopspecindex):
                 calldescrtype = type(LLtypeMixin.strequaldescr)
+                effectinfotype = type(LLtypeMixin.strequaldescr.get_extra_info())
                 for value in LLtypeMixin.__dict__.values():
                     if isinstance(value, calldescrtype):
                         extra = value.get_extra_info()
-                        if extra and extra.oopspecindex == oopspecindex:
+                        if (extra and isinstance(extra, effectinfotype) and
+                            extra.oopspecindex == oopspecindex):
                             # returns 0 for 'func' in this test
                             return value, 0
                 raise AssertionError("not found: oopspecindex=%d" %
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/test/test_util.py
@@ -185,6 +185,18 @@
              EffectInfo([], [arraydescr], [], [arraydescr],
                         oopspecindex=EffectInfo.OS_ARRAYCOPY))
 
+
+    # array of structs (complex data)
+    complexarray = lltype.GcArray(
+        lltype.Struct("complex",
+            ("real", lltype.Float),
+            ("imag", lltype.Float),
+        )
+    )
+    complexarraydescr = cpu.arraydescrof(complexarray)
+    complexrealdescr = cpu.interiorfielddescrof(complexarray, "real")
+    compleximagdescr = cpu.interiorfielddescrof(complexarray, "imag")
+
     for _name, _os in [
         ('strconcatdescr',               'OS_STR_CONCAT'),
         ('strslicedescr',                'OS_STR_SLICE'),
@@ -240,7 +252,7 @@
 ##    def get_class_of_box(self, box):
 ##        root = box.getref(ootype.ROOT)
 ##        return ootype.classof(root)
-    
+
 ##    cpu = runner.OOtypeCPU(None)
 ##    NODE = ootype.Instance('NODE', ootype.ROOT, {})
 ##    NODE._add_fields({'value': ootype.Signed,
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualize.py
@@ -271,6 +271,69 @@
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
         return modifier.make_varray(self.arraydescr)
 
+class VArrayStructValue(AbstractVirtualValue):
+    def __init__(self, arraydescr, size, keybox, source_op=None):
+        AbstractVirtualValue.__init__(self, keybox, source_op)
+        self.arraydescr = arraydescr
+        self._items = [{} for _ in xrange(size)]
+
+    def getlength(self):
+        return len(self._items)
+
+    def getinteriorfield(self, index, ofs, default):
+        return self._items[index].get(ofs, default)
+
+    def setinteriorfield(self, index, ofs, itemvalue):
+        assert isinstance(itemvalue, optimizer.OptValue)
+        self._items[index][ofs] = itemvalue
+
+    def _really_force(self, optforce):
+        assert self.source_op is not None
+        if not we_are_translated():
+            self.source_op.name = 'FORCE ' + self.source_op.name
+        optforce.emit_operation(self.source_op)
+        self.box = box = self.source_op.result
+        for index in range(len(self._items)):
+            for descr, value in self._items[index].iteritems():
+                subbox = value.force_box(optforce)
+                op = ResOperation(rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC,
+                    [box, ConstInt(index), subbox], None, descr=descr
+                )
+                optforce.emit_operation(op)
+
+    def _get_list_of_descrs(self):
+        descrs = []
+        for item in self._items:
+            item_descrs = item.keys()
+            sort_descrs(item_descrs)
+            descrs.append(item_descrs)
+        return descrs
+
+    def get_args_for_fail(self, modifier):
+        if self.box is None and not modifier.already_seen_virtual(self.keybox):
+            itemdescrs = self._get_list_of_descrs()
+            itemboxes = []
+            for i in range(len(self._items)):
+                for descr in itemdescrs[i]:
+                    itemboxes.append(self._items[i][descr].get_key_box())
+            modifier.register_virtual_fields(self.keybox, itemboxes)
+            for i in range(len(self._items)):
+                for descr in itemdescrs[i]:
+                    self._items[i][descr].get_args_for_fail(modifier)
+
+    def force_at_end_of_preamble(self, already_forced, optforce):
+        if self in already_forced:
+            return self
+        already_forced[self] = self
+        for index in range(len(self._items)):
+            for descr in self._items[index].keys():
+                self._items[index][descr] = self._items[index][descr].force_at_end_of_preamble(already_forced, optforce)
+        return self
+
+    def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
+        return modifier.make_varraystruct(self.arraydescr, self._get_list_of_descrs())
+
+
 class OptVirtualize(optimizer.Optimization):
     "Virtualize objects until they escape."
 
@@ -283,8 +346,11 @@
         return vvalue
 
     def make_varray(self, arraydescr, size, box, source_op=None):
-        constvalue = self.new_const_item(arraydescr)
-        vvalue = VArrayValue(arraydescr, constvalue, size, box, source_op)
+        if arraydescr.is_array_of_structs():
+            vvalue = VArrayStructValue(arraydescr, size, box, source_op)
+        else:
+            constvalue = self.new_const_item(arraydescr)
+            vvalue = VArrayValue(arraydescr, constvalue, size, box, source_op)
         self.make_equal_to(box, vvalue)
         return vvalue
 
@@ -386,8 +452,7 @@
 
     def optimize_NEW_ARRAY(self, op):
         sizebox = self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(0))
-        # For now we can't make arrays of structs virtual.
-        if sizebox is not None and not op.getdescr().is_array_of_structs():
+        if sizebox is not None:
             # if the original 'op' did not have a ConstInt as argument,
             # build a new one with the ConstInt argument
             if not isinstance(op.getarg(0), ConstInt):
@@ -432,6 +497,34 @@
         value.ensure_nonnull()
         self.emit_operation(op)
 
+    def optimize_GETINTERIORFIELD_GC(self, op):
+        value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        if value.is_virtual():
+            indexbox = self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(1))
+            if indexbox is not None:
+                descr = op.getdescr()
+                fieldvalue = value.getinteriorfield(
+                    indexbox.getint(), descr, None
+                )
+                if fieldvalue is None:
+                    fieldvalue = self.new_const(descr)
+                self.make_equal_to(op.result, fieldvalue)
+                return
+        value.ensure_nonnull()
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
+    def optimize_SETINTERIORFIELD_GC(self, op):
+        value = self.getvalue(op.getarg(0))
+        if value.is_virtual():
+            indexbox = self.get_constant_box(op.getarg(1))
+            if indexbox is not None:
+                value.setinteriorfield(
+                    indexbox.getint(), op.getdescr(), self.getvalue(op.getarg(2))
+                )
+                return
+        value.ensure_nonnull()
+        self.emit_operation(op)
+
 
 dispatch_opt = make_dispatcher_method(OptVirtualize, 'optimize_',
         default=OptVirtualize.emit_operation)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/virtualstate.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 class AbstractVirtualStateInfo(resume.AbstractVirtualInfo):
     position = -1
-    
+
     def generalization_of(self, other, renum, bad):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
                 s.debug_print(indent + "    ", seen, bad)
         else:
             debug_print(indent + "    ...")
-                
+
 
     def debug_header(self, indent):
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -77,13 +77,15 @@
             bad[self] = True
             bad[other] = True
             return False
+
+        assert isinstance(other, AbstractVirtualStructStateInfo)
         assert len(self.fielddescrs) == len(self.fieldstate)
         assert len(other.fielddescrs) == len(other.fieldstate)
         if len(self.fielddescrs) != len(other.fielddescrs):
             bad[self] = True
             bad[other] = True
             return False
-        
+
         for i in range(len(self.fielddescrs)):
             if other.fielddescrs[i] is not self.fielddescrs[i]:
                 bad[self] = True
@@ -112,8 +114,8 @@
     def _enum(self, virtual_state):
         for s in self.fieldstate:
             s.enum(virtual_state)
-        
-        
+
+
 class VirtualStateInfo(AbstractVirtualStructStateInfo):
     def __init__(self, known_class, fielddescrs):
         AbstractVirtualStructStateInfo.__init__(self, fielddescrs)
@@ -128,13 +130,13 @@
 
     def debug_header(self, indent):
         debug_print(indent + 'VirtualStateInfo(%d):' % self.position)
-        
+
 class VStructStateInfo(AbstractVirtualStructStateInfo):
     def __init__(self, typedescr, fielddescrs):
         AbstractVirtualStructStateInfo.__init__(self, fielddescrs)
         self.typedescr = typedescr
 
-    def _generalization_of(self, other):        
+    def _generalization_of(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, VStructStateInfo):
             return False
         if self.typedescr is not other.typedescr:
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@
 
     def debug_header(self, indent):
         debug_print(indent + 'VStructStateInfo(%d):' % self.position)
-        
+
 class VArrayStateInfo(AbstractVirtualStateInfo):
     def __init__(self, arraydescr):
         self.arraydescr = arraydescr
@@ -157,11 +159,7 @@
             bad[other] = True
             return False
         renum[self.position] = other.position
-        if not isinstance(other, VArrayStateInfo):
-            bad[self] = True
-            bad[other] = True
-            return False
-        if self.arraydescr is not other.arraydescr:
+        if not self._generalization_of(other):
             bad[self] = True
             bad[other] = True
             return False
@@ -177,6 +175,10 @@
                 return False
         return True
 
