[pypy-commit] pypy win32-stdlib: restore files removed by mistake

mattip noreply at buildbot.pypy.org
Wed Apr 11 21:15:24 CEST 2012


Author: Matti Picus <matti.picus at gmail.com>
Branch: win32-stdlib
Changeset: r54292:d1833eeffd0d
Date: 2012-04-11 22:07 +0300
http://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/changeset/d1833eeffd0d/

Log:	restore files removed by mistake

diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py b/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/mailbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2171 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+
+"""Read/write support for Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF mailboxes."""
+
+# Notes for authors of new mailbox subclasses:
+#
+# Remember to fsync() changes to disk before closing a modified file
+# or returning from a flush() method.  See functions _sync_flush() and
+# _sync_close().
+
+import sys
+import os
+import time
+import calendar
+import socket
+import errno
+import copy
+import email
+import email.message
+import email.generator
+import StringIO
+try:
+    if sys.platform == 'os2emx':
+        # OS/2 EMX fcntl() not adequate
+        raise ImportError
+    import fcntl
+except ImportError:
+    fcntl = None
+
+import warnings
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    if sys.py3kwarning:
+        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", ".*rfc822 has been removed",
+                                DeprecationWarning)
+    import rfc822
+
+__all__ = [ 'Mailbox', 'Maildir', 'mbox', 'MH', 'Babyl', 'MMDF',
+            'Message', 'MaildirMessage', 'mboxMessage', 'MHMessage',
+            'BabylMessage', 'MMDFMessage', 'UnixMailbox',
+            'PortableUnixMailbox', 'MmdfMailbox', 'MHMailbox', 'BabylMailbox' ]
+
+class Mailbox:
+    """A group of messages in a particular place."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize a Mailbox instance."""
+        self._path = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(path))
+        self._factory = factory
+
+    def add(self, message):
+        """Add message and return assigned key."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        self.remove(key)
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        """If the keyed message exists, remove it."""
+        try:
+            self.remove(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, message):
+        """Replace the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Return the keyed message, or default if it doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            return self.__getitem__(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        if not self._factory:
+            return self.get_message(key)
+        else:
+            return self._factory(self.get_file(key))
+
+    def get_message(self, key):
+        """Return a Message representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def get_string(self, key):
+        """Return a string representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def get_file(self, key):
+        """Return a file-like representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Return an iterator over keys."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return a list of keys."""
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Return an iterator over all messages."""
+        for key in self.iterkeys():
+            try:
+                value = self[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            yield value
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.itervalues()
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Return a list of messages. Memory intensive."""
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Return an iterator over (key, message) tuples."""
+        for key in self.iterkeys():
+            try:
+                value = self[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            yield (key, value)
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Return a list of (key, message) tuples. Memory intensive."""
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if the keyed message exists, False otherwise."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return self.has_key(key)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return a count of messages in the mailbox."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Delete all messages."""
+        for key in self.iterkeys():
+            self.discard(key)
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        """Delete the keyed message and return it, or default."""
+        try:
+            result = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+        self.discard(key)
+        return result
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        """Delete an arbitrary (key, message) pair and return it."""
+        for key in self.iterkeys():
+            return (key, self.pop(key))     # This is only run once.
+        else:
+            raise KeyError('No messages in mailbox')
+
+    def update(self, arg=None):
+        """Change the messages that correspond to certain keys."""
+        if hasattr(arg, 'iteritems'):
+            source = arg.iteritems()
+        elif hasattr(arg, 'items'):
+            source = arg.items()
+        else:
+            source = arg
+        bad_key = False
+        for key, message in source:
+            try:
+                self[key] = message
+            except KeyError:
+                bad_key = True
+        if bad_key:
+            raise KeyError('No message with key(s)')
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """Write any pending changes to the disk."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def lock(self):
+        """Lock the mailbox."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def unlock(self):
+        """Unlock the mailbox if it is locked."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Flush and close the mailbox."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('Method must be implemented by subclass')
+
+    def _dump_message(self, message, target, mangle_from_=False):
+        # Most files are opened in binary mode to allow predictable seeking.
+        # To get native line endings on disk, the user-friendly \n line endings
+        # used in strings and by email.Message are translated here.
+        """Dump message contents to target file."""
+        if isinstance(message, email.message.Message):
+            buffer = StringIO.StringIO()
+            gen = email.generator.Generator(buffer, mangle_from_, 0)
+            gen.flatten(message)
+            buffer.seek(0)
+            target.write(buffer.read().replace('\n', os.linesep))
+        elif isinstance(message, str):
+            if mangle_from_:
+                message = message.replace('\nFrom ', '\n>From ')
+            message = message.replace('\n', os.linesep)
+            target.write(message)
+        elif hasattr(message, 'read'):
+            while True:
+                line = message.readline()
+                if line == '':
+                    break
+                if mangle_from_ and line.startswith('From '):
+                    line = '>From ' + line[5:]
+                line = line.replace('\n', os.linesep)
+                target.write(line)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Invalid message type: %s' % type(message))
+
+
+class Maildir(Mailbox):
+    """A qmail-style Maildir mailbox."""
+
+    colon = ':'
+
+    def __init__(self, dirname, factory=rfc822.Message, create=True):
+        """Initialize a Maildir instance."""
+        Mailbox.__init__(self, dirname, factory, create)
+        self._paths = {
+            'tmp': os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp'),
+            'new': os.path.join(self._path, 'new'),
+            'cur': os.path.join(self._path, 'cur'),
+            }
+        if not os.path.exists(self._path):
+            if create:
+                os.mkdir(self._path, 0700)
+                for path in self._paths.values():
+                    os.mkdir(path, 0o700)
+            else:
+                raise NoSuchMailboxError(self._path)
+        self._toc = {}
+        self._toc_mtimes = {}
+        for subdir in ('cur', 'new'):
+            self._toc_mtimes[subdir] = os.path.getmtime(self._paths[subdir])
+        self._last_read = time.time()  # Records last time we read cur/new
+        self._skewfactor = 0.1         # Adjust if os/fs clocks are skewing
+
+    def add(self, message):
+        """Add message and return assigned key."""
+        tmp_file = self._create_tmp()
+        try:
+            self._dump_message(message, tmp_file)
+        except BaseException:
+            tmp_file.close()
+            os.remove(tmp_file.name)
+            raise
+        _sync_close(tmp_file)
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            subdir = message.get_subdir()
+            suffix = self.colon + message.get_info()
+            if suffix == self.colon:
+                suffix = ''
+        else:
+            subdir = 'new'
+            suffix = ''
+        uniq = os.path.basename(tmp_file.name).split(self.colon)[0]
+        dest = os.path.join(self._path, subdir, uniq + suffix)
+        try:
+            if hasattr(os, 'link'):
+                os.link(tmp_file.name, dest)
+                os.remove(tmp_file.name)
+            else:
+                os.rename(tmp_file.name, dest)
+        except OSError, e:
+            os.remove(tmp_file.name)
+            if e.errno == errno.EEXIST:
+                raise ExternalClashError('Name clash with existing message: %s'
+                                         % dest)
+            else:
+                raise
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            os.utime(dest, (os.path.getatime(dest), message.get_date()))
+        return uniq
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        os.remove(os.path.join(self._path, self._lookup(key)))
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        """If the keyed message exists, remove it."""
+        # This overrides an inapplicable implementation in the superclass.
+        try:
+            self.remove(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        except OSError, e:
+            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                raise
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, message):
+        """Replace the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        old_subpath = self._lookup(key)
+        temp_key = self.add(message)
+        temp_subpath = self._lookup(temp_key)
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            # temp's subdir and suffix were specified by message.
+            dominant_subpath = temp_subpath
+        else:
+            # temp's subdir and suffix were defaults from add().
+            dominant_subpath = old_subpath
+        subdir = os.path.dirname(dominant_subpath)
+        if self.colon in dominant_subpath:
+            suffix = self.colon + dominant_subpath.split(self.colon)[-1]
+        else:
+            suffix = ''
+        self.discard(key)
+        new_path = os.path.join(self._path, subdir, key + suffix)
+        os.rename(os.path.join(self._path, temp_subpath), new_path)
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            os.utime(new_path, (os.path.getatime(new_path),
+                                message.get_date()))
+
+    def get_message(self, key):
+        """Return a Message representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        subpath = self._lookup(key)
+        f = open(os.path.join(self._path, subpath), 'r')
+        try:
+            if self._factory:
+                msg = self._factory(f)
+            else:
+                msg = MaildirMessage(f)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        subdir, name = os.path.split(subpath)
+        msg.set_subdir(subdir)
+        if self.colon in name:
+            msg.set_info(name.split(self.colon)[-1])
+        msg.set_date(os.path.getmtime(os.path.join(self._path, subpath)))
+        return msg
+
+    def get_string(self, key):
+        """Return a string representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        f = open(os.path.join(self._path, self._lookup(key)), 'r')
+        try:
+            return f.read()
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def get_file(self, key):
+        """Return a file-like representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        f = open(os.path.join(self._path, self._lookup(key)), 'rb')
+        return _ProxyFile(f)
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Return an iterator over keys."""
+        self._refresh()
+        for key in self._toc:
+            try:
+                self._lookup(key)
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            yield key
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if the keyed message exists, False otherwise."""
+        self._refresh()
+        return key in self._toc
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return a count of messages in the mailbox."""
+        self._refresh()
+        return len(self._toc)
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """Write any pending changes to disk."""
+        # Maildir changes are always written immediately, so there's nothing
+        # to do.
+        pass
+
+    def lock(self):
+        """Lock the mailbox."""
+        return
+
+    def unlock(self):
+        """Unlock the mailbox if it is locked."""
+        return
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Flush and close the mailbox."""
+        return
+
+    def list_folders(self):
+        """Return a list of folder names."""
+        result = []
+        for entry in os.listdir(self._path):
+            if len(entry) > 1 and entry[0] == '.' and \
+               os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self._path, entry)):
+                result.append(entry[1:])
+        return result
+
+    def get_folder(self, folder):
+        """Return a Maildir instance for the named folder."""
+        return Maildir(os.path.join(self._path, '.' + folder),
+                       factory=self._factory,
+                       create=False)
+
+    def add_folder(self, folder):
+        """Create a folder and return a Maildir instance representing it."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, '.' + folder)
+        result = Maildir(path, factory=self._factory)
+        maildirfolder_path = os.path.join(path, 'maildirfolder')
+        if not os.path.exists(maildirfolder_path):
+            os.close(os.open(maildirfolder_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY,
+                0666))
+        return result
+
+    def remove_folder(self, folder):
+        """Delete the named folder, which must be empty."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, '.' + folder)
+        for entry in os.listdir(os.path.join(path, 'new')) + \
+                     os.listdir(os.path.join(path, 'cur')):
+            if len(entry) < 1 or entry[0] != '.':
+                raise NotEmptyError('Folder contains message(s): %s' % folder)
+        for entry in os.listdir(path):
+            if entry != 'new' and entry != 'cur' and entry != 'tmp' and \
+               os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, entry)):
+                raise NotEmptyError("Folder contains subdirectory '%s': %s" %
+                                    (folder, entry))
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path, topdown=False):
+            for entry in files:
+                os.remove(os.path.join(root, entry))
+            for entry in dirs:
+                os.rmdir(os.path.join(root, entry))
+        os.rmdir(path)
+
+    def clean(self):
+        """Delete old files in "tmp"."""
+        now = time.time()
+        for entry in os.listdir(os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp')):
+            path = os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp', entry)
+            if now - os.path.getatime(path) > 129600:   # 60 * 60 * 36
+                os.remove(path)
+
+    _count = 1  # This is used to generate unique file names.
+
+    def _create_tmp(self):
+        """Create a file in the tmp subdirectory and open and return it."""
+        now = time.time()
+        hostname = socket.gethostname()
+        if '/' in hostname:
+            hostname = hostname.replace('/', r'\057')
+        if ':' in hostname:
+            hostname = hostname.replace(':', r'\072')
+        uniq = "%s.M%sP%sQ%s.%s" % (int(now), int(now % 1 * 1e6), os.getpid(),
+                                    Maildir._count, hostname)
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp', uniq)
+        try:
+            os.stat(path)
+        except OSError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                Maildir._count += 1
+                try:
+                    return _create_carefully(path)
+                except OSError, e:
+                    if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                        raise
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        # Fall through to here if stat succeeded or open raised EEXIST.
+        raise ExternalClashError('Name clash prevented file creation: %s' %
+                                 path)
+
+    def _refresh(self):
+        """Update table of contents mapping."""
+        # If it has been less than two seconds since the last _refresh() call,
+        # we have to unconditionally re-read the mailbox just in case it has
+        # been modified, because os.path.mtime() has a 2 sec resolution in the
+        # most common worst case (FAT) and a 1 sec resolution typically.  This
+        # results in a few unnecessary re-reads when _refresh() is called
+        # multiple times in that interval, but once the clock ticks over, we
+        # will only re-read as needed.  Because the filesystem might be being
+        # served by an independent system with its own clock, we record and
+        # compare with the mtimes from the filesystem.  Because the other
+        # system's clock might be skewing relative to our clock, we add an
+        # extra delta to our wait.  The default is one tenth second, but is an
+        # instance variable and so can be adjusted if dealing with a
+        # particularly skewed or irregular system.