+    def _generalization_of(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, VArrayStateInfo) and
+            self.arraydescr is other.arraydescr)
+
     def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         assert isinstance(value, virtualize.VArrayValue)
         assert value.is_virtual()
@@ -192,8 +194,75 @@
 
     def debug_header(self, indent):
         debug_print(indent + 'VArrayStateInfo(%d):' % self.position)
-            
-        
+
+class VArrayStructStateInfo(AbstractVirtualStateInfo):
+    def __init__(self, arraydescr, fielddescrs):
+        self.arraydescr = arraydescr
+        self.fielddescrs = fielddescrs
+
+    def generalization_of(self, other, renum, bad):
+        assert self.position != -1
+        if self.position in renum:
+            if renum[self.position] == other.position:
+                return True
+            bad[self] = True
+            bad[other] = True
+            return False
+        renum[self.position] = other.position
+        if not self._generalization_of(other):
+            bad[self] = True
+            bad[other] = True
+            return False
+
+        assert isinstance(other, VArrayStructStateInfo)
+        if len(self.fielddescrs) != len(other.fielddescrs):
+            bad[self] = True
+            bad[other] = True
+            return False
+
+        p = 0
+        for i in range(len(self.fielddescrs)):
+            if len(self.fielddescrs[i]) != len(other.fielddescrs[i]):
+                bad[self] = True
+                bad[other] = True
+                return False
+            for j in range(len(self.fielddescrs[i])):
+                if self.fielddescrs[i][j] is not other.fielddescrs[i][j]:
+                    bad[self] = True
+                    bad[other] = True
+                    return False
+                if not self.fieldstate[p].generalization_of(other.fieldstate[p],
+                                                            renum, bad):
+                    bad[self] = True
+                    bad[other] = True
+                    return False
+                p += 1
+        return True
+
+    def _generalization_of(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, VArrayStructStateInfo) and
+            self.arraydescr is other.arraydescr)
+
+    def _enum(self, virtual_state):
+        for s in self.fieldstate:
+            s.enum(virtual_state)
+
+    def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
+        assert isinstance(value, virtualize.VArrayStructValue)
+        assert value.is_virtual()
+        p = 0
+        for i in range(len(self.fielddescrs)):
+            for j in range(len(self.fielddescrs[i])):
+                v = value._items[i][self.fielddescrs[i][j]]
+                s = self.fieldstate[p]
+                if s.position > self.position:
+                    s.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, v, optimizer)
+                p += 1
+
+    def debug_header(self, indent):
+        debug_print(indent + 'VArrayStructStateInfo(%d):' % self.position)
+
+
 class NotVirtualStateInfo(AbstractVirtualStateInfo):
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.known_class = value.known_class
@@ -277,7 +346,7 @@
             op = ResOperation(rop.GUARD_CLASS, [box, self.known_class], None)
             extra_guards.append(op)
             return
-        
+
         if self.level == LEVEL_NONNULL and \
                other.level == LEVEL_UNKNOWN and \
                isinstance(box, BoxPtr) and \
@@ -285,7 +354,7 @@
             op = ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NONNULL, [box], None)
             extra_guards.append(op)
             return
-        
+
         if self.level == LEVEL_UNKNOWN and \
                other.level == LEVEL_UNKNOWN and \
                isinstance(box, BoxInt) and \
@@ -309,7 +378,7 @@
                     op = ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [res], None)
                     extra_guards.append(op)
             return
-        
+
         # Remaining cases are probably not interesting
         raise InvalidLoop
         if self.level == LEVEL_CONSTANT:
@@ -319,7 +388,7 @@
     def enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, value, optimizer):
         if self.level == LEVEL_CONSTANT:
             return
-        assert 0 <= self.position_in_notvirtuals 
+        assert 0 <= self.position_in_notvirtuals
         boxes[self.position_in_notvirtuals] = value.force_box(optimizer)
 
     def _enum(self, virtual_state):
@@ -348,7 +417,7 @@
         lb = ''
         if self.lenbound:
             lb = ', ' + self.lenbound.bound.__repr__()
-        
+
         debug_print(indent + mark + 'NotVirtualInfo(%d' % self.position +
                     ', ' + l + ', ' + self.intbound.__repr__() + lb + ')')
 
@@ -370,7 +439,7 @@
                 return False
         return True
 
-    def generate_guards(self, other, args, cpu, extra_guards):        
+    def generate_guards(self, other, args, cpu, extra_guards):
         assert len(self.state) == len(other.state) == len(args)
         renum = {}
         for i in range(len(self.state)):
@@ -393,7 +462,7 @@
                     inputargs.append(box)
 
         assert None not in inputargs
-            
+
         return inputargs
 
     def debug_print(self, hdr='', bad=None):
@@ -412,7 +481,7 @@
 
     def register_virtual_fields(self, keybox, fieldboxes):
         self.fieldboxes[keybox] = fieldboxes
-        
+
     def already_seen_virtual(self, keybox):
         return keybox in self.fieldboxes
 
@@ -463,6 +532,9 @@
     def make_varray(self, arraydescr):
         return VArrayStateInfo(arraydescr)
 
+    def make_varraystruct(self, arraydescr, fielddescrs):
+        return VArrayStructStateInfo(arraydescr, fielddescrs)
+
 class BoxNotProducable(Exception):
     pass
 
@@ -501,12 +573,12 @@
             else: # Low priority
                 lo -= 1
         return alts
-            
+
     def renamed(self, box):
         if box in self.rename:
             return self.rename[box]
         return box
-    
+
     def add_to_short(self, box, op):
         if op:
             op = op.clone()
@@ -528,12 +600,12 @@
             self.optimizer.make_equal_to(newbox, value)
         else:
             self.short_boxes[box] = op
-        
+
     def produce_short_preamble_box(self, box):
         if box in self.short_boxes:
-            return 
+            return
         if isinstance(box, Const):
-            return 
+            return
         if box in self.potential_ops:
             ops = self.prioritized_alternatives(box)
             produced_one = False
@@ -570,7 +642,7 @@
             else:
                 debug_print(logops.repr_of_arg(box) + ': None')
         debug_stop('jit-short-boxes')
-        
+
     def operations(self):
         if not we_are_translated(): # For tests
             ops = self.short_boxes.values()
@@ -588,7 +660,7 @@
         if not isinstance(oldbox, Const) and newbox not in self.short_boxes:
             self.short_boxes[newbox] = self.short_boxes[oldbox]
         self.aliases[newbox] = oldbox
-        
+
     def original(self, box):
         while box in self.aliases:
             box = self.aliases[box]
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/optimizeopt/vstring.py
@@ -163,17 +163,6 @@
             for value in self._chars:
                 value.get_args_for_fail(modifier)
 
-    def FIXME_enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, already_seen):
-        key = self.get_key_box()
-        if key in already_seen:
-            return
-        already_seen[key] = None
-        if self.box is None:
-            for box in self._chars:
-                box.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-        else:
-            boxes.append(self.box)
-
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
         return modifier.make_vstrplain(self.mode is mode_unicode)
 
@@ -226,18 +215,6 @@
             self.left.get_args_for_fail(modifier)
             self.right.get_args_for_fail(modifier)
 
-    def FIXME_enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, already_seen):
-        key = self.get_key_box()
-        if key in already_seen:
-            return
-        already_seen[key] = None
-        if self.box is None:
-            self.left.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-            self.right.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-            self.lengthbox = None
-        else:
-            boxes.append(self.box)
-
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
         return modifier.make_vstrconcat(self.mode is mode_unicode)
 
@@ -284,18 +261,6 @@
             self.vstart.get_args_for_fail(modifier)
             self.vlength.get_args_for_fail(modifier)
 
-    def FIXME_enum_forced_boxes(self, boxes, already_seen):
-        key = self.get_key_box()
-        if key in already_seen:
-            return
-        already_seen[key] = None
-        if self.box is None:
-            self.vstr.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-            self.vstart.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-            self.vlength.enum_forced_boxes(boxes, already_seen)
-        else:
-            boxes.append(self.box)
-
     def _make_virtual(self, modifier):
         return modifier.make_vstrslice(self.mode is mode_unicode)
 
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/pyjitpl.py
@@ -240,8 +240,8 @@
         return self.execute(rop.PTR_EQ, box, history.CONST_NULL)
 
     @arguments("box")
-    def opimpl_cast_opaque_ptr(self, box):
-        return self.execute(rop.CAST_OPAQUE_PTR, box)
+    def opimpl_mark_opaque_ptr(self, box):
+        return self.execute(rop.MARK_OPAQUE_PTR, box)
 