+        if time.time() - self._last_read > 2 + self._skewfactor:
+            refresh = False
+            for subdir in self._toc_mtimes:
+                mtime = os.path.getmtime(self._paths[subdir])
+                if mtime > self._toc_mtimes[subdir]:
+                    refresh = True
+                self._toc_mtimes[subdir] = mtime
+            if not refresh:
+                return
+        # Refresh toc
+        self._toc = {}
+        for subdir in self._toc_mtimes:
+            path = self._paths[subdir]
+            for entry in os.listdir(path):
+                p = os.path.join(path, entry)
+                if os.path.isdir(p):
+                    continue
+                uniq = entry.split(self.colon)[0]
+                self._toc[uniq] = os.path.join(subdir, entry)
+        self._last_read = time.time()
+
+    def _lookup(self, key):
+        """Use TOC to return subpath for given key, or raise a KeyError."""
+        try:
+            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self._path, self._toc[key])):
+                return self._toc[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._refresh()
+        try:
+            return self._toc[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+
+    # This method is for backward compatibility only.
+    def next(self):
+        """Return the next message in a one-time iteration."""
+        if not hasattr(self, '_onetime_keys'):
+            self._onetime_keys = self.iterkeys()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self[self._onetime_keys.next()]
+            except StopIteration:
+                return None
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+
+
+class _singlefileMailbox(Mailbox):
+    """A single-file mailbox."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize a single-file mailbox."""
+        Mailbox.__init__(self, path, factory, create)
+        try:
+            f = open(self._path, 'rb+')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                if create:
+                    f = open(self._path, 'wb+')
+                else:
+                    raise NoSuchMailboxError(self._path)
+            elif e.errno in (errno.EACCES, errno.EROFS):
+                f = open(self._path, 'rb')
+            else:
+                raise
+        self._file = f
+        self._toc = None
+        self._next_key = 0
+        self._pending = False   # No changes require rewriting the file.
+        self._locked = False
+        self._file_length = None        # Used to record mailbox size
+
+    def add(self, message):
+        """Add message and return assigned key."""
+        self._lookup()
+        self._toc[self._next_key] = self._append_message(message)
+        self._next_key += 1
+        self._pending = True
+        return self._next_key - 1
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        self._lookup(key)
+        del self._toc[key]
+        self._pending = True
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, message):
+        """Replace the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        self._lookup(key)
+        self._toc[key] = self._append_message(message)
+        self._pending = True
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Return an iterator over keys."""
+        self._lookup()
+        for key in self._toc.keys():
+            yield key
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if the keyed message exists, False otherwise."""
+        self._lookup()
+        return key in self._toc
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return a count of messages in the mailbox."""
+        self._lookup()
+        return len(self._toc)
+
+    def lock(self):
+        """Lock the mailbox."""
+        if not self._locked:
+            _lock_file(self._file)
+            self._locked = True
+
+    def unlock(self):
+        """Unlock the mailbox if it is locked."""
+        if self._locked:
+            _unlock_file(self._file)
+            self._locked = False
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """Write any pending changes to disk."""
+        if not self._pending:
+            return
+
+        # In order to be writing anything out at all, self._toc must
+        # already have been generated (and presumably has been modified
+        # by adding or deleting an item).
+        assert self._toc is not None
+
+        # Check length of self._file; if it's changed, some other process
+        # has modified the mailbox since we scanned it.
+        self._file.seek(0, 2)
+        cur_len = self._file.tell()
+        if cur_len != self._file_length:
+            raise ExternalClashError('Size of mailbox file changed '
+                                     '(expected %i, found %i)' %
+                                     (self._file_length, cur_len))
+
+        new_file = _create_temporary(self._path)
+        try:
+            new_toc = {}
+            self._pre_mailbox_hook(new_file)
+            for key in sorted(self._toc.keys()):
+                start, stop = self._toc[key]
+                self._file.seek(start)
+                self._pre_message_hook(new_file)
+                new_start = new_file.tell()
+                while True:
+                    buffer = self._file.read(min(4096,
+                                                 stop - self._file.tell()))
+                    if buffer == '':
+                        break
+                    new_file.write(buffer)
+                new_toc[key] = (new_start, new_file.tell())
+                self._post_message_hook(new_file)
+        except:
+            new_file.close()
+            os.remove(new_file.name)
+            raise
+        _sync_close(new_file)
+        # self._file is about to get replaced, so no need to sync.
+        self._file.close()
+        try:
+            os.rename(new_file.name, self._path)
+        except OSError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.EEXIST or \
+              (os.name == 'os2' and e.errno == errno.EACCES):
+                os.remove(self._path)
+                os.rename(new_file.name, self._path)
+            else:
+                raise
+        self._file = open(self._path, 'rb+')
+        self._toc = new_toc
+        self._pending = False
+        if self._locked:
+            _lock_file(self._file, dotlock=False)
+
+    def _pre_mailbox_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing the mailbox to file f."""
+        return
+
+    def _pre_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing each message to file f."""
+        return
+
+    def _post_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called after writing each message to file f."""
+        return
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Flush and close the mailbox."""
+        self.flush()
+        if self._locked:
+            self.unlock()
+        self._file.close()  # Sync has been done by self.flush() above.
+
+    def _lookup(self, key=None):
+        """Return (start, stop) or raise KeyError."""
+        if self._toc is None:
+            self._generate_toc()
+        if key is not None:
+            try:
+                return self._toc[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+
+    def _append_message(self, message):
+        """Append message to mailbox and return (start, stop) offsets."""
+        self._file.seek(0, 2)
+        before = self._file.tell()
+        try:
+            self._pre_message_hook(self._file)
+            offsets = self._install_message(message)
+            self._post_message_hook(self._file)
+        except BaseException:
+            self._file.truncate(before)
+            raise
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._file_length = self._file.tell()  # Record current length of mailbox
+        return offsets
+
+
+
+class _mboxMMDF(_singlefileMailbox):
+    """An mbox or MMDF mailbox."""
+
+    _mangle_from_ = True
+
+    def get_message(self, key):
+        """Return a Message representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        start, stop = self._lookup(key)
+        self._file.seek(start)
+        from_line = self._file.readline().replace(os.linesep, '')
+        string = self._file.read(stop - self._file.tell())
+        msg = self._message_factory(string.replace(os.linesep, '\n'))
+        msg.set_from(from_line[5:])
+        return msg
+
+    def get_string(self, key, from_=False):
+        """Return a string representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        start, stop = self._lookup(key)
+        self._file.seek(start)
+        if not from_:
+            self._file.readline()
+        string = self._file.read(stop - self._file.tell())
+        return string.replace(os.linesep, '\n')
+
+    def get_file(self, key, from_=False):
+        """Return a file-like representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        start, stop = self._lookup(key)
+        self._file.seek(start)
+        if not from_:
+            self._file.readline()
+        return _PartialFile(self._file, self._file.tell(), stop)
+
+    def _install_message(self, message):
+        """Format a message and blindly write to self._file."""
+        from_line = None
+        if isinstance(message, str) and message.startswith('From '):
+            newline = message.find('\n')
+            if newline != -1:
+                from_line = message[:newline]
+                message = message[newline + 1:]
+            else:
+                from_line = message
+                message = ''
+        elif isinstance(message, _mboxMMDFMessage):
+            from_line = 'From ' + message.get_from()
+        elif isinstance(message, email.message.Message):
+            from_line = message.get_unixfrom()  # May be None.
+        if from_line is None:
+            from_line = 'From MAILER-DAEMON %s' % time.asctime(time.gmtime())
+        start = self._file.tell()
+        self._file.write(from_line + os.linesep)
+        self._dump_message(message, self._file, self._mangle_from_)
+        stop = self._file.tell()
+        return (start, stop)
+
+
+class mbox(_mboxMMDF):
+    """A classic mbox mailbox."""
+
+    _mangle_from_ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize an mbox mailbox."""
+        self._message_factory = mboxMessage
+        _mboxMMDF.__init__(self, path, factory, create)
+
+    def _pre_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing each message to file f."""
+        if f.tell() != 0:
+            f.write(os.linesep)
+
+    def _generate_toc(self):
+        """Generate key-to-(start, stop) table of contents."""
+        starts, stops = [], []
+        self._file.seek(0)
+        while True:
+            line_pos = self._file.tell()
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            if line.startswith('From '):
+                if len(stops) < len(starts):
+                    stops.append(line_pos - len(os.linesep))
+                starts.append(line_pos)
+            elif line == '':
+                stops.append(line_pos)
+                break
+        self._toc = dict(enumerate(zip(starts, stops)))
+        self._next_key = len(self._toc)
+        self._file_length = self._file.tell()
+
+
+class MMDF(_mboxMMDF):
+    """An MMDF mailbox."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize an MMDF mailbox."""
+        self._message_factory = MMDFMessage
+        _mboxMMDF.__init__(self, path, factory, create)
+
+    def _pre_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing each message to file f."""
+        f.write('\001\001\001\001' + os.linesep)
+
+    def _post_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called after writing each message to file f."""
+        f.write(os.linesep + '\001\001\001\001' + os.linesep)
+
+    def _generate_toc(self):
+        """Generate key-to-(start, stop) table of contents."""
+        starts, stops = [], []
+        self._file.seek(0)
+        next_pos = 0
+        while True:
+            line_pos = next_pos
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            next_pos = self._file.tell()
+            if line.startswith('\001\001\001\001' + os.linesep):
+                starts.append(next_pos)
+                while True:
+                    line_pos = next_pos
+                    line = self._file.readline()
+                    next_pos = self._file.tell()
+                    if line == '\001\001\001\001' + os.linesep:
+                        stops.append(line_pos - len(os.linesep))
+                        break
+                    elif line == '':
+                        stops.append(line_pos)
+                        break
+            elif line == '':
+                break
+        self._toc = dict(enumerate(zip(starts, stops)))
+        self._next_key = len(self._toc)
+        self._file.seek(0, 2)
+        self._file_length = self._file.tell()
+
+
+class MH(Mailbox):
+    """An MH mailbox."""
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize an MH instance."""
+        Mailbox.__init__(self, path, factory, create)
+        if not os.path.exists(self._path):
+            if create:
+                os.mkdir(self._path, 0700)
+                os.close(os.open(os.path.join(self._path, '.mh_sequences'),
+                                 os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY, 0600))
+            else:
+                raise NoSuchMailboxError(self._path)
+        self._locked = False
+
+    def add(self, message):
+        """Add message and return assigned key."""
+        keys = self.keys()
+        if len(keys) == 0:
+            new_key = 1
+        else:
+            new_key = max(keys) + 1
+        new_path = os.path.join(self._path, str(new_key))
+        f = _create_carefully(new_path)
+        closed = False
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                _lock_file(f)
+            try:
+                try:
+                    self._dump_message(message, f)
+                except BaseException:
+                    # Unlock and close so it can be deleted on Windows
+                    if self._locked:
+                        _unlock_file(f)
+                    _sync_close(f)
+                    closed = True
+                    os.remove(new_path)
+                    raise
+                if isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+                    self._dump_sequences(message, new_key)
+            finally:
+                if self._locked:
+                    _unlock_file(f)
+        finally:
+            if not closed:
+                _sync_close(f)
+        return new_key
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, str(key))
+        try:
+            f = open(path, 'rb+')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+            else:
+                raise
+        else:
+            f.close()
+            os.remove(path)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, message):
+        """Replace the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, str(key))
+        try:
+            f = open(path, 'rb+')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+            else:
+                raise
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                _lock_file(f)
+            try:
+                os.close(os.open(path, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC))
+                self._dump_message(message, f)
+                if isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+                    self._dump_sequences(message, key)
+            finally:
+                if self._locked:
+                    _unlock_file(f)
+        finally:
+            _sync_close(f)
+
+    def get_message(self, key):
+        """Return a Message representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                f = open(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)), 'r+')
+            else:
+                f = open(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)), 'r')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+            else:
+                raise
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                _lock_file(f)
+            try:
+                msg = MHMessage(f)
+            finally:
+                if self._locked:
+                    _unlock_file(f)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        for name, key_list in self.get_sequences().iteritems():
+            if key in key_list:
+                msg.add_sequence(name)
+        return msg
+
+    def get_string(self, key):
+        """Return a string representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                f = open(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)), 'r+')
+            else:
+                f = open(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)), 'r')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+            else:
+                raise
+        try:
+            if self._locked:
+                _lock_file(f)
+            try:
+                return f.read()
+            finally:
+                if self._locked:
+                    _unlock_file(f)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+
+    def get_file(self, key):
+        """Return a file-like representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        try:
+            f = open(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)), 'rb')
+        except IOError, e:
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
+                raise KeyError('No message with key: %s' % key)
+            else:
+                raise
+        return _ProxyFile(f)
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Return an iterator over keys."""
+        return iter(sorted(int(entry) for entry in os.listdir(self._path)
+                                      if entry.isdigit()))
+
+    def has_key(self, key):
+        """Return True if the keyed message exists, False otherwise."""
+        return os.path.exists(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return a count of messages in the mailbox."""
+        return len(list(self.iterkeys()))
+
+    def lock(self):
+        """Lock the mailbox."""
+        if not self._locked:
+            self._file = open(os.path.join(self._path, '.mh_sequences'), 'rb+')
+            _lock_file(self._file)
+            self._locked = True
+
+    def unlock(self):
+        """Unlock the mailbox if it is locked."""
+        if self._locked:
+            _unlock_file(self._file)
+            _sync_close(self._file)
+            del self._file
+            self._locked = False
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """Write any pending changes to the disk."""
+        return
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Flush and close the mailbox."""
+        if self._locked:
+            self.unlock()
+
+    def list_folders(self):
+        """Return a list of folder names."""
+        result = []
+        for entry in os.listdir(self._path):
+            if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self._path, entry)):
+                result.append(entry)
+        return result
+
+    def get_folder(self, folder):
+        """Return an MH instance for the named folder."""
+        return MH(os.path.join(self._path, folder),
+                  factory=self._factory, create=False)
+
+    def add_folder(self, folder):
+        """Create a folder and return an MH instance representing it."""
+        return MH(os.path.join(self._path, folder),
+                  factory=self._factory)
+
+    def remove_folder(self, folder):
+        """Delete the named folder, which must be empty."""
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, folder)
+        entries = os.listdir(path)
+        if entries == ['.mh_sequences']:
+            os.remove(os.path.join(path, '.mh_sequences'))
+        elif entries == []:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotEmptyError('Folder not empty: %s' % self._path)
+        os.rmdir(path)
+
+    def get_sequences(self):
+        """Return a name-to-key-list dictionary to define each sequence."""
+        results = {}
+        f = open(os.path.join(self._path, '.mh_sequences'), 'r')
+        try:
+            all_keys = set(self.keys())
+            for line in f:
+                try:
+                    name, contents = line.split(':')
+                    keys = set()
+                    for spec in contents.split():
+                        if spec.isdigit():
+                            keys.add(int(spec))
+                        else:
+                            start, stop = (int(x) for x in spec.split('-'))
+                            keys.update(range(start, stop + 1))
+                    results[name] = [key for key in sorted(keys) \
+                                         if key in all_keys]
+                    if len(results[name]) == 0:
+                        del results[name]
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise FormatError('Invalid sequence specification: %s' %
+                                      line.rstrip())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        return results
+
+    def set_sequences(self, sequences):
+        """Set sequences using the given name-to-key-list dictionary."""
+        f = open(os.path.join(self._path, '.mh_sequences'), 'r+')
+        try:
+            os.close(os.open(f.name, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC))
+            for name, keys in sequences.iteritems():
+                if len(keys) == 0:
+                    continue
+                f.write('%s:' % name)
+                prev = None
+                completing = False
+                for key in sorted(set(keys)):
+                    if key - 1 == prev:
+                        if not completing:
+                            completing = True
+                            f.write('-')
+                    elif completing:
+                        completing = False
+                        f.write('%s %s' % (prev, key))
+                    else:
+                        f.write(' %s' % key)
+                    prev = key
+                if completing:
+                    f.write(str(prev) + '\n')
+                else:
+                    f.write('\n')
+        finally:
+            _sync_close(f)
+
+    def pack(self):
+        """Re-name messages to eliminate numbering gaps. Invalidates keys."""
+        sequences = self.get_sequences()
+        prev = 0
+        changes = []
+        for key in self.iterkeys():
+            if key - 1 != prev:
+                changes.append((key, prev + 1))
+                if hasattr(os, 'link'):
+                    os.link(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)),
+                            os.path.join(self._path, str(prev + 1)))
+                    os.unlink(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)))
+                else:
+                    os.rename(os.path.join(self._path, str(key)),
+                              os.path.join(self._path, str(prev + 1)))
+            prev += 1
+        self._next_key = prev + 1
+        if len(changes) == 0:
+            return
+        for name, key_list in sequences.items():
+            for old, new in changes:
+                if old in key_list:
+                    key_list[key_list.index(old)] = new
+        self.set_sequences(sequences)
+
+    def _dump_sequences(self, message, key):
+        """Inspect a new MHMessage and update sequences appropriately."""
+        pending_sequences = message.get_sequences()
+        all_sequences = self.get_sequences()
+        for name, key_list in all_sequences.iteritems():
+            if name in pending_sequences:
+                key_list.append(key)
+            elif key in key_list:
+                del key_list[key_list.index(key)]
+        for sequence in pending_sequences:
+            if sequence not in all_sequences:
+                all_sequences[sequence] = [key]
+        self.set_sequences(all_sequences)
+
+
+class Babyl(_singlefileMailbox):
+    """An Rmail-style Babyl mailbox."""
+
+    _special_labels = frozenset(('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered',
+                                 'forwarded', 'edited', 'resent'))
+
+    def __init__(self, path, factory=None, create=True):
+        """Initialize a Babyl mailbox."""
+        _singlefileMailbox.__init__(self, path, factory, create)
+        self._labels = {}
+
+    def add(self, message):
+        """Add message and return assigned key."""
+        key = _singlefileMailbox.add(self, message)
+        if isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            self._labels[key] = message.get_labels()
+        return key
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        _singlefileMailbox.remove(self, key)
+        if key in self._labels:
+            del self._labels[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, message):
+        """Replace the keyed message; raise KeyError if it doesn't exist."""
+        _singlefileMailbox.__setitem__(self, key, message)
+        if isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            self._labels[key] = message.get_labels()
+
+    def get_message(self, key):
+        """Return a Message representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        start, stop = self._lookup(key)
+        self._file.seek(start)
+        self._file.readline()   # Skip '1,' line specifying labels.
+        original_headers = StringIO.StringIO()
+        while True:
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            if line == '*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep or line == '':
+                break
+            original_headers.write(line.replace(os.linesep, '\n'))
+        visible_headers = StringIO.StringIO()
+        while True:
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            if line == os.linesep or line == '':
+                break
+            visible_headers.write(line.replace(os.linesep, '\n'))
+        body = self._file.read(stop - self._file.tell()).replace(os.linesep,
+                                                                 '\n')
+        msg = BabylMessage(original_headers.getvalue() + body)
+        msg.set_visible(visible_headers.getvalue())
+        if key in self._labels:
+            msg.set_labels(self._labels[key])
+        return msg
+
+    def get_string(self, key):
+        """Return a string representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        start, stop = self._lookup(key)
+        self._file.seek(start)
+        self._file.readline()   # Skip '1,' line specifying labels.
+        original_headers = StringIO.StringIO()
+        while True:
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            if line == '*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep or line == '':
+                break
+            original_headers.write(line.replace(os.linesep, '\n'))
+        while True:
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            if line == os.linesep or line == '':
+                break
+        return original_headers.getvalue() + \
+               self._file.read(stop - self._file.tell()).replace(os.linesep,
+                                                                 '\n')
+
+    def get_file(self, key):
+        """Return a file-like representation or raise a KeyError."""
+        return StringIO.StringIO(self.get_string(key).replace('\n',
+                                                              os.linesep))
+
+    def get_labels(self):
+        """Return a list of user-defined labels in the mailbox."""
+        self._lookup()
+        labels = set()
+        for label_list in self._labels.values():
+            labels.update(label_list)
+        labels.difference_update(self._special_labels)
+        return list(labels)
+
+    def _generate_toc(self):
+        """Generate key-to-(start, stop) table of contents."""
+        starts, stops = [], []
+        self._file.seek(0)
+        next_pos = 0
+        label_lists = []
+        while True:
+            line_pos = next_pos
+            line = self._file.readline()
+            next_pos = self._file.tell()
+            if line == '\037\014' + os.linesep:
+                if len(stops) < len(starts):
+                    stops.append(line_pos - len(os.linesep))
+                starts.append(next_pos)
+                labels = [label.strip() for label
+                                        in self._file.readline()[1:].split(',')
+                                        if label.strip() != '']
+                label_lists.append(labels)
+            elif line == '\037' or line == '\037' + os.linesep:
+                if len(stops) < len(starts):
+                    stops.append(line_pos - len(os.linesep))
+            elif line == '':
+                stops.append(line_pos - len(os.linesep))
+                break
+        self._toc = dict(enumerate(zip(starts, stops)))
+        self._labels = dict(enumerate(label_lists))
+        self._next_key = len(self._toc)
+        self._file.seek(0, 2)
+        self._file_length = self._file.tell()
+
+    def _pre_mailbox_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing the mailbox to file f."""
+        f.write('BABYL OPTIONS:%sVersion: 5%sLabels:%s%s\037' %
+                (os.linesep, os.linesep, ','.join(self.get_labels()),
+                 os.linesep))
+
+    def _pre_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called before writing each message to file f."""
+        f.write('\014' + os.linesep)
+
+    def _post_message_hook(self, f):
+        """Called after writing each message to file f."""
+        f.write(os.linesep + '\037')
+
+    def _install_message(self, message):
+        """Write message contents and return (start, stop)."""
+        start = self._file.tell()
+        if isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            special_labels = []
+            labels = []
+            for label in message.get_labels():
+                if label in self._special_labels:
+                    special_labels.append(label)
+                else:
+                    labels.append(label)
+            self._file.write('1')
+            for label in special_labels:
+                self._file.write(', ' + label)
+            self._file.write(',,')
+            for label in labels:
+                self._file.write(' ' + label + ',')
+            self._file.write(os.linesep)
+        else:
+            self._file.write('1,,' + os.linesep)
+        if isinstance(message, email.message.Message):
+            orig_buffer = StringIO.StringIO()
+            orig_generator = email.generator.Generator(orig_buffer, False, 0)
+            orig_generator.flatten(message)
+            orig_buffer.seek(0)
+            while True:
+                line = orig_buffer.readline()
+                self._file.write(line.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+                if line == '\n' or line == '':
+                    break
+            self._file.write('*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep)
+            if isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+                vis_buffer = StringIO.StringIO()
+                vis_generator = email.generator.Generator(vis_buffer, False, 0)
+                vis_generator.flatten(message.get_visible())
+                while True:
+                    line = vis_buffer.readline()
+                    self._file.write(line.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+                    if line == '\n' or line == '':
+                        break
+            else:
+                orig_buffer.seek(0)
+                while True:
+                    line = orig_buffer.readline()
+                    self._file.write(line.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+                    if line == '\n' or line == '':
+                        break
+            while True:
+                buffer = orig_buffer.read(4096) # Buffer size is arbitrary.
+                if buffer == '':
+                    break
+                self._file.write(buffer.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+        elif isinstance(message, str):
+            body_start = message.find('\n\n') + 2
+            if body_start - 2 != -1:
+                self._file.write(message[:body_start].replace('\n',
+                                                              os.linesep))
+                self._file.write('*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep)
+                self._file.write(message[:body_start].replace('\n',
+                                                              os.linesep))
+                self._file.write(message[body_start:].replace('\n',
+                                                              os.linesep))
+            else:
+                self._file.write('*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep + os.linesep)
+                self._file.write(message.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+        elif hasattr(message, 'readline'):
+            original_pos = message.tell()
+            first_pass = True
+            while True:
+                line = message.readline()
+                self._file.write(line.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+                if line == '\n' or line == '':
+                    self._file.write('*** EOOH ***' + os.linesep)
+                    if first_pass:
+                        first_pass = False
+                        message.seek(original_pos)
+                    else:
+                        break
+            while True:
+                buffer = message.read(4096)     # Buffer size is arbitrary.
+                if buffer == '':
+                    break
+                self._file.write(buffer.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Invalid message type: %s' % type(message))
+        stop = self._file.tell()
+        return (start, stop)
+
+
+class Message(email.message.Message):
+    """Message with mailbox-format-specific properties."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        """Initialize a Message instance."""
+        if isinstance(message, email.message.Message):
+            self._become_message(copy.deepcopy(message))
+            if isinstance(message, Message):
+                message._explain_to(self)
+        elif isinstance(message, str):
+            self._become_message(email.message_from_string(message))
+        elif hasattr(message, "read"):
+            self._become_message(email.message_from_file(message))
+        elif message is None:
+            email.message.Message.__init__(self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Invalid message type: %s' % type(message))
+
+    def _become_message(self, message):
+        """Assume the non-format-specific state of message."""
+        for name in ('_headers', '_unixfrom', '_payload', '_charset',
+                     'preamble', 'epilogue', 'defects', '_default_type'):
+            self.__dict__[name] = message.__dict__[name]
+
+    def _explain_to(self, message):
+        """Copy format-specific state to message insofar as possible."""
+        if isinstance(message, Message):
+            return  # There's nothing format-specific to explain.
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot convert to specified type')
+
+
+class MaildirMessage(Message):
+    """Message with Maildir-specific properties."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        """Initialize a MaildirMessage instance."""
+        self._subdir = 'new'
+        self._info = ''
+        self._date = time.time()
+        Message.__init__(self, message)
+
+    def get_subdir(self):
+        """Return 'new' or 'cur'."""
+        return self._subdir
+
+    def set_subdir(self, subdir):
+        """Set subdir to 'new' or 'cur'."""
+        if subdir == 'new' or subdir == 'cur':
+            self._subdir = subdir
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("subdir must be 'new' or 'cur': %s" % subdir)
+
+    def get_flags(self):
+        """Return as a string the flags that are set."""
+        if self._info.startswith('2,'):
+            return self._info[2:]
+        else:
+            return ''
+
+    def set_flags(self, flags):
+        """Set the given flags and unset all others."""
+        self._info = '2,' + ''.join(sorted(flags))
+
+    def add_flag(self, flag):
+        """Set the given flag(s) without changing others."""
+        self.set_flags(''.join(set(self.get_flags()) | set(flag)))
+
+    def remove_flag(self, flag):
+        """Unset the given string flag(s) without changing others."""
+        if self.get_flags() != '':
+            self.set_flags(''.join(set(self.get_flags()) - set(flag)))
+
+    def get_date(self):
+        """Return delivery date of message, in seconds since the epoch."""
+        return self._date
+
+    def set_date(self, date):
+        """Set delivery date of message, in seconds since the epoch."""
+        try:
+            self._date = float(date)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError("can't convert to float: %s" % date)
+
+    def get_info(self):
+        """Get the message's "info" as a string."""
+        return self._info
+
+    def set_info(self, info):
+        """Set the message's "info" string."""