     @arguments("box")
     def _opimpl_any_return(self, box):
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resoperation.py
@@ -439,7 +439,6 @@
     'PTR_NE/2b',
     'INSTANCE_PTR_EQ/2b',
     'INSTANCE_PTR_NE/2b',
-    'CAST_OPAQUE_PTR/1b',
     #
     'ARRAYLEN_GC/1d',
     'STRLEN/1',
@@ -471,6 +470,7 @@
     'FORCE_TOKEN/0',
     'VIRTUAL_REF/2',         # removed before it's passed to the backend
     'READ_TIMESTAMP/0',
+    'MARK_OPAQUE_PTR/1b',
     '_NOSIDEEFFECT_LAST', # ----- end of no_side_effect operations -----
 
     'SETARRAYITEM_GC/3d',
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resume.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resume.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/resume.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/resume.py
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
         self.numberings = {}
         self.cached_boxes = {}
         self.cached_virtuals = {}
-    
+
         self.nvirtuals = 0
         self.nvholes = 0
         self.nvreused = 0
@@ -273,6 +273,9 @@
     def make_varray(self, arraydescr):
         return VArrayInfo(arraydescr)
 
+    def make_varraystruct(self, arraydescr, fielddescrs):
+        return VArrayStructInfo(arraydescr, fielddescrs)
+
     def make_vstrplain(self, is_unicode=False):
         if is_unicode:
             return VUniPlainInfo()
@@ -402,7 +405,7 @@
                 virtuals[num] = vinfo
 
         if self._invalidation_needed(len(liveboxes), nholes):
-            memo.clear_box_virtual_numbers()           
+            memo.clear_box_virtual_numbers()
 
     def _invalidation_needed(self, nliveboxes, nholes):
         memo = self.memo
@@ -455,7 +458,7 @@
 
     def debug_prints(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
-        
+
 class AbstractVirtualStructInfo(AbstractVirtualInfo):
     def __init__(self, fielddescrs):
         self.fielddescrs = fielddescrs
@@ -537,6 +540,29 @@
         for i in self.fieldnums:
             debug_print("\t\t", str(untag(i)))
 
+
+class VArrayStructInfo(AbstractVirtualInfo):
+    def __init__(self, arraydescr, fielddescrs):
+        self.arraydescr = arraydescr
+        self.fielddescrs = fielddescrs
+
+    def debug_prints(self):
+        debug_print("\tvarraystructinfo", self.arraydescr)
+        for i in self.fieldnums:
+            debug_print("\t\t", str(untag(i)))
+
+    @specialize.argtype(1)
+    def allocate(self, decoder, index):
+        array = decoder.allocate_array(self.arraydescr, len(self.fielddescrs))
+        decoder.virtuals_cache[index] = array
+        p = 0
+        for i in range(len(self.fielddescrs)):
+            for j in range(len(self.fielddescrs[i])):
+                decoder.setinteriorfield(i, self.fielddescrs[i][j], array, self.fieldnums[p])
+                p += 1
+        return array
+
+
 class VStrPlainInfo(AbstractVirtualInfo):
     """Stands for the string made out of the characters of all fieldnums."""
 
@@ -884,6 +910,17 @@
         self.metainterp.execute_and_record(rop.SETFIELD_GC, descr,
                                            structbox, fieldbox)
 
+    def setinteriorfield(self, index, descr, array, fieldnum):
+        if descr.is_pointer_field():
+            kind = REF
+        elif descr.is_float_field():
+            kind = FLOAT
+        else:
+            kind = INT
+        fieldbox = self.decode_box(fieldnum, kind)
+        self.metainterp.execute_and_record(rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC, descr,
+                                           array, ConstInt(index), fieldbox)
+
     def setarrayitem_int(self, arraydescr, arraybox, index, fieldnum):
         self._setarrayitem(arraydescr, arraybox, index, fieldnum, INT)
 
@@ -1164,6 +1201,17 @@
             newvalue = self.decode_int(fieldnum)
             self.cpu.bh_setfield_gc_i(struct, descr, newvalue)
 
+    def setinteriorfield(self, index, descr, array, fieldnum):
+        if descr.is_pointer_field():
+            newvalue = self.decode_ref(fieldnum)
+            self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_r(array, index, descr, newvalue)
+        elif descr.is_float_field():
+            newvalue = self.decode_float(fieldnum)
+            self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_f(array, index, descr, newvalue)
+        else:
+            newvalue = self.decode_int(fieldnum)
+            self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_i(array, index, descr, newvalue)
+
     def setarrayitem_int(self, arraydescr, array, index, fieldnum):
         newvalue = self.decode_int(fieldnum)
         self.cpu.bh_setarrayitem_gc_i(arraydescr, array, index, newvalue)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_ajit.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.typesystem import LLTypeHelper, OOTypeHelper
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmspot import get_stats
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmstate import set_future_value
+from pypy.rlib import rerased
 from pypy.rlib.jit import (JitDriver, we_are_jitted, hint, dont_look_inside,
     loop_invariant, elidable, promote, jit_debug, assert_green,
     AssertGreenFailed, unroll_safe, current_trace_length, look_inside_iff,
@@ -3494,16 +3495,70 @@
             d = None
             while n > 0:
                 myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n, d=d)
-                d = {}
+                d = {"q": 1}
                 if n % 2:
                     d["k"] = n
                 else:
                     d["z"] = n
-                n -= len(d)
+                n -= len(d) - d["q"]
             return n
         res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
         assert res == 0
 
+    def test_virtual_dict_constant_keys(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ["n"])
+        def g(d):
+            return d["key"] - 1
+
+        def f(n):
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n)
+                n = g({"key": n})
+            return n
+
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 0
+        self.check_loops({"int_sub": 1, "int_gt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
+
+    def test_virtual_opaque_ptr(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ["n"])
+        erase, unerase = rerased.new_erasing_pair("x")
+        @look_inside_iff(lambda x: isvirtual(x))
+        def g(x):
+            return x[0]
+        def f(n):
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n)
+                x = []
+                y = erase(x)
+                z = unerase(y)
+                z.append(1)
+                n -= g(z)
+            return n
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 0
+        self.check_loops({"int_sub": 1, "int_gt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
+
+    def test_virtual_opaque_dict(self):
+        myjitdriver = JitDriver(greens = [], reds = ["n"])
+        erase, unerase = rerased.new_erasing_pair("x")
+        @look_inside_iff(lambda x: isvirtual(x))
+        def g(x):
+            return x[0]["key"] - 1
+        def f(n):
+            while n > 0:
+                myjitdriver.jit_merge_point(n=n)
+                x = [{}]
+                x[0]["key"] = n
+                x[0]["other key"] = n
+                y = erase(x)
+                z = unerase(y)
+                n = g(x)
+            return n
+        res = self.meta_interp(f, [10])
+        assert res == 0
+        self.check_loops({"int_sub": 1, "int_gt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
+
 
 
 class TestLLtype(BaseLLtypeTests, LLJitMixin):
@@ -3561,8 +3616,7 @@
         res = self.meta_interp(main, [False, 100, True], taggedpointers=True)
 
     def test_rerased(self):
-        from pypy.rlib.rerased import erase_int, unerase_int, new_erasing_pair
-        eraseX, uneraseX = new_erasing_pair("X")
+        eraseX, uneraseX = rerased.new_erasing_pair("X")
         #
         class X:
             def __init__(self, a, b):
@@ -3575,14 +3629,14 @@
                 e = eraseX(X(i, j))
             else:
                 try:
-                    e = erase_int(i)
+                    e = rerased.erase_int(i)
                 except OverflowError:
                     return -42
             if j & 1:
                 x = uneraseX(e)
                 return x.a - x.b
             else:
-                return unerase_int(e)
+                return rerased.unerase_int(e)
         #
         x = self.interp_operations(f, [-128, 0], taggedpointers=True)
         assert x == -128
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_heapcache.py
@@ -371,3 +371,17 @@
         assert h.is_unescaped(box1)
         h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, None, [box2, index1, box1])
         assert not h.is_unescaped(box1)
+
+        h = HeapCache()
+        h.new_array(box1, lengthbox1)
+        h.new(box2)
+        assert h.is_unescaped(box1)
+        assert h.is_unescaped(box2)
+        h.invalidate_caches(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, None, [box1, lengthbox2, box2])
+        assert h.is_unescaped(box1)
+        assert h.is_unescaped(box2)
+        h.invalidate_caches(
+            rop.CALL, FakeCallDescr(FakeEffektinfo.EF_RANDOM_EFFECTS), [box1]
+        )
+        assert not h.is_unescaped(box1)
+        assert not h.is_unescaped(box2)
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_tracingopts.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_tracingopts.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_tracingopts.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/test/test_tracingopts.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.support import LLJitMixin
 from pypy.rlib import jit
 from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import ovfcheck
+from pypy.rlib.rstring import StringBuilder
 
 import py
 
@@ -590,4 +591,14 @@
         assert res == 4
         self.check_operations_history(int_add_ovf=0)
         res = self.interp_operations(fn, [sys.maxint])
-        assert res == 12
\ No newline at end of file
+        assert res == 12
+
+    def test_copy_str_content(self):
+        def fn(n):
+            a = StringBuilder()
+            x = [1]
+            a.append("hello world")
+            return x[0]
+        res = self.interp_operations(fn, [0])
+        assert res == 1
+        self.check_operations_history(getarrayitem_gc=0, getarrayitem_gc_pure=0 )
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
--- a/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
+++ b/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     clear_tcache()
     return jittify_and_run(interp, graph, args, backendopt=backendopt, **kwds)
 