+        if isinstance(info, str):
+            self._info = info
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('info must be a string: %s' % type(info))
+
+    def _explain_to(self, message):
+        """Copy Maildir-specific state to message insofar as possible."""
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            message.set_flags(self.get_flags())
+            message.set_subdir(self.get_subdir())
+            message.set_date(self.get_date())
+        elif isinstance(message, _mboxMMDFMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'S' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('R')
+            if self.get_subdir() == 'cur':
+                message.add_flag('O')
+            if 'T' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('D')
+            if 'F' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('F')
+            if 'R' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('A')
+            message.set_from('MAILER-DAEMON', time.gmtime(self.get_date()))
+        elif isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'S' not in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('unseen')
+            if 'R' in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('replied')
+            if 'F' in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('flagged')
+        elif isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'S' not in flags:
+                message.add_label('unseen')
+            if 'T' in flags:
+                message.add_label('deleted')
+            if 'R' in flags:
+                message.add_label('answered')
+            if 'P' in flags:
+                message.add_label('forwarded')
+        elif isinstance(message, Message):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot convert to specified type: %s' %
+                            type(message))
+
+
+class _mboxMMDFMessage(Message):
+    """Message with mbox- or MMDF-specific properties."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        """Initialize an mboxMMDFMessage instance."""
+        self.set_from('MAILER-DAEMON', True)
+        if isinstance(message, email.message.Message):
+            unixfrom = message.get_unixfrom()
+            if unixfrom is not None and unixfrom.startswith('From '):
+                self.set_from(unixfrom[5:])
+        Message.__init__(self, message)
+
+    def get_from(self):
+        """Return contents of "From " line."""
+        return self._from
+
+    def set_from(self, from_, time_=None):
+        """Set "From " line, formatting and appending time_ if specified."""
+        if time_ is not None:
+            if time_ is True:
+                time_ = time.gmtime()
+            from_ += ' ' + time.asctime(time_)
+        self._from = from_
+
+    def get_flags(self):
+        """Return as a string the flags that are set."""
+        return self.get('Status', '') + self.get('X-Status', '')
+
+    def set_flags(self, flags):
+        """Set the given flags and unset all others."""
+        flags = set(flags)
+        status_flags, xstatus_flags = '', ''
+        for flag in ('R', 'O'):
+            if flag in flags:
+                status_flags += flag
+                flags.remove(flag)
+        for flag in ('D', 'F', 'A'):
+            if flag in flags:
+                xstatus_flags += flag
+                flags.remove(flag)
+        xstatus_flags += ''.join(sorted(flags))
+        try:
+            self.replace_header('Status', status_flags)
+        except KeyError:
+            self.add_header('Status', status_flags)
+        try:
+            self.replace_header('X-Status', xstatus_flags)
+        except KeyError:
+            self.add_header('X-Status', xstatus_flags)
+
+    def add_flag(self, flag):
+        """Set the given flag(s) without changing others."""
+        self.set_flags(''.join(set(self.get_flags()) | set(flag)))
+
+    def remove_flag(self, flag):
+        """Unset the given string flag(s) without changing others."""
+        if 'Status' in self or 'X-Status' in self:
+            self.set_flags(''.join(set(self.get_flags()) - set(flag)))
+
+    def _explain_to(self, message):
+        """Copy mbox- or MMDF-specific state to message insofar as possible."""
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'O' in flags:
+                message.set_subdir('cur')
+            if 'F' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('F')
+            if 'A' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('R')
+            if 'R' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('S')
+            if 'D' in flags:
+                message.add_flag('T')
+            del message['status']
+            del message['x-status']
+            maybe_date = ' '.join(self.get_from().split()[-5:])
+            try:
+                message.set_date(calendar.timegm(time.strptime(maybe_date,
+                                                      '%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y')))
+            except (ValueError, OverflowError):
+                pass
+        elif isinstance(message, _mboxMMDFMessage):
+            message.set_flags(self.get_flags())
+            message.set_from(self.get_from())
+        elif isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'R' not in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('unseen')
+            if 'A' in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('replied')
+            if 'F' in flags:
+                message.add_sequence('flagged')
+            del message['status']
+            del message['x-status']
+        elif isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            flags = set(self.get_flags())
+            if 'R' not in flags:
+                message.add_label('unseen')
+            if 'D' in flags:
+                message.add_label('deleted')
+            if 'A' in flags:
+                message.add_label('answered')
+            del message['status']
+            del message['x-status']
+        elif isinstance(message, Message):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot convert to specified type: %s' %
+                            type(message))
+
+
+class mboxMessage(_mboxMMDFMessage):
+    """Message with mbox-specific properties."""
+
+
+class MHMessage(Message):
+    """Message with MH-specific properties."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        """Initialize an MHMessage instance."""
+        self._sequences = []
+        Message.__init__(self, message)
+
+    def get_sequences(self):
+        """Return a list of sequences that include the message."""
+        return self._sequences[:]
+
+    def set_sequences(self, sequences):
+        """Set the list of sequences that include the message."""
+        self._sequences = list(sequences)
+
+    def add_sequence(self, sequence):
+        """Add sequence to list of sequences including the message."""
+        if isinstance(sequence, str):
+            if not sequence in self._sequences:
+                self._sequences.append(sequence)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('sequence must be a string: %s' % type(sequence))
+
+    def remove_sequence(self, sequence):
+        """Remove sequence from the list of sequences including the message."""
+        try:
+            self._sequences.remove(sequence)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def _explain_to(self, message):
+        """Copy MH-specific state to message insofar as possible."""
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            sequences = set(self.get_sequences())
+            if 'unseen' in sequences:
+                message.set_subdir('cur')
+            else:
+                message.set_subdir('cur')
+                message.add_flag('S')
+            if 'flagged' in sequences:
+                message.add_flag('F')
+            if 'replied' in sequences:
+                message.add_flag('R')
+        elif isinstance(message, _mboxMMDFMessage):
+            sequences = set(self.get_sequences())
+            if 'unseen' not in sequences:
+                message.add_flag('RO')
+            else:
+                message.add_flag('O')
+            if 'flagged' in sequences:
+                message.add_flag('F')
+            if 'replied' in sequences:
+                message.add_flag('A')
+        elif isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+            for sequence in self.get_sequences():
+                message.add_sequence(sequence)
+        elif isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            sequences = set(self.get_sequences())
+            if 'unseen' in sequences:
+                message.add_label('unseen')
+            if 'replied' in sequences:
+                message.add_label('answered')
+        elif isinstance(message, Message):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot convert to specified type: %s' %
+                            type(message))
+
+
+class BabylMessage(Message):
+    """Message with Babyl-specific properties."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None):
+        """Initialize an BabylMessage instance."""
+        self._labels = []
+        self._visible = Message()
+        Message.__init__(self, message)
+
+    def get_labels(self):
+        """Return a list of labels on the message."""
+        return self._labels[:]
+
+    def set_labels(self, labels):
+        """Set the list of labels on the message."""
+        self._labels = list(labels)
+
+    def add_label(self, label):
+        """Add label to list of labels on the message."""
+        if isinstance(label, str):
+            if label not in self._labels:
+                self._labels.append(label)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('label must be a string: %s' % type(label))
+
+    def remove_label(self, label):
+        """Remove label from the list of labels on the message."""
+        try:
+            self._labels.remove(label)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def get_visible(self):
+        """Return a Message representation of visible headers."""
+        return Message(self._visible)
+
+    def set_visible(self, visible):
+        """Set the Message representation of visible headers."""
+        self._visible = Message(visible)
+
+    def update_visible(self):
+        """Update and/or sensibly generate a set of visible headers."""
+        for header in self._visible.keys():
+            if header in self:
+                self._visible.replace_header(header, self[header])
+            else:
+                del self._visible[header]
+        for header in ('Date', 'From', 'Reply-To', 'To', 'CC', 'Subject'):
+            if header in self and header not in self._visible:
+                self._visible[header] = self[header]
+
+    def _explain_to(self, message):
+        """Copy Babyl-specific state to message insofar as possible."""
+        if isinstance(message, MaildirMessage):
+            labels = set(self.get_labels())
+            if 'unseen' in labels:
+                message.set_subdir('cur')
+            else:
+                message.set_subdir('cur')
+                message.add_flag('S')
+            if 'forwarded' in labels or 'resent' in labels:
+                message.add_flag('P')
+            if 'answered' in labels:
+                message.add_flag('R')
+            if 'deleted' in labels:
+                message.add_flag('T')
+        elif isinstance(message, _mboxMMDFMessage):
+            labels = set(self.get_labels())
+            if 'unseen' not in labels:
+                message.add_flag('RO')
+            else:
+                message.add_flag('O')
+            if 'deleted' in labels:
+                message.add_flag('D')
+            if 'answered' in labels:
+                message.add_flag('A')
+        elif isinstance(message, MHMessage):
+            labels = set(self.get_labels())
+            if 'unseen' in labels:
+                message.add_sequence('unseen')
+            if 'answered' in labels:
+                message.add_sequence('replied')
+        elif isinstance(message, BabylMessage):
+            message.set_visible(self.get_visible())
+            for label in self.get_labels():
+                message.add_label(label)
+        elif isinstance(message, Message):
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot convert to specified type: %s' %
+                            type(message))
+
+
+class MMDFMessage(_mboxMMDFMessage):
+    """Message with MMDF-specific properties."""
+
+
+class _ProxyFile:
+    """A read-only wrapper of a file."""
+
+    def __init__(self, f, pos=None):
+        """Initialize a _ProxyFile."""
+        self._file = f
+        if pos is None:
+            self._pos = f.tell()
+        else:
+            self._pos = pos
+
+    def read(self, size=None):
+        """Read bytes."""
+        return self._read(size, self._file.read)
+
+    def readline(self, size=None):
+        """Read a line."""
+        return self._read(size, self._file.readline)
+
+    def readlines(self, sizehint=None):
+        """Read multiple lines."""
+        result = []
+        for line in self:
+            result.append(line)
+            if sizehint is not None:
+                sizehint -= len(line)
+                if sizehint <= 0:
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over lines."""
+        return iter(self.readline, "")
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the position."""
+        return self._pos
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
+        """Change position."""
+        if whence == 1:
+            self._file.seek(self._pos)
+        self._file.seek(offset, whence)
+        self._pos = self._file.tell()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the file."""
+        del self._file
+
+    def _read(self, size, read_method):
+        """Read size bytes using read_method."""
+        if size is None:
+            size = -1
+        self._file.seek(self._pos)
+        result = read_method(size)
+        self._pos = self._file.tell()
+        return result
+
+
+class _PartialFile(_ProxyFile):
+    """A read-only wrapper of part of a file."""
+
+    def __init__(self, f, start=None, stop=None):
+        """Initialize a _PartialFile."""
+        _ProxyFile.__init__(self, f, start)
+        self._start = start
+        self._stop = stop
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the position with respect to start."""
+        return _ProxyFile.tell(self) - self._start
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=0):
+        """Change position, possibly with respect to start or stop."""
+        if whence == 0:
+            self._pos = self._start
+            whence = 1
+        elif whence == 2:
+            self._pos = self._stop
+            whence = 1
+        _ProxyFile.seek(self, offset, whence)
+
+    def _read(self, size, read_method):
+        """Read size bytes using read_method, honoring start and stop."""
+        remaining = self._stop - self._pos
+        if remaining <= 0:
+            return ''
+        if size is None or size < 0 or size > remaining:
+            size = remaining
+        return _ProxyFile._read(self, size, read_method)
+
+
+def _lock_file(f, dotlock=True):
+    """Lock file f using lockf and dot locking."""
+    dotlock_done = False
+    try:
+        if fcntl:
+            try:
+                fcntl.lockf(f, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
+            except IOError, e:
+                if e.errno in (errno.EAGAIN, errno.EACCES, errno.EROFS):
+                    raise ExternalClashError('lockf: lock unavailable: %s' %
+                                             f.name)
+                else:
+                    raise
+        if dotlock:
+            try:
+                pre_lock = _create_temporary(f.name + '.lock')
+                pre_lock.close()
+            except IOError, e:
+                if e.errno in (errno.EACCES, errno.EROFS):
+                    return  # Without write access, just skip dotlocking.
+                else:
+                    raise
+            try:
+                if hasattr(os, 'link'):
+                    os.link(pre_lock.name, f.name + '.lock')
+                    dotlock_done = True
+                    os.unlink(pre_lock.name)
+                else:
+                    os.rename(pre_lock.name, f.name + '.lock')
+                    dotlock_done = True
+            except OSError, e:
+                if e.errno == errno.EEXIST or \
+                  (os.name == 'os2' and e.errno == errno.EACCES):
+                    os.remove(pre_lock.name)
+                    raise ExternalClashError('dot lock unavailable: %s' %
+                                             f.name)
+                else:
+                    raise
+    except:
+        if fcntl:
+            fcntl.lockf(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+        if dotlock_done:
+            os.remove(f.name + '.lock')
+        raise
+
+def _unlock_file(f):
+    """Unlock file f using lockf and dot locking."""
+    if fcntl:
+        fcntl.lockf(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+    if os.path.exists(f.name + '.lock'):
+        os.remove(f.name + '.lock')
+
+def _create_carefully(path):
+    """Create a file if it doesn't exist and open for reading and writing."""
+    fd = os.open(path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_RDWR, 0666)
+    try:
+        return open(path, 'rb+')
+    finally:
+        os.close(fd)
+
+def _create_temporary(path):
+    """Create a temp file based on path and open for reading and writing."""
+    return _create_carefully('%s.%s.%s.%s' % (path, int(time.time()),
+                                              socket.gethostname(),
+                                              os.getpid()))
+
+def _sync_flush(f):
+    """Ensure changes to file f are physically on disk."""
+    f.flush()
+    if hasattr(os, 'fsync'):
+        os.fsync(f.fileno())
+
+def _sync_close(f):
+    """Close file f, ensuring all changes are physically on disk."""
+    _sync_flush(f)
+    f.close()
+
+## Start: classes from the original module (for backward compatibility).
+
+# Note that the Maildir class, whose name is unchanged, itself offers a next()
+# method for backward compatibility.
+
+class _Mailbox:
+
+    def __init__(self, fp, factory=rfc822.Message):
+        self.fp = fp
+        self.seekp = 0
+        self.factory = factory
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.next, None)
+
+    def next(self):
+        while 1:
+            self.fp.seek(self.seekp)
+            try:
+                self._search_start()
+            except EOFError:
+                self.seekp = self.fp.tell()
+                return None
+            start = self.fp.tell()
+            self._search_end()
+            self.seekp = stop = self.fp.tell()
+            if start != stop:
+                break
+        return self.factory(_PartialFile(self.fp, start, stop))
+
+# Recommended to use PortableUnixMailbox instead!
+class UnixMailbox(_Mailbox):
+
+    def _search_start(self):
+        while 1:
+            pos = self.fp.tell()
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                raise EOFError
+            if line[:5] == 'From ' and self._isrealfromline(line):
+                self.fp.seek(pos)
+                return
+
+    def _search_end(self):
+        self.fp.readline()      # Throw away header line
+        while 1:
+            pos = self.fp.tell()
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                return
+            if line[:5] == 'From ' and self._isrealfromline(line):
+                self.fp.seek(pos)
+                return
+
+    # An overridable mechanism to test for From-line-ness.  You can either
+    # specify a different regular expression or define a whole new
+    # _isrealfromline() method.  Note that this only gets called for lines
+    # starting with the 5 characters "From ".
+    #
+    # BAW: According to
+    #http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/relnotes/demo/content-length.html
+    # the only portable, reliable way to find message delimiters in a BSD (i.e
+    # Unix mailbox) style folder is to search for "\n\nFrom .*\n", or at the
+    # beginning of the file, "^From .*\n".  While _fromlinepattern below seems
+    # like a good idea, in practice, there are too many variations for more
+    # strict parsing of the line to be completely accurate.
+    #
+    # _strict_isrealfromline() is the old version which tries to do stricter
+    # parsing of the From_ line.  _portable_isrealfromline() simply returns
+    # true, since it's never called if the line doesn't already start with
+    # "From ".
+    #
+    # This algorithm, and the way it interacts with _search_start() and
+    # _search_end() may not be completely correct, because it doesn't check
+    # that the two characters preceding "From " are \n\n or the beginning of
+    # the file.  Fixing this would require a more extensive rewrite than is
+    # necessary.  For convenience, we've added a PortableUnixMailbox class
+    # which does no checking of the format of the 'From' line.
+
+    _fromlinepattern = (r"From \s*[^\s]+\s+\w\w\w\s+\w\w\w\s+\d?\d\s+"
+                        r"\d?\d:\d\d(:\d\d)?(\s+[^\s]+)?\s+\d\d\d\d\s*"
+                        r"[^\s]*\s*"
+                        "$")
+    _regexp = None
+
+    def _strict_isrealfromline(self, line):
+        if not self._regexp:
+            import re
+            self._regexp = re.compile(self._fromlinepattern)
+        return self._regexp.match(line)
+
+    def _portable_isrealfromline(self, line):
+        return True
+
+    _isrealfromline = _strict_isrealfromline
+
+
+class PortableUnixMailbox(UnixMailbox):
+    _isrealfromline = UnixMailbox._portable_isrealfromline
+
+
+class MmdfMailbox(_Mailbox):
+
+    def _search_start(self):
+        while 1:
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                raise EOFError
+            if line[:5] == '\001\001\001\001\n':
+                return
+
+    def _search_end(self):
+        while 1:
+            pos = self.fp.tell()
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                return
+            if line == '\001\001\001\001\n':
+                self.fp.seek(pos)
+                return
+
+
+class MHMailbox:
+
+    def __init__(self, dirname, factory=rfc822.Message):
+        import re
+        pat = re.compile('^[1-9][0-9]*$')
+        self.dirname = dirname
+        # the three following lines could be combined into:
+        # list = map(long, filter(pat.match, os.listdir(self.dirname)))
+        list = os.listdir(self.dirname)
+        list = filter(pat.match, list)
+        list = map(long, list)
+        list.sort()
+        # This only works in Python 1.6 or later;
+        # before that str() added 'L':
+        self.boxes = map(str, list)
+        self.boxes.reverse()
+        self.factory = factory
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.next, None)
+
+    def next(self):
+        if not self.boxes:
+            return None
+        fn = self.boxes.pop()
+        fp = open(os.path.join(self.dirname, fn))
+        msg = self.factory(fp)
+        try:
+            msg._mh_msgno = fn
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            pass
+        return msg
+
+
+class BabylMailbox(_Mailbox):
+
+    def _search_start(self):
+        while 1:
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                raise EOFError
+            if line == '*** EOOH ***\n':
+                return
+
+    def _search_end(self):
+        while 1:
+            pos = self.fp.tell()
+            line = self.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                return
+            if line == '\037\014\n' or line == '\037':
+                self.fp.seek(pos)
+                return
+
+## End: classes from the original module (for backward compatibility).
+
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    """Raised for module-specific errors."""
+
+class NoSuchMailboxError(Error):
+    """The specified mailbox does not exist and won't be created."""
+
+class NotEmptyError(Error):
+    """The specified mailbox is not empty and deletion was requested."""
+
+class ExternalClashError(Error):
+    """Another process caused an action to fail."""
+
+class FormatError(Error):
+    """A file appears to have an invalid format."""
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_mailbox.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_mailbox.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_mailbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1970 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import stat
+import socket
+import email
+import email.message
+import re
+import StringIO
+from test import test_support
+import unittest
+import mailbox
+import glob
+try:
+    import fcntl
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+# Silence Py3k warning
+rfc822 = test_support.import_module('rfc822', deprecated=True)
+
+class TestBase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def _check_sample(self, msg):
+        # Inspect a mailbox.Message representation of the sample message
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg, email.message.Message)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg, mailbox.Message)
+        for key, value in _sample_headers.iteritems():
+            self.assertIn(value, msg.get_all(key))
+        self.assertTrue(msg.is_multipart())
+        self.assertEqual(len(msg.get_payload()), len(_sample_payloads))
+        for i, payload in enumerate(_sample_payloads):
+            part = msg.get_payload(i)
+            self.assertIsInstance(part, email.message.Message)
+            self.assertNotIsInstance(part, mailbox.Message)
+            self.assertEqual(part.get_payload(), payload)
+
+    def _delete_recursively(self, target):
+        # Delete a file or delete a directory recursively
+        if os.path.isdir(target):
+            for path, dirs, files in os.walk(target, topdown=False):
+                for name in files:
+                    os.remove(os.path.join(path, name))
+                for name in dirs:
+                    os.rmdir(os.path.join(path, name))
+            os.rmdir(target)
+        elif os.path.exists(target):
+            os.remove(target)
+
+
+class TestMailbox(TestBase):
+
+    _factory = None     # Overridden by subclasses to reuse tests
+    _template = 'From: foo\n\n%s'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._path = test_support.TESTFN
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._box.close()
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        # Add copies of a sample message
+        keys = []
+        keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % 0))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
+        keys.append(self._box.add(mailbox.Message(_sample_message)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
+        keys.append(self._box.add(email.message_from_string(_sample_message)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
+        keys.append(self._box.add(StringIO.StringIO(_sample_message)))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 4)
+        keys.append(self._box.add(_sample_message))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(keys[0]), self._template % 0)
+        for i in (1, 2, 3, 4):
+            self._check_sample(self._box[keys[i]])
+
+    def test_remove(self):
+        # Remove messages using remove()
+        self._test_remove_or_delitem(self._box.remove)
+
+    def test_delitem(self):
+        # Remove messages using __delitem__()
+        self._test_remove_or_delitem(self._box.__delitem__)
+
+    def _test_remove_or_delitem(self, method):
+        # (Used by test_remove() and test_delitem().)
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
+        method(key0)
+        l = len(self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(l, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key0))
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1), self._template % 1)
+        key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
+        method(key2)
+        l = len(self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(l, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key2])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key2))
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1), self._template % 1)
+        method(key1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key1])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: method(key1))
+
+    def test_discard(self, repetitions=10):
+        # Discard messages
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
+        self._box.discard(key0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
+        self._box.discard(key0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        # Retrieve messages using get()
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        msg = self._box.get(key0)
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), '0')
+        self.assertIs(self._box.get('foo'), None)
+        self.assertFalse(self._box.get('foo', False))
+        self._box.close()
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path, factory=rfc822.Message)
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        msg = self._box.get(key1)
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.fp.read(), '1')
+
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        # Retrieve message using __getitem__()
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        msg = self._box[key0]
+        self.assertEqual(msg['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), '0')
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box['foo'])
+        self._box.discard(key0)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key0])
+
+    def test_get_message(self):
+        # Get Message representations of messages
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(_sample_message)
+        msg0 = self._box.get_message(key0)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg0, mailbox.Message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg0['from'], 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(msg0.get_payload(), '0')
+        self._check_sample(self._box.get_message(key1))
+
+    def test_get_string(self):
+        # Get string representations of messages
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0), self._template % 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1), _sample_message)
+
+    def test_get_file(self):
+        # Get file representations of messages
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_file(key0).read().replace(os.linesep, '\n'),
+                         self._template % 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_file(key1).read().replace(os.linesep, '\n'),
+                         _sample_message)
+
+    def test_iterkeys(self):
+        # Get keys using iterkeys()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.iterkeys, do_keys=True, do_values=False)
+
+    def test_keys(self):
+        # Get keys using keys()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.keys, do_keys=True, do_values=False)
+
+    def test_itervalues(self):
+        # Get values using itervalues()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.itervalues, do_keys=False,
+                              do_values=True)
+
+    def test_iter(self):
+        # Get values using __iter__()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.__iter__, do_keys=False,
+                              do_values=True)
+
+    def test_values(self):
+        # Get values using values()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.values, do_keys=False, do_values=True)
+
+    def test_iteritems(self):
+        # Get keys and values using iteritems()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.iteritems, do_keys=True,
+                              do_values=True)
+
+    def test_items(self):
+        # Get keys and values using items()
+        self._check_iteration(self._box.items, do_keys=True, do_values=True)
+
+    def _check_iteration(self, method, do_keys, do_values, repetitions=10):
+        for value in method():
+            self.fail("Not empty")
+        keys, values = [], []
+        for i in xrange(repetitions):
+            keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % i))
+            values.append(self._template % i)
+        if do_keys and not do_values:
+            returned_keys = list(method())
+        elif do_values and not do_keys:
+            returned_values = list(method())
+        else:
+            returned_keys, returned_values = [], []
+            for key, value in method():
+                returned_keys.append(key)
+                returned_values.append(value)
+        if do_keys:
+            self.assertEqual(len(keys), len(returned_keys))
+            self.assertEqual(set(keys), set(returned_keys))
+        if do_values:
+            count = 0
+            for value in returned_values:
+                self.assertEqual(value['from'], 'foo')
+                self.assertTrue(int(value.get_payload()) < repetitions,
+                                (value.get_payload(), repetitions))
+                count += 1
+            self.assertEqual(len(values), count)
+
+    def test_has_key(self):
+        # Check existence of keys using has_key()
+        self._test_has_key_or_contains(self._box.has_key)
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        # Check existence of keys using __contains__()
+        self._test_has_key_or_contains(self._box.__contains__)
+
+    def _test_has_key_or_contains(self, method):
+        # (Used by test_has_key() and test_contains().)