-def jittify_and_run(interp, graph, args, repeat=1,
+def jittify_and_run(interp, graph, args, repeat=1, graph_and_interp_only=False,
                     backendopt=False, trace_limit=sys.maxint,
                     inline=False, loop_longevity=0, retrace_limit=5,
                     function_threshold=4,
@@ -93,6 +93,8 @@
         jd.warmstate.set_param_max_retrace_guards(max_retrace_guards)
         jd.warmstate.set_param_enable_opts(enable_opts)
     warmrunnerdesc.finish()
+    if graph_and_interp_only:
+        return interp, graph
     res = interp.eval_graph(graph, args)
     if not kwds.get('translate_support_code', False):
         warmrunnerdesc.metainterp_sd.profiler.finish()
@@ -157,6 +159,9 @@
 def get_stats():
     return pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.stats
 
+def reset_stats():
+    pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.stats.clear()
+
 def get_translator():
     return pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.translator
 
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/compile.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/compile.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/compile.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/compile.py
@@ -4,30 +4,55 @@
 """
 
 from pypy.interpreter.baseobjspace import InternalSpaceCache, W_Root
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Float64Dtype
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_numarray import Scalar, NDimArray, BaseArray
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Float64Dtype, W_BoolDtype
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_numarray import (Scalar, BaseArray,
+     descr_new_array, scalar_w, NDimArray)
+from pypy.module.micronumpy import interp_ufuncs
 from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
 
 
 class BogusBytecode(Exception):
     pass
 
-def create_array(dtype, size):
-    a = NDimArray(size, dtype=dtype)
-    for i in range(size):
-        dtype.setitem(a.storage, i, dtype.box(float(i % 10)))
-    return a
+class ArgumentMismatch(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class ArgumentNotAnArray(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class WrongFunctionName(Exception):
+    pass
+
+SINGLE_ARG_FUNCTIONS = ["sum", "prod", "max", "min", "all", "any", "unegative"]
 
 class FakeSpace(object):
     w_ValueError = None
     w_TypeError = None
+    w_None = None
+
+    w_bool = "bool"
+    w_int = "int"
+    w_float = "float"
+    w_list = "list"
+    w_long = "long"
+    w_tuple = 'tuple'
+    w_slice = "slice"
 
     def __init__(self):
         """NOT_RPYTHON"""
         self.fromcache = InternalSpaceCache(self).getorbuild
+        self.w_float64dtype = W_Float64Dtype(self)
 
     def issequence_w(self, w_obj):
-        return True
+        return isinstance(w_obj, ListObject) or isinstance(w_obj, NDimArray)
+
+    def isinstance_w(self, w_obj, w_tp):
+        if w_obj.tp == w_tp:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def decode_index4(self, w_idx, size):
+        return (self.int_w(w_idx), 0, 0, 1)
 
     @specialize.argtype(1)
     def wrap(self, obj):
@@ -39,72 +64,391 @@
             return IntObject(obj)
         raise Exception
 
+    def newlist(self, items):
+        return ListObject(items)
+
+    def listview(self, obj):
+        assert isinstance(obj, ListObject)
+        return obj.items
+
     def float(self, w_obj):
         assert isinstance(w_obj, FloatObject)
         return w_obj
 
     def float_w(self, w_obj):
+        assert isinstance(w_obj, FloatObject)        
         return w_obj.floatval
 
+    def int_w(self, w_obj):
+        if isinstance(w_obj, IntObject):
+            return w_obj.intval
+        elif isinstance(w_obj, FloatObject):
+            return int(w_obj.floatval)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def int(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj
+
+    def is_true(self, w_obj):
+        assert isinstance(w_obj, BoolObject)
+        return w_obj.boolval
+
+    def is_w(self, w_obj, w_what):
+        return w_obj is w_what
+
+    def type(self, w_obj):
+        return w_obj.tp
+
+    def gettypefor(self, w_obj):
+        return None
+
+    def call_function(self, tp, w_dtype):
+        return w_dtype
+
+    @specialize.arg(1)
+    def interp_w(self, tp, what):
+        assert isinstance(what, tp)
+        return what
+
+    def len_w(self, w_obj):
+        if isinstance(w_obj, ListObject):
+            return len(w_obj.items)
+        # XXX array probably
+        assert False
 
 class FloatObject(W_Root):
+    tp = FakeSpace.w_float
     def __init__(self, floatval):
         self.floatval = floatval
 
 class BoolObject(W_Root):
+    tp = FakeSpace.w_bool
     def __init__(self, boolval):
         self.boolval = boolval
 
 class IntObject(W_Root):
+    tp = FakeSpace.w_int
     def __init__(self, intval):
         self.intval = intval
 
+class ListObject(W_Root):
+    tp = FakeSpace.w_list
+    def __init__(self, items):
+        self.items = items
 
-space = FakeSpace()
+class InterpreterState(object):
+    def __init__(self, code):
+        self.code = code
+        self.variables = {}
+        self.results = []
 
-def numpy_compile(bytecode, array_size):
-    stack = []
-    i = 0
-    dtype = space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
-    for b in bytecode:
-        if b == 'a':
-            stack.append(create_array(dtype, array_size))
-            i += 1
-        elif b == 'f':
-            stack.append(Scalar(dtype, dtype.box(1.2)))
-        elif b == '+':
-            right = stack.pop()
-            res = stack.pop().descr_add(space, right)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
-        elif b == '-':
-            right = stack.pop()
-            res = stack.pop().descr_sub(space, right)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
-        elif b == '*':
-            right = stack.pop()
-            res = stack.pop().descr_mul(space, right)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
-        elif b == '/':
-            right = stack.pop()
-            res = stack.pop().descr_div(space, right)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
-        elif b == '%':
-            right = stack.pop()
-            res = stack.pop().descr_mod(space, right)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
-        elif b == '|':
-            res = stack.pop().descr_abs(space)
-            assert isinstance(res, BaseArray)
-            stack.append(res)
+    def run(self, space):
+        self.space = space
+        for stmt in self.code.statements:
+            stmt.execute(self)
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
+                self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def wrap(self, space):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+class Assignment(Node):
+    def __init__(self, name, expr):
+        self.name = name
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        interp.variables[self.name] = self.expr.execute(interp)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%% = %r" % (self.name, self.expr)
+
+class ArrayAssignment(Node):
+    def __init__(self, name, index, expr):
+        self.name = name
+        self.index = index
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        arr = interp.variables[self.name]
+        w_index = self.index.execute(interp).eval(0).wrap(interp.space)
+        # cast to int
+        if isinstance(w_index, FloatObject):
+            w_index = IntObject(int(w_index.floatval))
+        w_val = self.expr.execute(interp).eval(0).wrap(interp.space)
+        arr.descr_setitem(interp.space, w_index, w_val)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s[%r] = %r" % (self.name, self.index, self.expr)
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        return interp.variables[self.name]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'v(%s)' % self.name
+
+class Operator(Node):
+    def __init__(self, lhs, name, rhs):
+        self.name = name
+        self.lhs = lhs
+        self.rhs = rhs
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        w_lhs = self.lhs.execute(interp)
+        assert isinstance(w_lhs, BaseArray)
+        if isinstance(self.rhs, SliceConstant):
+            # XXX interface has changed on multidim branch
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        w_rhs = self.rhs.execute(interp)
+        if self.name == '+':
+            w_res = w_lhs.descr_add(interp.space, w_rhs)
+        elif self.name == '*':
+            w_res = w_lhs.descr_mul(interp.space, w_rhs)
+        elif self.name == '-':
+            w_res = w_lhs.descr_sub(interp.space, w_rhs)            
+        elif self.name == '->':
+            if isinstance(w_rhs, Scalar):
+                index = int(interp.space.float_w(
+                    w_rhs.value.wrap(interp.space)))
+                dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+                return Scalar(dtype, w_lhs.get_concrete().eval(index))
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError
         else:
-            print "Unknown opcode: %s" % b
-            raise BogusBytecode()
-    if len(stack) != 1:
-        print "Bogus bytecode, uneven stack length"
-        raise BogusBytecode()
-    return stack[0]
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        if not isinstance(w_res, BaseArray):
+            dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+            w_res = scalar_w(interp.space, dtype, w_res)
+        return w_res
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '(%r %s %r)' % (self.lhs, self.name, self.rhs)
+
+class FloatConstant(Node):
+    def __init__(self, v):
+        self.v = float(v)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Const(%s)" % self.v
+
+    def wrap(self, space):
+        return space.wrap(self.v)
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+        assert isinstance(dtype, W_Float64Dtype)
+        return Scalar(dtype, dtype.box(self.v))
+
+class RangeConstant(Node):
+    def __init__(self, v):
+        self.v = int(v)
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        w_list = interp.space.newlist(
+            [interp.space.wrap(float(i)) for i in range(self.v)])
+        dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+        return descr_new_array(interp.space, None, w_list, w_dtype=dtype)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Range(%s)' % self.v
+
+class Code(Node):
+    def __init__(self, statements):
+        self.statements = statements
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "\n".join([repr(i) for i in self.statements])
+
+class ArrayConstant(Node):
+    def __init__(self, items):
+        self.items = items
+
+    def wrap(self, space):
+        return space.newlist([item.wrap(space) for item in self.items])
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        w_list = self.wrap(interp.space)
+        dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+        return descr_new_array(interp.space, None, w_list, w_dtype=dtype)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "[" + ", ".join([repr(item) for item in self.items]) + "]"
+
+class SliceConstant(Node):
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'slice()'
+
+class Execute(Node):
+    def __init__(self, expr):
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.expr)
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        interp.results.append(self.expr.execute(interp))
+
+class FunctionCall(Node):
+    def __init__(self, name, args):
+        self.name = name
+        self.args = args
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.name, ", ".join([repr(arg)
+                                                 for arg in self.args]))
+
+    def execute(self, interp):
+        if self.name in SINGLE_ARG_FUNCTIONS:
+            if len(self.args) != 1:
+                raise ArgumentMismatch
+            arr = self.args[0].execute(interp)
+            if not isinstance(arr, BaseArray):
+                raise ArgumentNotAnArray
+            if self.name == "sum":
+                w_res = arr.descr_sum(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "prod":
+                w_res = arr.descr_prod(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "max":
+                w_res = arr.descr_max(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "min":
+                w_res = arr.descr_min(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "any":
+                w_res = arr.descr_any(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "all":
+                w_res = arr.descr_all(interp.space)
+            elif self.name == "unegative":
+                neg = interp_ufuncs.get(interp.space).negative
+                w_res = neg.call(interp.space, [arr])
+            else:
+                assert False # unreachable code
+            if isinstance(w_res, BaseArray):
+                return w_res
+            if isinstance(w_res, FloatObject):
+                dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+            elif isinstance(w_res, BoolObject):
+                dtype = interp.space.fromcache(W_BoolDtype)
+            else:
+                dtype = None
+            return scalar_w(interp.space, dtype, w_res)
+        else:
+            raise WrongFunctionName
+
+class Parser(object):
+    def parse_identifier(self, id):
+        id = id.strip(" ")
+        #assert id.isalpha()
+        return Variable(id)
+
+    def parse_expression(self, expr):
+        tokens = [i for i in expr.split(" ") if i]
+        if len(tokens) == 1:
+            return self.parse_constant_or_identifier(tokens[0])
+        stack = []
+        tokens.reverse()
+        while tokens:
+            token = tokens.pop()
+            if token == ')':
+                raise NotImplementedError
+            elif self.is_identifier_or_const(token):
+                if stack:
+                    name = stack.pop().name
+                    lhs = stack.pop()
+                    rhs = self.parse_constant_or_identifier(token)
+                    stack.append(Operator(lhs, name, rhs))
+                else:
+                    stack.append(self.parse_constant_or_identifier(token))
+            else:
+                stack.append(Variable(token))
+        assert len(stack) == 1
+        return stack[-1]
+
+    def parse_constant(self, v):
+        lgt = len(v)-1
+        assert lgt >= 0
+        if ':' in v:
+            # a slice
+            assert v == ':'
+            return SliceConstant()
+        if v[0] == '[':
+            return ArrayConstant([self.parse_constant(elem)
+                                  for elem in v[1:lgt].split(",")])
+        if v[0] == '|':
+            return RangeConstant(v[1:lgt])
+        return FloatConstant(v)
+
+    def is_identifier_or_const(self, v):
+        c = v[0]
+        if ((c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') or
+            (c >= '0' and c <= '9') or c in '-.[|:'):
+            if v == '-' or v == "->":
+                return False
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def parse_function_call(self, v):
+        l = v.split('(')
+        assert len(l) == 2
+        name = l[0]
+        cut = len(l[1]) - 1
+        assert cut >= 0
+        args = [self.parse_constant_or_identifier(id)
+                for id in l[1][:cut].split(",")]
+        return FunctionCall(name, args)
+
+    def parse_constant_or_identifier(self, v):
+        c = v[0]
+        if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') or (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z'):
+            if '(' in v:
+                return self.parse_function_call(v)
+            return self.parse_identifier(v)
+        return self.parse_constant(v)
+
+    def parse_array_subscript(self, v):
+        v = v.strip(" ")
+        l = v.split("[")
+        lgt = len(l[1]) - 1
+        assert lgt >= 0
+        rhs = self.parse_constant_or_identifier(l[1][:lgt])
+        return l[0], rhs
+        
+    def parse_statement(self, line):
+        if '=' in line:
+            lhs, rhs = line.split("=")
+            lhs = lhs.strip(" ")
+            if '[' in lhs:
+                name, index = self.parse_array_subscript(lhs)
+                return ArrayAssignment(name, index, self.parse_expression(rhs))
+            else: 
+                return Assignment(lhs, self.parse_expression(rhs))
+        else:
+            return Execute(self.parse_expression(line))
+
+    def parse(self, code):
+        statements = []
+        for line in code.split("\n"):
+            if '#' in line:
+                line = line.split('#', 1)[0]
+            line = line.strip(" ")
+            if line:
+                statements.append(self.parse_statement(line))
+        return Code(statements)
+
+def numpy_compile(code):
+    parser = Parser()
+    return InterpreterState(parser.parse(code))
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_dtype.py
@@ -108,6 +108,12 @@
         def setitem_w(self, space, storage, i, w_item):
             self.setitem(storage, i, self.unwrap(space, w_item))
 
+        def fill(self, storage, item, start, stop):
+            storage = self.unerase(storage)
+            item = self.unbox(item)
+            for i in xrange(start, stop):
+                storage[i] = item
+
         @specialize.argtype(1)
         def adapt_val(self, val):
             return self.box(rffi.cast(TP.TO.OF, val))
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_numarray.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_numarray.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_numarray.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_numarray.py
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
     batch = space.listview(w_iterable)
     while True:
         new_batch = []
+        if not batch:
+            return shape, []
         if not space.issequence_w(batch[0]):
             for elem in batch:
                 if space.issequence_w(elem):
@@ -52,6 +54,23 @@
         shape.append(size)
         batch = new_batch
 
+def descr_new_array(space, w_subtype, w_item_or_iterable, w_dtype=None):
+    # find scalar
+    if space.is_w(w_dtype, space.w_None):
+        w_dtype = _find_dtype(space, w_item_or_iterable)
+    dtype = space.interp_w(interp_dtype.W_Dtype,
+        space.call_function(space.gettypefor(interp_dtype.W_Dtype), w_dtype)
+    )
+    if not space.issequence_w(w_item_or_iterable):
+        return scalar_w(space, dtype, w_item_or_iterable)
+    shape, elems_w = _find_shape_and_elems(space, w_item_or_iterable)
+    size = len(elems_w)
+    arr = NDimArray(size, shape, dtype=dtype)
+    i = 0
+    for i, w_elem in enumerate(elems_w):
+        dtype.setitem_w(space, arr.storage, i, w_elem)
+    return arr
+
 class BaseArray(Wrappable):
     _attrs_ = ["invalidates", "signature"]
 
@@ -71,23 +90,6 @@
     def add_invalidates(self, other):
         self.invalidates.append(other)
 
-    def descr__new__(space, w_subtype, w_item_or_iterable, w_dtype=None):
-        # find scalar
-        if space.is_w(w_dtype, space.w_None):
-            w_dtype = _find_dtype(space, w_item_or_iterable)
-        dtype = space.interp_w(interp_dtype.W_Dtype,
-            space.call_function(space.gettypefor(interp_dtype.W_Dtype), w_dtype)
-        )
-        if not space.issequence_w(w_item_or_iterable):
-            return scalar_w(space, dtype, w_item_or_iterable)
-        shape, elems_w = _find_shape_and_elems(space, w_item_or_iterable)
-        size = len(elems_w)
-        arr = NDimArray(size, shape, dtype=dtype)
-        i = 0
-        for i, w_elem in enumerate(elems_w):
-            dtype.setitem_w(space, arr.storage, i, w_elem)
-        return arr
-
     def _unaryop_impl(ufunc_name):
         def impl(self, space):
             return getattr(interp_ufuncs.get(space), ufunc_name).call(space, [self])
@@ -262,6 +264,11 @@
         # we assume C ordering for now
         if space.isinstance_w(w_idx, space.w_int):
             idx = space.int_w(w_idx)
+            if not self.shape:
+                if idx != 0:
+                    raise OperationError(space.w_IndexError,
+                                         space.wrap("index out of range"))
+                return 0
             if idx < 0:
                 idx = self.shape[0] + idx
             if idx < 0 or idx >= self.shape[0]:
@@ -294,6 +301,11 @@
         is a list of scalars that match the size of shape
         """
         shape_len = self.len_of_shape()
+        if shape_len == 0:
+            if not space.isinstance_w(w_idx, space.w_int):
+                raise OperationError(space.w_IndexError, space.wrap(
+                    "wrong index"))
+            return True
         if shape_len == 1:
             if space.isinstance_w(w_idx, space.w_int):
                 return True
@@ -403,7 +415,7 @@
         self.value = value
 
     def find_size(self):
-        return 1
+        raise ValueError
 
     def get_concrete(self):
         return self
@@ -432,7 +444,7 @@
         i = 0
         signature = self.signature
         result_size = self.find_size()
-        result = NDimArray(result_size, [result_size], self.find_dtype())
+        result = NDimArray(result_size, self.shape, self.find_dtype())
         while i < result_size:
             numpy_driver.jit_merge_point(signature=signature,
                                          result_size=result_size, i=i,
@@ -706,13 +718,12 @@
 
     arr = NDimArray(size, [size], dtype=dtype)
     one = dtype.adapt_val(1)
-    for i in xrange(size):
-        arr.dtype.setitem(arr.storage, i, one)
+    arr.dtype.fill(arr.storage, one, 0, size)
     return space.wrap(arr)
 