+        self.assertFalse(method('foo'))
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        self.assertTrue(method(key0))
+        self.assertFalse(method('foo'))
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        self.assertTrue(method(key1))
+        self.assertTrue(method(key0))
+        self.assertFalse(method('foo'))
+        self._box.remove(key0)
+        self.assertFalse(method(key0))
+        self.assertTrue(method(key1))
+        self.assertFalse(method('foo'))
+        self._box.remove(key1)
+        self.assertFalse(method(key1))
+        self.assertFalse(method(key0))
+        self.assertFalse(method('foo'))
+
+    def test_len(self, repetitions=10):
+        # Get message count
+        keys = []
+        for i in xrange(repetitions):
+            self.assertEqual(len(self._box), i)
+            keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % i))
+            self.assertEqual(len(self._box),  i + 1)
+        for i in xrange(repetitions):
+            self.assertEqual(len(self._box), repetitions - i)
+            self._box.remove(keys[i])
+            self.assertEqual(len(self._box), repetitions - i - 1)
+
+    def test_set_item(self):
+        # Modify messages using __setitem__()
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % 'original 0')
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 1')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1),
+                         self._template % 'original 1')
+        self._box[key0] = self._template % 'changed 0'
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % 'changed 0')
+        self._box[key1] = self._template % 'changed 1'
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1),
+                         self._template % 'changed 1')
+        self._box[key0] = _sample_message
+        self._check_sample(self._box[key0])
+        self._box[key1] = self._box[key0]
+        self._check_sample(self._box[key1])
+        self._box[key0] = self._template % 'original 0'
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % 'original 0')
+        self._check_sample(self._box[key1])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,
+                          lambda: self._box.__setitem__('foo', 'bar'))
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box['foo'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 2)
+
+    def test_clear(self, iterations=10):
+        # Remove all messages using clear()
+        keys = []
+        for i in xrange(iterations):
+            self._box.add(self._template % i)
+        for i, key in enumerate(keys):
+            self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key), self._template % i)
+        self._box.clear()
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
+        for i, key in enumerate(keys):
+            self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box.get_string(key))
+
+    def test_pop(self):
+        # Get and remove a message using pop()
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        self.assertIn(key0, self._box)
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        self.assertIn(key1, self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key0).get_payload(), '0')
+        self.assertNotIn(key0, self._box)
+        self.assertIn(key1, self._box)
+        key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 2)
+        self.assertIn(key2, self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key2).get_payload(), '2')
+        self.assertNotIn(key2, self._box)
+        self.assertIn(key1, self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.pop(key1).get_payload(), '1')
+        self.assertNotIn(key1, self._box)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
+
+    def test_popitem(self, iterations=10):
+        # Get and remove an arbitrary (key, message) using popitem()
+        keys = []
+        for i in xrange(10):
+            keys.append(self._box.add(self._template % i))
+        seen = []
+        for i in xrange(10):
+            key, msg = self._box.popitem()
+            self.assertIn(key, keys)
+            self.assertNotIn(key, seen)
+            seen.append(key)
+            self.assertEqual(int(msg.get_payload()), keys.index(key))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 0)
+        for key in keys:
+            self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box[key])
+
+    def test_update(self):
+        # Modify multiple messages using update()
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 0')
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 1')
+        key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 'original 2')
+        self._box.update({key0: self._template % 'changed 0',
+                          key2: _sample_message})
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % 'changed 0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1),
+                         self._template % 'original 1')
+        self._check_sample(self._box[key2])
+        self._box.update([(key2, self._template % 'changed 2'),
+                    (key1, self._template % 'changed 1'),
+                    (key0, self._template % 'original 0')])
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % 'original 0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1),
+                         self._template % 'changed 1')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key2),
+                         self._template % 'changed 2')
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError,
+                          lambda: self._box.update({'foo': 'bar',
+                                          key0: self._template % "changed 0"}))
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key0),
+                         self._template % "changed 0")
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key1),
+                         self._template % "changed 1")
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_string(key2),
+                         self._template % "changed 2")
+
+    def test_flush(self):
+        # Write changes to disk
+        self._test_flush_or_close(self._box.flush, True)
+
+    def test_lock_unlock(self):
+        # Lock and unlock the mailbox
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self._get_lock_path()))
+        self._box.lock()
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self._get_lock_path()))
+        self._box.unlock()
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self._get_lock_path()))
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        # Close mailbox and flush changes to disk
+        self._test_flush_or_close(self._box.close, False)
+
+    def _test_flush_or_close(self, method, should_call_close):
+        contents = [self._template % i for i in xrange(3)]
+        self._box.add(contents[0])
+        self._box.add(contents[1])
+        self._box.add(contents[2])
+        method()
+        if should_call_close:
+            self._box.close()
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path)
+        keys = self._box.keys()
+        self.assertEqual(len(keys), 3)
+        for key in keys:
+            self.assertIn(self._box.get_string(key), contents)
+
+    def test_dump_message(self):
+        # Write message representations to disk
+        for input in (email.message_from_string(_sample_message),
+                      _sample_message, StringIO.StringIO(_sample_message)):
+            output = StringIO.StringIO()
+            self._box._dump_message(input, output)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue(),
+                             _sample_message.replace('\n', os.linesep))
+        output = StringIO.StringIO()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          lambda: self._box._dump_message(None, output))
+
+    def _get_lock_path(self):
+        # Return the path of the dot lock file. May be overridden.
+        return self._path + '.lock'
+
+
+class TestMailboxSuperclass(TestBase):
+
+    def test_notimplemented(self):
+        # Test that all Mailbox methods raise NotImplementedException.
+        box = mailbox.Mailbox('path')
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.add(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.remove(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__delitem__(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.discard(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__setitem__('', ''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.iterkeys())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.keys())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.itervalues().next())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__iter__().next())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.values())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.iteritems().next())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.items())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.get(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__getitem__(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.get_message(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.get_string(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.get_file(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.has_key(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__contains__(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.__len__())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.clear())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.pop(''))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.popitem())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.update((('', ''),)))
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.flush())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.lock())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.unlock())
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, lambda: box.close())
+
+
+class TestMaildir(TestMailbox):
+
+    _factory = lambda self, path, factory=None: mailbox.Maildir(path, factory)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        TestMailbox.setUp(self)
+        if os.name in ('nt', 'os2') or sys.platform == 'cygwin':
+            self._box.colon = '!'
+
+    def test_add_MM(self):
+        # Add a MaildirMessage instance
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg.set_subdir('cur')
+        msg.set_info('foo')
+        key = self._box.add(msg)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os.path.join(self._path, 'cur', '%s%sfoo' %
+                                                 (key, self._box.colon))))
+
+    def test_get_MM(self):
+        # Get a MaildirMessage instance
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg.set_subdir('cur')
+        msg.set_flags('RF')
+        key = self._box.add(msg)
+        msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg_returned, mailbox.MaildirMessage)
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'FR')
+
+    def test_set_MM(self):
+        # Set with a MaildirMessage instance
+        msg0 = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg0.set_flags('TP')
+        key = self._box.add(msg0)
+        msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'PT')
+        msg1 = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 1)
+        self._box[key] = msg1
+        msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_payload(), '1')
+        msg2 = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 2)
+        msg2.set_info('2,S')
+        self._box[key] = msg2
+        self._box[key] = self._template % 3
+        msg_returned = self._box.get_message(key)
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_flags(), 'S')
+        self.assertEqual(msg_returned.get_payload(), '3')
+
+    def test_consistent_factory(self):
+        # Add a message.
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg.set_subdir('cur')
+        msg.set_flags('RF')
+        key = self._box.add(msg)
+
+        # Create new mailbox with
+        class FakeMessage(mailbox.MaildirMessage):
+            pass
+        box = mailbox.Maildir(self._path, factory=FakeMessage)
+        box.colon = self._box.colon
+        msg2 = box.get_message(key)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg2, FakeMessage)
+
+    def test_initialize_new(self):
+        # Initialize a non-existent mailbox
+        self.tearDown()
+        self._box = mailbox.Maildir(self._path)
+        self._check_basics(factory=rfc822.Message)
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path, factory=None)
+        self._check_basics()
+
+    def test_initialize_existing(self):
+        # Initialize an existing mailbox
+        self.tearDown()
+        for subdir in '', 'tmp', 'new', 'cur':
+            os.mkdir(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self._path, subdir)))
+        self._box = mailbox.Maildir(self._path)
+        self._check_basics(factory=rfc822.Message)
+        self._box = mailbox.Maildir(self._path, factory=None)
+        self._check_basics()
+
+    def _check_basics(self, factory=None):
+        # (Used by test_open_new() and test_open_existing().)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._path, os.path.abspath(self._path))
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._factory, factory)
+        for subdir in '', 'tmp', 'new', 'cur':
+            path = os.path.join(self._path, subdir)
+            mode = os.stat(path)[stat.ST_MODE]
+            self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISDIR(mode), "Not a directory: '%s'" % path)
+
+    def test_list_folders(self):
+        # List folders
+        self._box.add_folder('one')
+        self._box.add_folder('two')
+        self._box.add_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()),
+                         set(('one', 'two', 'three')))
+
+    def test_get_folder(self):
+        # Open folders
+        self._box.add_folder('foo.bar')
+        folder0 = self._box.get_folder('foo.bar')
+        folder0.add(self._template % 'bar')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self._path, '.foo.bar')))
+        folder1 = self._box.get_folder('foo.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(folder1.get_string(folder1.keys()[0]),
+                         self._template % 'bar')
+
+    def test_add_and_remove_folders(self):
+        # Delete folders
+        self._box.add_folder('one')
+        self._box.add_folder('two')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('one', 'two')))
+        self._box.remove_folder('one')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
+        self._box.add_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two', 'three')))
+        self._box.remove_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two',)))
+        self._box.remove_folder('two')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.list_folders(), [])
+
+    def test_clean(self):
+        # Remove old files from 'tmp'
+        foo_path = os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp', 'foo')
+        bar_path = os.path.join(self._path, 'tmp', 'bar')
+        with open(foo_path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write("@")
+        with open(bar_path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write("@")
+        self._box.clean()
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(foo_path))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(bar_path))
+        foo_stat = os.stat(foo_path)
+        os.utime(foo_path, (time.time() - 129600 - 2,
+                            foo_stat.st_mtime))
+        self._box.clean()
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(foo_path))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(bar_path))
+
+    def test_create_tmp(self, repetitions=10):
+        # Create files in tmp directory
+        hostname = socket.gethostname()
+        if '/' in hostname:
+            hostname = hostname.replace('/', r'\057')
+        if ':' in hostname:
+            hostname = hostname.replace(':', r'\072')
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        pattern = re.compile(r"(?P<time>\d+)\.M(?P<M>\d{1,6})P(?P<P>\d+)"
+                             r"Q(?P<Q>\d+)\.(?P<host>[^:/]+)")
+        previous_groups = None
+        for x in xrange(repetitions):
+            tmp_file = self._box._create_tmp()
+            head, tail = os.path.split(tmp_file.name)
+            self.assertEqual(head, os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self._path,
+                                                                "tmp")),
+                             "File in wrong location: '%s'" % head)
+            match = pattern.match(tail)
+            self.assertTrue(match is not None, "Invalid file name: '%s'" % tail)
+            groups = match.groups()
+            if previous_groups is not None:
+                self.assertTrue(int(groups[0] >= previous_groups[0]),
+                             "Non-monotonic seconds: '%s' before '%s'" %
+                             (previous_groups[0], groups[0]))
+                self.assertTrue(int(groups[1] >= previous_groups[1]) or
+                             groups[0] != groups[1],
+                             "Non-monotonic milliseconds: '%s' before '%s'" %
+                             (previous_groups[1], groups[1]))
+                self.assertTrue(int(groups[2]) == pid,
+                             "Process ID mismatch: '%s' should be '%s'" %
+                             (groups[2], pid))
+                self.assertTrue(int(groups[3]) == int(previous_groups[3]) + 1,
+                             "Non-sequential counter: '%s' before '%s'" %
+                             (previous_groups[3], groups[3]))
+                self.assertTrue(groups[4] == hostname,
+                             "Host name mismatch: '%s' should be '%s'" %
+                             (groups[4], hostname))
+            previous_groups = groups
+            tmp_file.write(_sample_message)
+            tmp_file.seek(0)
+            self.assertTrue(tmp_file.read() == _sample_message)
+            tmp_file.close()
+        file_count = len(os.listdir(os.path.join(self._path, "tmp")))
+        self.assertTrue(file_count == repetitions,
+                     "Wrong file count: '%s' should be '%s'" %
+                     (file_count, repetitions))
+
+    def test_refresh(self):
+        # Update the table of contents
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(self._template % 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
+        self._box._refresh()
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {key0: os.path.join('new', key0),
+                                          key1: os.path.join('new', key1)})
+        key2 = self._box.add(self._template % 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {key0: os.path.join('new', key0),
+                                          key1: os.path.join('new', key1)})
+        self._box._refresh()
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {key0: os.path.join('new', key0),
+                                          key1: os.path.join('new', key1),
+                                          key2: os.path.join('new', key2)})
+
+    def test_lookup(self):
+        # Look up message subpaths in the TOC
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box._lookup('foo'))
+        key0 = self._box.add(self._template % 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._lookup(key0), os.path.join('new', key0))
+        os.remove(os.path.join(self._path, 'new', key0))
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {key0: os.path.join('new', key0)})
+        # Be sure that the TOC is read back from disk (see issue #6896
+        # about bad mtime behaviour on some systems).
+        self._box.flush()
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self._box._lookup(key0))
+        self.assertEqual(self._box._toc, {})
+
+    def test_lock_unlock(self):
+        # Lock and unlock the mailbox. For Maildir, this does nothing.
+        self._box.lock()
+        self._box.unlock()
+
+    def test_folder (self):
+        # Test for bug #1569790: verify that folders returned by .get_folder()
+        # use the same factory function.
+        def dummy_factory (s):
+            return None
+        box = self._factory(self._path, factory=dummy_factory)
+        folder = box.add_folder('folder1')
+        self.assertIs(folder._factory, dummy_factory)
+
+        folder1_alias = box.get_folder('folder1')
+        self.assertIs(folder1_alias._factory, dummy_factory)
+
+    def test_directory_in_folder (self):
+        # Test that mailboxes still work if there's a stray extra directory
+        # in a folder.
+        for i in range(10):
+            self._box.add(mailbox.Message(_sample_message))
+
+        # Create a stray directory
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._path, 'cur', 'stray-dir'))
+
+        # Check that looping still works with the directory present.
+        for msg in self._box:
+            pass
+
+    def test_file_permissions(self):
+        # Verify that message files are created without execute permissions
+        if not hasattr(os, "stat") or not hasattr(os, "umask"):
+            return
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(self._template % 0)
+        orig_umask = os.umask(0)
+        try:
+            key = self._box.add(msg)
+        finally:
+            os.umask(orig_umask)
+        path = os.path.join(self._path, self._box._lookup(key))
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        self.assertEqual(mode & 0111, 0)
+
+    def test_folder_file_perms(self):
+        # From bug #3228, we want to verify that the file created inside a Maildir
+        # subfolder isn't marked as executable.