 BaseArray.typedef = TypeDef(
     'numarray',
-    __new__ = interp2app(BaseArray.descr__new__.im_func),
+    __new__ = interp2app(descr_new_array),
 
 
     __len__ = interp2app(BaseArray.descr_len),
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/interp_ufuncs.py
@@ -237,22 +237,20 @@
     return dt
 
 def find_dtype_for_scalar(space, w_obj, current_guess=None):
-    w_type = space.type(w_obj)
-
     bool_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_BoolDtype)
     long_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_LongDtype)
     int64_dtype = space.fromcache(interp_dtype.W_Int64Dtype)
 
-    if space.is_w(w_type, space.w_bool):
+    if space.isinstance_w(w_obj, space.w_bool):
         if current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype:
             return bool_dtype
         return current_guess
-    elif space.is_w(w_type, space.w_int):
+    elif space.isinstance_w(w_obj, space.w_int):
         if (current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype or
             current_guess is long_dtype):
             return long_dtype
         return current_guess
-    elif space.is_w(w_type, space.w_long):
+    elif space.isinstance_w(w_obj, space.w_long):
         if (current_guess is None or current_guess is bool_dtype or
             current_guess is long_dtype or current_guess is int64_dtype):
             return int64_dtype
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_compile.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_compile.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_compile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+
+import py
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.compile import *
+
+class TestCompiler(object):
+    def compile(self, code):
+        return numpy_compile(code)
+    
+    def test_vars(self):
+        code = """
+        a = 2
+        b = 3
+        """
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert isinstance(interp.code.statements[0], Assignment)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0].name == 'a'
+        assert interp.code.statements[0].expr.v == 2
+        assert interp.code.statements[1].name == 'b'
+        assert interp.code.statements[1].expr.v == 3
+
+    def test_array_literal(self):
+        code = "a = [1,2,3]"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert isinstance(interp.code.statements[0].expr, ArrayConstant)
+        st = interp.code.statements[0]
+        assert st.expr.items == [FloatConstant(1), FloatConstant(2),
+                                 FloatConstant(3)]
+    
+    def test_array_literal2(self):
+        code = "a = [[1],[2],[3]]"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert isinstance(interp.code.statements[0].expr, ArrayConstant)
+        st = interp.code.statements[0]
+        assert st.expr.items == [ArrayConstant([FloatConstant(1)]),
+                                 ArrayConstant([FloatConstant(2)]),
+                                 ArrayConstant([FloatConstant(3)])]
+
+    def test_expr_1(self):
+        code = "b = a + 1"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert (interp.code.statements[0].expr ==
+                Operator(Variable("a"), "+", FloatConstant(1)))
+
+    def test_expr_2(self):
+        code = "b = a + b - 3"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert (interp.code.statements[0].expr ==
+                Operator(Operator(Variable("a"), "+", Variable("b")), "-",
+                         FloatConstant(3)))
+
+    def test_expr_3(self):
+        # an equivalent of range
+        code = "a = |20|"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0].expr == RangeConstant(20)
+
+    def test_expr_only(self):
+        code = "3 + a"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0] == Execute(
+            Operator(FloatConstant(3), "+", Variable("a")))
+
+    def test_array_access(self):
+        code = "a -> 3"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0] == Execute(
+            Operator(Variable("a"), "->", FloatConstant(3)))
+
+    def test_function_call(self):
+        code = "sum(a)"
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0] == Execute(
+            FunctionCall("sum", [Variable("a")]))
+
+    def test_comment(self):
+        code = """
+        # some comment
+        a = b + 3  # another comment
+        """
+        interp = self.compile(code)
+        assert interp.code.statements[0] == Assignment(
+            'a', Operator(Variable('b'), "+", FloatConstant(3)))
+
+class TestRunner(object):
+    def run(self, code):
+        interp = numpy_compile(code)
+        space = FakeSpace()
+        interp.run(space)
+        return interp
+
+    def test_one(self):
+        code = """
+        a = 3
+        b = 4
+        a + b
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert sorted(interp.variables.keys()) == ['a', 'b']
+        assert interp.results[0]
+
+    def test_array_add(self):
+        code = """
+        a = [1,2,3,4]
+        b = [4,5,6,5]
+        a + b
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert interp.results[0]._getnums(False) == ["5.0", "7.0", "9.0", "9.0"]
+
+    def test_array_getitem(self):
+        code = """
+        a = [1,2,3,4]
+        b = [4,5,6,5]
+        a + b -> 3
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 3 + 6
+        
+    def test_range_getitem(self):
+        code = """
+        r = |20| + 3
+        r -> 3
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 6
+
+    def test_sum(self):
+        code = """
+        a = [1,2,3,4,5]
+        r = sum(a)
+        r
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 15
+
+    def test_array_write(self):
+        code = """
+        a = [1,2,3,4,5]
+        a[3] = 15
+        a -> 3
+        """
+        interp = self.run(code)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 15
+
+    def test_min(self):
+        interp = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        a[15] = -12
+        b = a + a
+        min(b)
+        """)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == -24
+
+    def test_max(self):
+        interp = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        a[13] = 128
+        b = a + a
+        max(b)
+        """)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 256
+
+    def test_slice(self):
+        py.test.skip("in progress")
+        interp = self.run("""
+        a = [1,2,3,4]
+        b = a -> :
+        b -> 3
+        """)
+        assert interp.results[0].value.val == 3
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_ufuncs.py
@@ -82,6 +82,8 @@
         b = negative(a)
         a[0] = 5.0
         assert b[0] == 5.0
+        a = array(range(30))
+        assert negative(a + a)[3] == -6
 
     def test_abs(self):
         from numpy import array, absolute
diff --git a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
--- a/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
+++ b/pypy/module/micronumpy/test/test_zjit.py
@@ -1,261 +1,206 @@
+
+""" Tests that check if JIT-compiled numpy operations produce reasonably
+good assembler
+"""
+
+
+import py
 from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.support import LLJitMixin
 from pypy.module.micronumpy import interp_ufuncs, signature
 from pypy.module.micronumpy.compile import (numpy_compile, FakeSpace,
-    FloatObject, IntObject)
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Int32Dtype, W_Float64Dtype, W_Int64Dtype, W_UInt64Dtype
-from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_numarray import (BaseArray, NDimArray,
-    NDimSlice, scalar_w)
+    FloatObject, IntObject, BoolObject)
+from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_numarray import NDimArray, NDimSlice
 from pypy.rlib.nonconst import NonConstant
-from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import llstr
-from pypy.rpython.test.test_llinterp import interpret
-
-import py
-py.test.skip("XXX")
+from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import llstr, hlstr
+from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmspot import reset_stats
+from pypy.jit.metainterp import pyjitpl
 
 class TestNumpyJIt(LLJitMixin):
-    def setup_class(cls):
-        cls.space = FakeSpace()
-        cls.float64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
-        cls.int64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Int64Dtype)
-        cls.uint64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_UInt64Dtype)
-        cls.int32_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Int32Dtype)
+    graph = None
+    interp = None
+        
+    def run(self, code):
+        space = FakeSpace()
+        
+        def f(code):
+            interp = numpy_compile(hlstr(code))
+            interp.run(space)
+            res = interp.results[-1]
+            w_res = res.eval(0).wrap(interp.space)
+            if isinstance(w_res, BoolObject):
+                return float(w_res.boolval)
+            elif isinstance(w_res, FloatObject):
+                return w_res.floatval
+            elif isinstance(w_res, IntObject):
+                return w_res.intval
+            else:
+                return -42.
+
+        if self.graph is None:
+            interp, graph = self.meta_interp(f, [llstr(code)],
+                                             listops=True,
+                                             backendopt=True,
+                                             graph_and_interp_only=True)
+            self.__class__.interp = interp
+            self.__class__.graph = graph
+
+        reset_stats()
+        pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.memory_manager.alive_loops.clear()
+        return self.interp.eval_graph(self.graph, [llstr(code)])
 