+        if not hasattr(os, "stat") or not hasattr(os, "umask"):
+            return
+
+        orig_umask = os.umask(0)
+        try:
+            subfolder = self._box.add_folder('subfolder')
+        finally:
+            os.umask(orig_umask)
+
+        path = os.path.join(subfolder._path, 'maildirfolder')
+        st = os.stat(path)
+        perms = st.st_mode
+        self.assertFalse((perms & 0111)) # Execute bits should all be off.
+
+    def test_reread(self):
+
+        # Put the last modified times more than two seconds into the past
+        # (because mtime may have only a two second granularity).
+        for subdir in ('cur', 'new'):
+            os.utime(os.path.join(self._box._path, subdir),
+                     (time.time()-5,)*2)
+
+        # Because mtime has a two second granularity in worst case (FAT), a
+        # refresh is done unconditionally if called for within
+        # two-second-plus-a-bit of the last one, just in case the mbox has
+        # changed; so now we have to wait for that interval to expire.
+        time.sleep(2.01 + self._box._skewfactor)
+
+        # Re-reading causes the ._toc attribute to be assigned a new dictionary
+        # object, so we'll check that the ._toc attribute isn't a different
+        # object.
+        orig_toc = self._box._toc
+        def refreshed():
+            return self._box._toc is not orig_toc
+
+        self._box._refresh()
+        self.assertFalse(refreshed())
+
+        # Now, write something into cur and remove it.  This changes
+        # the mtime and should cause a re-read.
+        filename = os.path.join(self._path, 'cur', 'stray-file')
+        f = open(filename, 'w')
+        f.close()
+        os.unlink(filename)
+        self._box._refresh()
+        self.assertTrue(refreshed())
+
+class _TestMboxMMDF(TestMailbox):
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._box.close()
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+        for lock_remnant in glob.glob(self._path + '.*'):
+            test_support.unlink(lock_remnant)
+
+    def test_add_from_string(self):
+        # Add a string starting with 'From ' to the mailbox
+        key = self._box.add('From foo at bar blah\nFrom: foo\n\n0')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box[key].get_from(), 'foo at bar blah')
+        self.assertEqual(self._box[key].get_payload(), '0')
+
+    def test_add_mbox_or_mmdf_message(self):
+        # Add an mboxMessage or MMDFMessage
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg = class_('From foo at bar blah\nFrom: foo\n\n0')
+            key = self._box.add(msg)
+
+    def test_open_close_open(self):
+        # Open and inspect previously-created mailbox
+        values = [self._template % i for i in xrange(3)]
+        for value in values:
+            self._box.add(value)
+        self._box.close()
+        mtime = os.path.getmtime(self._path)
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box), 3)
+        for key in self._box.iterkeys():
+            self.assertIn(self._box.get_string(key), values)
+        self._box.close()
+        self.assertEqual(mtime, os.path.getmtime(self._path))
+
+    def test_add_and_close(self):
+        # Verifying that closing a mailbox doesn't change added items
+        self._box.add(_sample_message)
+        for i in xrange(3):
+            self._box.add(self._template % i)
+        self._box.add(_sample_message)
+        self._box._file.flush()
+        self._box._file.seek(0)
+        contents = self._box._file.read()
+        self._box.close()
+        with open(self._path, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(contents, f.read())
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path)
+
+    def test_lock_conflict(self):
+        # Fork off a subprocess that will lock the file for 2 seconds,
+        # unlock it, and then exit.
+        if not hasattr(os, 'fork'):
+            return
+        pid = os.fork()
+        if pid == 0:
+            # In the child, lock the mailbox.
+            self._box.lock()
+            time.sleep(2)
+            self._box.unlock()
+            os._exit(0)
+
+        # In the parent, sleep a bit to give the child time to acquire
+        # the lock.
+        time.sleep(0.5)
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises(mailbox.ExternalClashError,
+                              self._box.lock)
+        finally:
+            # Wait for child to exit.  Locking should now succeed.
+            exited_pid, status = os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+
+        self._box.lock()
+        self._box.unlock()
+
+    def test_relock(self):
+        # Test case for bug #1575506: the mailbox class was locking the
+        # wrong file object in its flush() method.
+        msg = "Subject: sub\n\nbody\n"
+        key1 = self._box.add(msg)
+        self._box.flush()
+        self._box.close()
+
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path)
+        self._box.lock()
+        key2 = self._box.add(msg)
+        self._box.flush()
+        self.assertTrue(self._box._locked)
+        self._box.close()
+
+
+class TestMbox(_TestMboxMMDF):
+
+    _factory = lambda self, path, factory=None: mailbox.mbox(path, factory)
+
+    def test_file_perms(self):
+        # From bug #3228, we want to verify that the mailbox file isn't executable,
+        # even if the umask is set to something that would leave executable bits set.
+        # We only run this test on platforms that support umask.
+        if hasattr(os, 'umask') and hasattr(os, 'stat'):
+            try:
+                old_umask = os.umask(0077)
+                self._box.close()
+                os.unlink(self._path)
+                self._box = mailbox.mbox(self._path, create=True)
+                self._box.add('')
+                self._box.close()
+            finally:
+                os.umask(old_umask)
+
+            st = os.stat(self._path)
+            perms = st.st_mode
+            self.assertFalse((perms & 0111)) # Execute bits should all be off.
+
+class TestMMDF(_TestMboxMMDF):
+
+    _factory = lambda self, path, factory=None: mailbox.MMDF(path, factory)
+
+
+class TestMH(TestMailbox):
+
+    _factory = lambda self, path, factory=None: mailbox.MH(path, factory)
+
+    def test_list_folders(self):
+        # List folders
+        self._box.add_folder('one')
+        self._box.add_folder('two')
+        self._box.add_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()),
+                         set(('one', 'two', 'three')))
+
+    def test_get_folder(self):
+        # Open folders
+        def dummy_factory (s):
+            return None
+        self._box = self._factory(self._path, dummy_factory)
+
+        new_folder = self._box.add_folder('foo.bar')
+        folder0 = self._box.get_folder('foo.bar')
+        folder0.add(self._template % 'bar')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(self._path, 'foo.bar')))
+        folder1 = self._box.get_folder('foo.bar')
+        self.assertEqual(folder1.get_string(folder1.keys()[0]),
+                         self._template % 'bar')
+
+        # Test for bug #1569790: verify that folders returned by .get_folder()
+        # use the same factory function.
+        self.assertIs(new_folder._factory, self._box._factory)
+        self.assertIs(folder0._factory, self._box._factory)
+
+    def test_add_and_remove_folders(self):
+        # Delete folders
+        self._box.add_folder('one')
+        self._box.add_folder('two')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('one', 'two')))
+        self._box.remove_folder('one')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two', )))
+        self._box.add_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two', 'three')))
+        self._box.remove_folder('three')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.list_folders()), set(('two', )))
+        self._box.remove_folder('two')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self._box.list_folders()), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.list_folders(), [])
+
+    def test_sequences(self):
+        # Get and set sequences
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {})
+        msg0 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg0.add_sequence('foo')
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {'foo':[key0]})
+        msg1 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 1)
+        msg1.set_sequences(['bar', 'replied', 'foo'])
+        key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                         {'foo':[key0, key1], 'bar':[key1], 'replied':[key1]})
+        msg0.set_sequences(['flagged'])
+        self._box[key0] = msg0
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                         {'foo':[key1], 'bar':[key1], 'replied':[key1],
+                          'flagged':[key0]})
+        self._box.remove(key1)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(), {'flagged':[key0]})
+
+    def test_issue2625(self):
+        msg0 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg0.add_sequence('foo')
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
+        refmsg0 = self._box.get_message(key0)
+
+    def test_issue7627(self):
+        msg0 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 0)
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
+        self._box.lock()
+        self._box.remove(key0)
+        self._box.unlock()
+
+    def test_pack(self):
+        # Pack the contents of the mailbox
+        msg0 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg1 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 1)
+        msg2 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 2)
+        msg3 = mailbox.MHMessage(self._template % 3)
+        msg0.set_sequences(['foo', 'unseen'])
+        msg1.set_sequences(['foo'])
+        msg2.set_sequences(['foo', 'flagged'])
+        msg3.set_sequences(['foo', 'bar', 'replied'])
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
+        key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        key2 = self._box.add(msg2)
+        key3 = self._box.add(msg3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                         {'foo':[key0,key1,key2,key3], 'unseen':[key0],
+                          'flagged':[key2], 'bar':[key3], 'replied':[key3]})
+        self._box.remove(key2)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                         {'foo':[key0,key1,key3], 'unseen':[key0], 'bar':[key3],
+                          'replied':[key3]})
+        self._box.pack()
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.keys(), [1, 2, 3])
+        key0 = key0
+        key1 = key0 + 1
+        key2 = key1 + 1
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                     {'foo':[1, 2, 3], 'unseen':[1], 'bar':[3], 'replied':[3]})
+
+        # Test case for packing while holding the mailbox locked.
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        key2 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        key3 = self._box.add(msg1)
+
+        self._box.remove(key0)
+        self._box.remove(key2)
+        self._box.lock()
+        self._box.pack()
+        self._box.unlock()
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_sequences(),
+                         {'foo':[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+                          'unseen':[1], 'bar':[3], 'replied':[3]})
+
+    def _get_lock_path(self):
+        return os.path.join(self._path, '.mh_sequences.lock')
+
+
+class TestBabyl(TestMailbox):
+
+    _factory = lambda self, path, factory=None: mailbox.Babyl(path, factory)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._box.close()
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+        for lock_remnant in glob.glob(self._path + '.*'):
+            test_support.unlink(lock_remnant)
+
+    def test_labels(self):
+        # Get labels from the mailbox
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_labels(), [])
+        msg0 = mailbox.BabylMessage(self._template % 0)
+        msg0.add_label('foo')
+        key0 = self._box.add(msg0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._box.get_labels(), ['foo'])
+        msg1 = mailbox.BabylMessage(self._template % 1)
+        msg1.set_labels(['bar', 'answered', 'foo'])
+        key1 = self._box.add(msg1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.get_labels()), set(['foo', 'bar']))
+        msg0.set_labels(['blah', 'filed'])
+        self._box[key0] = msg0
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.get_labels()),
+                         set(['foo', 'bar', 'blah']))
+        self._box.remove(key1)
+        self.assertEqual(set(self._box.get_labels()), set(['blah']))
+
+
+class TestMessage(TestBase):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.Message      # Overridden by subclasses to reuse tests
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._path = test_support.TESTFN
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+
+    def test_initialize_with_eMM(self):
+        # Initialize based on email.message.Message instance
+        eMM = email.message_from_string(_sample_message)
+        msg = self._factory(eMM)
+        self._post_initialize_hook(msg)
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_initialize_with_string(self):
+        # Initialize based on string
+        msg = self._factory(_sample_message)
+        self._post_initialize_hook(msg)
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_initialize_with_file(self):
+        # Initialize based on contents of file
+        with open(self._path, 'w+') as f:
+            f.write(_sample_message)
+            f.seek(0)
+            msg = self._factory(f)
+            self._post_initialize_hook(msg)
+            self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_initialize_with_nothing(self):
+        # Initialize without arguments
+        msg = self._factory()
+        self._post_initialize_hook(msg)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg, email.message.Message)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg, mailbox.Message)
+        self.assertIsInstance(msg, self._factory)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.keys(), [])
+        self.assertFalse(msg.is_multipart())
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_payload(), None)
+
+    def test_initialize_incorrectly(self):
+        # Initialize with invalid argument
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: self._factory(object()))
+
+    def test_become_message(self):
+        # Take on the state of another message
+        eMM = email.message_from_string(_sample_message)
+        msg = self._factory()
+        msg._become_message(eMM)
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_explain_to(self):
+        # Copy self's format-specific data to other message formats.
+        # This test is superficial; better ones are in TestMessageConversion.