     def test_add(self):
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
-            v = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(self.space, [ar, ar])
-            return v.get_concrete().eval(3).val
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + a
+        b -> 3
+        """)
         self.check_loops({'getarrayitem_raw': 2, 'float_add': 1,
                           'setarrayitem_raw': 1, 'int_add': 1,
                           'int_lt': 1, 'guard_true': 1, 'jump': 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
+        assert result == 3 + 3
 
     def test_floatadd(self):
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
-            v = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(self.space, [
-                    ar,
-                    scalar_w(self.space, self.float64_dtype, self.space.wrap(4.5))
-                ],
-            )
-            assert isinstance(v, BaseArray)
-            return v.get_concrete().eval(3).val
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30| + 3
+        a -> 3
+        """)
+        assert result == 3 + 3
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 1, "float_add": 1,
                           "setarrayitem_raw": 1, "int_add": 1,
                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
 
     def test_sum(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-        int64_dtype = self.int64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            if NonConstant(False):
-                dtype = int64_dtype
-            else:
-                dtype = float64_dtype
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=dtype)
-            v = ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_sum(space)
-            assert isinstance(v, FloatObject)
-            return v.floatval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + a
+        sum(b)
+        """)
+        assert result == 2 * sum(range(30))
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 2,
                           "int_add": 1,
                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
 
     def test_prod(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-        int64_dtype = self.int64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            if NonConstant(False):
-                dtype = int64_dtype
-            else:
-                dtype = float64_dtype
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=dtype)
-            v = ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_prod(space)
-            assert isinstance(v, FloatObject)
-            return v.floatval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + a
+        prod(b)
+        """)
+        expected = 1
+        for i in range(30):
+            expected *= i * 2
+        assert result == expected
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
                           "float_mul": 1, "int_add": 1,
                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
 
     def test_max(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-        int64_dtype = self.int64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            if NonConstant(False):
-                dtype = int64_dtype
-            else:
-                dtype = float64_dtype
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=dtype)
-            j = 0
-            while j < i:
-                ar.get_concrete().setitem(j, float64_dtype.box(float(j)))
-                j += 1
-            v = ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_max(space)
-            assert isinstance(v, FloatObject)
-            return v.floatval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        py.test.skip("broken, investigate")
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        a[13] = 128
+        b = a + a
+        max(b)
+        """)
+        assert result == 256
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
-                          "float_gt": 1, "int_add": 1,
-                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1,
-                          "guard_false": 1, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
+                          "float_mul": 1, "int_add": 1,
+                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
 
     def test_min(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-        int64_dtype = self.int64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            if NonConstant(False):
-                dtype = int64_dtype
-            else:
-                dtype = float64_dtype
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=dtype)
-            j = 0
-            while j < i:
-                ar.get_concrete().setitem(j, float64_dtype.box(float(j)))
-                j += 1
-            v = ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_min(space)
-            assert isinstance(v, FloatObject)
-            return v.floatval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        py.test.skip("broken, investigate")
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        a[15] = -12
+        b = a + a
+        min(b)
+        """)
+        assert result == -24
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
-                           "float_lt": 1, "int_add": 1,
-                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 2,
-                           "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
-
-    def test_argmin(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=NonConstant(float64_dtype))
-            j = 0
-            while j < i:
-                ar.get_concrete().setitem(j, float64_dtype.box(float(j)))
-                j += 1
-            return ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_argmin(space).intval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
-        self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
-                           "float_lt": 1, "int_add": 1,
-                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 2,
-                           "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
-
-    def test_all(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=NonConstant(float64_dtype))
-            j = 0
-            while j < i:
-                ar.get_concrete().setitem(j, float64_dtype.box(1.0))
-                j += 1
-            return ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_all(space).boolval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
-        self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
-                          "int_add": 1, "float_ne": 1,
-                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 2, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
+                          "float_mul": 1, "int_add": 1,
+                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
 
     def test_any(self):
-        space = self.space
-        float64_dtype = self.float64_dtype
-
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=NonConstant(float64_dtype))
-            return ar.descr_add(space, ar).descr_any(space).boolval
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
+        a[8] = -12
+        b = a + a
+        any(b)
+        """)
+        assert result == 1
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1,
-                          "int_add": 1, "float_ne": 1, "guard_false": 1,
-                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1})
-        assert result == f(5)
+                          "float_ne": 1, "int_add": 1,
+                          "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1,
+                          "guard_false": 1})
 
     def test_already_forced(self):
-        space = self.space
-
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
-            v1 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(space, [ar, scalar_w(space, self.float64_dtype, space.wrap(4.5))])
-            assert isinstance(v1, BaseArray)
-            v2 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).multiply.call(space, [v1, scalar_w(space, self.float64_dtype, space.wrap(4.5))])
-            v1.force_if_needed()
-            assert isinstance(v2, BaseArray)
-            return v2.get_concrete().eval(3).val
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + 4.5
+        b -> 5 # forces
+        c = b * 8
+        c -> 5
+        """)
+        assert result == (5 + 4.5) * 8
         # This is the sum of the ops for both loops, however if you remove the
         # optimization then you end up with 2 float_adds, so we can still be
         # sure it was optimized correctly.
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_mul": 1, "float_add": 1,
                            "setarrayitem_raw": 2, "int_add": 2,
                            "int_lt": 2, "guard_true": 2, "jump": 2})
-        assert result == f(5)
 
     def test_ufunc(self):
-        space = self.space
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
-            v1 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(space, [ar, ar])
-            v2 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).negative.call(space, [v1])
-            return v2.get_concrete().eval(3).val
-
-        result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+        result = self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + a
+        c = unegative(b)
+        c -> 3
+        """)
+        assert result == -6
         self.check_loops({"getarrayitem_raw": 2, "float_add": 1, "float_neg": 1,
                           "setarrayitem_raw": 1, "int_add": 1,
                           "int_lt": 1, "guard_true": 1, "jump": 1,
         })
-        assert result == f(5)
 
-    def test_appropriate_specialization(self):
-        space = self.space
-        def f(i):
-            ar = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
-
-            v1 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(space, [ar, ar])
-            v2 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).negative.call(space, [v1])
-            v2.get_concrete()
-
-            for i in xrange(5):
-                v1 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).multiply.call(space, [ar, ar])
-                v2 = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).negative.call(space, [v1])
-                v2.get_concrete()
-
-        self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
+    def test_specialization(self):
+        self.run("""
+        a = |30|
+        b = a + a
+        c = unegative(b)
+        c -> 3
+        d = a * a
+        unegative(d)
+        d -> 3
+        d = a * a
+        unegative(d)
+        d -> 3
+        d = a * a
+        unegative(d)
+        d -> 3
+        d = a * a
+        unegative(d)
+        d -> 3
+        """)
         # This is 3, not 2 because there is a bridge for the exit.
         self.check_loop_count(3)
 
+
+class TestNumpyOld(LLJitMixin):
+    def setup_class(cls):
+        from pypy.module.micronumpy.compile import FakeSpace
+        from pypy.module.micronumpy.interp_dtype import W_Float64Dtype
+        
+        cls.space = FakeSpace()
+        cls.float64_dtype = cls.space.fromcache(W_Float64Dtype)
+    
     def test_slice(self):
         def f(i):
             step = 3
-            ar = SingleDimArray(step*i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
+            ar = NDimArray(step*i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
             new_sig = signature.Signature.find_sig([
-                SingleDimSlice.signature, ar.signature
+                NDimSlice.signature, ar.signature
             ])
-            s = SingleDimSlice(0, step*i, step, i, ar, new_sig)
+            s = NDimSlice(0, step*i, step, i, ar, new_sig)
             v = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(self.space, [s, s])
             return v.get_concrete().eval(3).val
 
@@ -269,15 +214,15 @@
         def f(i):
             step1 = 2
             step2 = 3
-            ar = SingleDimArray(step2*i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
+            ar = NDimArray(step2*i, dtype=self.float64_dtype)
             new_sig = signature.Signature.find_sig([
-                SingleDimSlice.signature, ar.signature
+                NDimSlice.signature, ar.signature
             ])
-            s1 = SingleDimSlice(0, step1*i, step1, i, ar, new_sig)
+            s1 = NDimSlice(0, step1*i, step1, i, ar, new_sig)
             new_sig = signature.Signature.find_sig([
-                SingleDimSlice.signature, s1.signature
+                NDimSlice.signature, s1.signature
             ])
-            s2 = SingleDimSlice(0, step2*i, step2, i, ar, new_sig)
+            s2 = NDimSlice(0, step2*i, step2, i, ar, new_sig)
             v = interp_ufuncs.get(self.space).add.call(self.space, [s1, s2])
             return v.get_concrete().eval(3).val
 
@@ -293,8 +238,8 @@
 
         def f(i):
             step = NonConstant(3)
-            ar = SingleDimArray(step*i, dtype=float64_dtype)
-            ar2 = SingleDimArray(i, dtype=float64_dtype)
+            ar = NDimArray(step*i, dtype=float64_dtype)
+            ar2 = NDimArray(i, dtype=float64_dtype)
             ar2.get_concrete().setitem(1, float64_dtype.box(5.5))
             arg = ar2.descr_add(space, ar2)
             ar.setslice(space, 0, step*i, step, i, arg)
@@ -332,17 +277,3 @@
         result = self.meta_interp(f, [5], listops=True, backendopt=True)
         assert result == f(5)
 
-class TestTranslation(object):
-    def test_compile(self):
-        x = numpy_compile('aa+f*f/a-', 10)
-        x = x.compute()
-        assert isinstance(x, SingleDimArray)
-        assert x.size == 10
-        assert x.eval(0).val == 0
-        assert x.eval(1).val == ((1 + 1) * 1.2) / 1.2 - 1
-
-    def test_translation(self):
-        # we import main to check if the target compiles
-        from pypy.translator.goal.targetnumpystandalone import main
-
-        interpret(main, [llstr('af+'), 100])
diff --git a/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_call.py b/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_call.py
--- a/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_call.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_call.py
@@ -465,3 +465,25 @@
             setfield_gc(p4, p22, descr=<GcPtrFieldDescr pypy.interpreter.nestedscope.Cell.inst_w_value .*>)
             jump(p0, p1, p2, p3, p4, p7, p22, p7, descr=<Loop0>)
         """)
+
+    def test_kwargs_virtual(self):
+        def main(n):
+            def g(**kwargs):
+                return kwargs["x"] + 1
+
+            i = 0
+            while i < n:
+                i = g(x=i)
+            return i
+
+        log = self.run(main, [500])
+        assert log.result == 500
+        loop, = log.loops_by_filename(self.filepath)
+        assert loop.match("""
+            i2 = int_lt(i0, i1)
+            guard_true(i2, descr=...)
+            i3 = force_token()
+            i4 = int_add(i0, 1)
+            --TICK--
+            jump(..., descr=...)
+        """)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_containers.py b/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_containers.py
--- a/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_containers.py
+++ b/pypy/module/pypyjit/test_pypy_c/test_containers.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
         # gc_id call is hoisted out of the loop, the id of a value obviously
         # can't change ;)
         assert loop.match_by_id("getitem", """
-            i28 = call(ConstClass(ll_dict_lookup__dicttablePtr_objectPtr_Signed), p18, p6, i25, descr=...)
+            i26 = call(ConstClass(ll_dict_lookup), p18, p6, i25, descr=...)
             ...
             p33 = getinteriorfield_gc(p31, i26, descr=<InteriorFieldDescr <GcPtrFieldDescr dictentry.value .*>>)
             ...
diff --git a/pypy/objspace/std/test/test_stdobjspace.py b/pypy/objspace/std/test/test_stdobjspace.py
--- a/pypy/objspace/std/test/test_stdobjspace.py
+++ b/pypy/objspace/std/test/test_stdobjspace.py
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 
     def test_int_w_non_int(self):
         raises(OperationError,self.space.int_w,self.space.wrap(None))
-        raises(OperationError,self.space.int_w,self.space.wrap(""))        
+        raises(OperationError,self.space.int_w,self.space.wrap(""))
 
     def test_uint_w_non_int(self):
         raises(OperationError,self.space.uint_w,self.space.wrap(None))
-        raises(OperationError,self.space.uint_w,self.space.wrap(""))        
+        raises(OperationError,self.space.uint_w,self.space.wrap(""))
 
     def test_multimethods_defined_on(self):
         from pypy.objspace.std.stdtypedef import multimethods_defined_on
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@
     def test_fastpath_isinstance(self):
         from pypy.objspace.std.stringobject import W_StringObject
         from pypy.objspace.std.intobject import W_IntObject
-        
+
         space = self.space
-        assert space.w_str.interplevel_cls is W_StringObject
-        assert space.w_int.interplevel_cls is W_IntObject
+        assert space._get_interplevel_cls(space.w_str) is W_StringObject
+        assert space._get_interplevel_cls(space.w_int) is W_IntObject
         class X(W_StringObject):
             def __init__(self):
                 pass
-            
+
             typedef = None
 
         assert space.isinstance_w(X(), space.w_str)
diff --git a/pypy/rlib/rsre/rsre_core.py b/pypy/rlib/rsre/rsre_core.py
--- a/pypy/rlib/rsre/rsre_core.py
+++ b/pypy/rlib/rsre/rsre_core.py
@@ -391,6 +391,8 @@
             if self.num_pending >= min:
                 while enum is not None and ptr == ctx.match_end:
                     enum = enum.move_to_next_result(ctx)
+                    # matched marks for zero-width assertions
+                    marks = ctx.match_marks
             #
             if enum is not None:
                 # matched one more 'item'.  record it and continue.
diff --git a/pypy/rlib/rsre/test/test_re.py b/pypy/rlib/rsre/test/test_re.py
--- a/pypy/rlib/rsre/test/test_re.py
+++ b/pypy/rlib/rsre/test/test_re.py
@@ -226,6 +226,13 @@
                          (None, 'b', None))
         assert pat.match('ac').group(1, 'b2', 3) == ('a', None, 'c')
 
+    def test_bug_923(self):
+        # Issue923: grouping inside optional lookahead problem
+        assert re.match(r'a(?=(b))?', "ab").groups() == ("b",)
+        assert re.match(r'(a(?=(b))?)', "ab").groups() == ('a', 'b')
+        assert re.match(r'(a)(?=(b))?', "ab").groups() == ('a', 'b')
+        assert re.match(r'(?P<g1>a)(?=(?P<g2>b))?', "ab").groupdict() == {'g1': 'a', 'g2': 'b'}
+
     def test_re_groupref_exists(self):
         assert re.match('^(\()?([^()]+)(?(1)\))$', '(a)').groups() == (
                          ('(', 'a'))
diff --git a/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rdict.py b/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rdict.py
--- a/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rdict.py
+++ b/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rdict.py
@@ -445,9 +445,9 @@
     i = ll_dict_lookup(d, key, hash)
     return _ll_dict_setitem_lookup_done(d, key, value, hash, i)
 
-# Leaving as dont_look_inside ATM, it has a few branches which could lead to
-# many bridges if we don't consider their possible frequency.
- at jit.dont_look_inside
+# It may be safe to look inside always, it has a few branches though, and their
+# frequencies needs to be investigated.
+ at jit.look_inside_iff(lambda d, key, value, hash, i: jit.isvirtual(d) and jit.isconstant(key))
 def _ll_dict_setitem_lookup_done(d, key, value, hash, i):
     valid = (i & HIGHEST_BIT) == 0
     i = i & MASK
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
 # ------- a port of CPython's dictobject.c's lookdict implementation -------
 PERTURB_SHIFT = 5
 
- at jit.dont_look_inside
+ at jit.look_inside_iff(lambda d, key, hash: jit.isvirtual(d) and jit.isconstant(key))
 def ll_dict_lookup(d, key, hash):
     entries = d.entries
     ENTRIES = lltype.typeOf(entries).TO
diff --git a/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rstr.py b/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rstr.py
--- a/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rstr.py
+++ b/pypy/rpython/lltypesystem/rstr.py
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 from pypy.rpython.rmodel import Repr
 from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import llmemory
 from pypy.tool.sourcetools import func_with_new_name
+from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.lloperation import llop
 
 # ____________________________________________________________
 #
@@ -364,8 +365,10 @@
             while lpos < rpos and s.chars[lpos] == ch:
                 lpos += 1
         if right:
-            while lpos < rpos and s.chars[rpos] == ch:
+            while lpos < rpos + 1 and s.chars[rpos] == ch:
                 rpos -= 1
+        if rpos < lpos:
+            return s.empty()
         r_len = rpos - lpos + 1
         result = s.malloc(r_len)
         s.copy_contents(s, result, lpos, 0, r_len)
diff --git a/pypy/rpython/test/test_rstr.py b/pypy/rpython/test/test_rstr.py
--- a/pypy/rpython/test/test_rstr.py
+++ b/pypy/rpython/test/test_rstr.py
@@ -372,12 +372,20 @@
             return const('!ab!').lstrip(const('!'))
         def right():
             return const('!ab!').rstrip(const('!'))
+        def empty():
+            return const('    ').strip(' ')
+        def left2():
+            return const('a  ').strip(' ')
         res = self.interpret(both, [])
         assert self.ll_to_string(res) == const('ab')
         res = self.interpret(left, [])
         assert self.ll_to_string(res) == const('ab!')
         res = self.interpret(right, [])
         assert self.ll_to_string(res) == const('!ab')
+        res = self.interpret(empty, [])
+        assert self.ll_to_string(res) == const('')
+        res = self.interpret(left2, [])
+        assert self.ll_to_string(res) == const('a')
 
     def test_upper(self):
         const = self.const


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