+        msg = self._factory()
+        for class_ in (mailbox.Message, mailbox.MaildirMessage,
+                       mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MHMessage,
+                       mailbox.BabylMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            other_msg = class_()
+            msg._explain_to(other_msg)
+        other_msg = email.message.Message()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: msg._explain_to(other_msg))
+
+    def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
+        # Overridden by subclasses to check extra things after initialization
+        pass
+
+
+class TestMaildirMessage(TestMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.MaildirMessage
+
+    def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
+        self.assertEqual(msg._subdir, 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg._info,'')
+
+    def test_subdir(self):
+        # Use get_subdir() and set_subdir()
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        msg.set_subdir('cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        msg.set_subdir('new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: msg.set_subdir('tmp'))
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        msg.set_subdir('new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_flags(self):
+        # Use get_flags(), set_flags(), add_flag(), remove_flag()
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        msg.set_flags('F')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'F')
+        msg.set_flags('SDTP')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DPST')
+        msg.add_flag('FT')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DFPST')
+        msg.remove_flag('TDRP')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'FS')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'new')
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_date(self):
+        # Use get_date() and set_date()
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        diff = msg.get_date() - time.time()
+        self.assertTrue(abs(diff) < 60, diff)
+        msg.set_date(0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_date(), 0.0)
+
+    def test_info(self):
+        # Use get_info() and set_info()
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '')
+        msg.set_info('1,foo=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,foo=bar')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: msg.set_info(None))
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_info_and_flags(self):
+        # Test interaction of info and flag methods
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '')
+        msg.set_flags('SF')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'FS')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '2,FS')
+        msg.set_info('1,')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,')
+        msg.remove_flag('RPT')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '1,')
+        msg.add_flag('D')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'D')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_info(), '2,D')
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+
+class _TestMboxMMDFMessage(TestMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox._mboxMMDFMessage
+
+    def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
+        self._check_from(msg)
+
+    def test_initialize_with_unixfrom(self):
+        # Initialize with a message that already has a _unixfrom attribute
+        msg = mailbox.Message(_sample_message)
+        msg.set_unixfrom('From foo at bar blah')
+        msg = mailbox.mboxMessage(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_from(), 'foo at bar blah')
+
+    def test_from(self):
+        # Get and set "From " line
+        msg = mailbox.mboxMessage(_sample_message)
+        self._check_from(msg)
+        msg.set_from('foo bar')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_from(), 'foo bar')
+        msg.set_from('foo at bar', True)
+        self._check_from(msg, 'foo at bar')
+        msg.set_from('blah at temp', time.localtime())
+        self._check_from(msg, 'blah at temp')
+
+    def test_flags(self):
+        # Use get_flags(), set_flags(), add_flag(), remove_flag()
+        msg = mailbox.mboxMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), '')
+        msg.set_flags('F')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'F')
+        msg.set_flags('XODR')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RODX')
+        msg.add_flag('FA')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RODFAX')
+        msg.remove_flag('FDXA')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'RO')
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def _check_from(self, msg, sender=None):
+        # Check contents of "From " line
+        if sender is None:
+            sender = "MAILER-DAEMON"
+        self.assertTrue(re.match(sender + r" \w{3} \w{3} [\d ]\d [\d ]\d:\d{2}:"
+                                 r"\d{2} \d{4}", msg.get_from()))
+
+
+class TestMboxMessage(_TestMboxMMDFMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.mboxMessage
+
+
+class TestMHMessage(TestMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.MHMessage
+
+    def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
+        self.assertEqual(msg._sequences, [])
+
+    def test_sequences(self):
+        # Get, set, join, and leave sequences
+        msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), [])
+        msg.set_sequences(['foobar'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['foobar'])
+        msg.set_sequences([])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), [])
+        msg.add_sequence('unseen')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['unseen'])
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['unseen', 'flagged'])
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['unseen', 'flagged'])
+        msg.remove_sequence('unseen')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['flagged'])
+        msg.add_sequence('foobar')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['flagged', 'foobar'])
+        msg.remove_sequence('replied')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['flagged', 'foobar'])
+        msg.set_sequences(['foobar', 'replied'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_sequences(), ['foobar', 'replied'])
+
+
+class TestBabylMessage(TestMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.BabylMessage
+
+    def _post_initialize_hook(self, msg):
+        self.assertEqual(msg._labels, [])
+
+    def test_labels(self):
+        # Get, set, join, and leave labels
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), [])
+        msg.set_labels(['foobar'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['foobar'])
+        msg.set_labels([])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), [])
+        msg.add_label('filed')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['filed'])
+        msg.add_label('resent')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['filed', 'resent'])
+        msg.add_label('resent')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['filed', 'resent'])
+        msg.remove_label('filed')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['resent'])
+        msg.add_label('foobar')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['resent', 'foobar'])
+        msg.remove_label('unseen')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['resent', 'foobar'])
+        msg.set_labels(['foobar', 'answered'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_labels(), ['foobar', 'answered'])
+
+    def test_visible(self):
+        # Get, set, and update visible headers
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        visible = msg.get_visible()
+        self.assertEqual(visible.keys(), [])
+        self.assertIs(visible.get_payload(), None)
+        visible['User-Agent'] = 'FooBar 1.0'
+        visible['X-Whatever'] = 'Blah'
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible().keys(), [])
+        msg.set_visible(visible)
+        visible = msg.get_visible()
+        self.assertEqual(visible.keys(), ['User-Agent', 'X-Whatever'])
+        self.assertEqual(visible['User-Agent'], 'FooBar 1.0')
+        self.assertEqual(visible['X-Whatever'], 'Blah')
+        self.assertIs(visible.get_payload(), None)
+        msg.update_visible()
+        self.assertEqual(visible.keys(), ['User-Agent', 'X-Whatever'])
+        self.assertIs(visible.get_payload(), None)
+        visible = msg.get_visible()
+        self.assertEqual(visible.keys(), ['User-Agent', 'Date', 'From', 'To',
+                                          'Subject'])
+        for header in ('User-Agent', 'Date', 'From', 'To', 'Subject'):
+            self.assertEqual(visible[header], msg[header])
+
+
+class TestMMDFMessage(_TestMboxMMDFMessage):
+
+    _factory = mailbox.MMDFMessage
+
+
+class TestMessageConversion(TestBase):
+
+    def test_plain_to_x(self):
+        # Convert Message to all formats
+        for class_ in (mailbox.Message, mailbox.MaildirMessage,
+                       mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MHMessage,
+                       mailbox.BabylMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg_plain = mailbox.Message(_sample_message)
+            msg = class_(msg_plain)
+            self._check_sample(msg)
+
+    def test_x_to_plain(self):
+        # Convert all formats to Message
+        for class_ in (mailbox.Message, mailbox.MaildirMessage,
+                       mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MHMessage,
+                       mailbox.BabylMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg = class_(_sample_message)
+            msg_plain = mailbox.Message(msg)
+            self._check_sample(msg_plain)
+
+    def test_x_to_invalid(self):
+        # Convert all formats to an invalid format
+        for class_ in (mailbox.Message, mailbox.MaildirMessage,
+                       mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MHMessage,
+                       mailbox.BabylMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: class_(False))
+
+    def test_maildir_to_maildir(self):
+        # Convert MaildirMessage to MaildirMessage
+        msg_maildir = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg_maildir.set_flags('DFPRST')
+        msg_maildir.set_subdir('cur')
+        date = msg_maildir.get_date()
+        msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_maildir)
+        self._check_sample(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), 'DFPRST')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_date(), date)
+
+    def test_maildir_to_mboxmmdf(self):
+        # Convert MaildirMessage to mboxmessage and MMDFMessage
+        pairs = (('D', ''), ('F', 'F'), ('P', ''), ('R', 'A'), ('S', 'R'),
+                 ('T', 'D'), ('DFPRST', 'RDFA'))
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg_maildir = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg_maildir.set_date(0.0)
+            for setting, result in pairs:
+                msg_maildir.set_flags(setting)
+                msg = class_(msg_maildir)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), result)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_from(), 'MAILER-DAEMON %s' %
+                                 time.asctime(time.gmtime(0.0)))
+            msg_maildir.set_subdir('cur')
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg_maildir).get_flags(), 'RODFA')
+
+    def test_maildir_to_mh(self):
+        # Convert MaildirMessage to MHMessage
+        msg_maildir = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        pairs = (('D', ['unseen']), ('F', ['unseen', 'flagged']),
+                 ('P', ['unseen']), ('R', ['unseen', 'replied']), ('S', []),
+                 ('T', ['unseen']), ('DFPRST', ['replied', 'flagged']))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg_maildir.set_flags(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg_maildir).get_sequences(),
+                             result)
+
+    def test_maildir_to_babyl(self):
+        # Convert MaildirMessage to Babyl
+        msg_maildir = mailbox.MaildirMessage(_sample_message)
+        pairs = (('D', ['unseen']), ('F', ['unseen']),
+                 ('P', ['unseen', 'forwarded']), ('R', ['unseen', 'answered']),
+                 ('S', []), ('T', ['unseen', 'deleted']),
+                 ('DFPRST', ['deleted', 'answered', 'forwarded']))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg_maildir.set_flags(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg_maildir).get_labels(),
+                             result)
+
+    def test_mboxmmdf_to_maildir(self):
+        # Convert mboxMessage and MMDFMessage to MaildirMessage
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg_mboxMMDF = class_(_sample_message)
+            msg_mboxMMDF.set_from('foo at bar', time.gmtime(0.0))
+            pairs = (('R', 'S'), ('O', ''), ('D', 'T'), ('F', 'F'), ('A', 'R'),
+                     ('RODFA', 'FRST'))
+            for setting, result in pairs:
+                msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags(setting)
+                msg = mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_mboxMMDF)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_flags(), result)
+                self.assertEqual(msg.get_date(), 0.0)
+            msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags('O')
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg_mboxMMDF).get_subdir(),
+                             'cur')
+
+    def test_mboxmmdf_to_mboxmmdf(self):
+        # Convert mboxMessage and MMDFMessage to mboxMessage and MMDFMessage
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg_mboxMMDF = class_(_sample_message)
+            msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags('RODFA')
+            msg_mboxMMDF.set_from('foo at bar')
+            for class2_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+                msg2 = class2_(msg_mboxMMDF)
+                self.assertEqual(msg2.get_flags(), 'RODFA')
+                self.assertEqual(msg2.get_from(), 'foo at bar')
+
+    def test_mboxmmdf_to_mh(self):
+        # Convert mboxMessage and MMDFMessage to MHMessage
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg_mboxMMDF = class_(_sample_message)
+            pairs = (('R', []), ('O', ['unseen']), ('D', ['unseen']),
+                     ('F', ['unseen', 'flagged']),
+                     ('A', ['unseen', 'replied']),
+                     ('RODFA', ['replied', 'flagged']))
+            for setting, result in pairs:
+                msg_mboxMMDF.set_flags(setting)
+                self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg_mboxMMDF).get_sequences(),
+                                 result)
+
+    def test_mboxmmdf_to_babyl(self):
+        # Convert mboxMessage and MMDFMessage to BabylMessage
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            msg = class_(_sample_message)
+            pairs = (('R', []), ('O', ['unseen']),
+                     ('D', ['unseen', 'deleted']), ('F', ['unseen']),
+                     ('A', ['unseen', 'answered']),
+                     ('RODFA', ['deleted', 'answered']))
+            for setting, result in pairs:
+                msg.set_flags(setting)
+                self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels(), result)
+
+    def test_mh_to_maildir(self):
+        # Convert MHMessage to MaildirMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', ''), ('replied', 'RS'), ('flagged', 'FS'))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg.add_sequence(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg.add_sequence('unseen')
+        msg.add_sequence('replied')
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), 'FR')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
+
+    def test_mh_to_mboxmmdf(self):
+        # Convert MHMessage to mboxMessage and MMDFMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', 'O'), ('replied', 'ROA'), ('flagged', 'ROF'))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg.add_sequence(setting)
+            for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+                self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), result)
+        msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg.add_sequence('unseen')
+        msg.add_sequence('replied')
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), 'OFA')
+
+    def test_mh_to_mh(self):
+        # Convert MHMessage to MHMessage
+        msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg.add_sequence('unseen')
+        msg.add_sequence('replied')
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg).get_sequences(),
+                         ['unseen', 'replied', 'flagged'])
+
+    def test_mh_to_babyl(self):
+        # Convert MHMessage to BabylMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', ['unseen']), ('replied', ['answered']),
+                 ('flagged', []))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg.add_sequence(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels(), result)
+        msg = mailbox.MHMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg.add_sequence('unseen')
+        msg.add_sequence('replied')
+        msg.add_sequence('flagged')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.BabylMessage(msg).get_labels(),
+                         ['unseen', 'answered'])
+
+    def test_babyl_to_maildir(self):
+        # Convert BabylMessage to MaildirMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', ''), ('deleted', 'ST'), ('filed', 'S'),
+                 ('answered', 'RS'), ('forwarded', 'PS'), ('edited', 'S'),
+                 ('resent', 'PS'))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg.add_label(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), result)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
+                      'edited', 'resent'):
+            msg.add_label(label)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_flags(), 'PRT')
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MaildirMessage(msg).get_subdir(), 'cur')
+
+    def test_babyl_to_mboxmmdf(self):
+        # Convert BabylMessage to mboxMessage and MMDFMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', 'O'), ('deleted', 'ROD'), ('filed', 'RO'),
+                 ('answered', 'ROA'), ('forwarded', 'RO'), ('edited', 'RO'),
+                 ('resent', 'RO'))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+                msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+                msg.add_label(setting)
+                self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), result)
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
+                      'edited', 'resent'):
+            msg.add_label(label)
+        for class_ in (mailbox.mboxMessage, mailbox.MMDFMessage):
+            self.assertEqual(class_(msg).get_flags(), 'ODA')
+
+    def test_babyl_to_mh(self):
+        # Convert BabylMessage to MHMessage
+        pairs = (('unseen', ['unseen']), ('deleted', []), ('filed', []),
+                 ('answered', ['replied']), ('forwarded', []), ('edited', []),
+                 ('resent', []))
+        for setting, result in pairs:
+            msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+            msg.add_label(setting)
+            self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg).get_sequences(), result)
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
+                      'edited', 'resent'):
+            msg.add_label(label)
+        self.assertEqual(mailbox.MHMessage(msg).get_sequences(),
+                         ['unseen', 'replied'])
+
+    def test_babyl_to_babyl(self):
+        # Convert BabylMessage to BabylMessage
+        msg = mailbox.BabylMessage(_sample_message)
+        msg.update_visible()
+        for label in ('unseen', 'deleted', 'filed', 'answered', 'forwarded',
+                      'edited', 'resent'):
+            msg.add_label(label)
+        msg2 = mailbox.BabylMessage(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(msg2.get_labels(), ['unseen', 'deleted', 'filed',
+                                             'answered', 'forwarded', 'edited',
+                                             'resent'])
+        self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible().keys(), msg2.get_visible().keys())
+        for key in msg.get_visible().keys():
+            self.assertEqual(msg.get_visible()[key], msg2.get_visible()[key])
+
+
+class TestProxyFileBase(TestBase):
+
+    def _test_read(self, proxy):
+        # Read by byte
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), 'bar')
+        proxy.seek(1)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), 'ar')
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(2), 'ba')
+        proxy.seek(1)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(-1), 'ar')
+        proxy.seek(2)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(1000), 'r')
+
+    def _test_readline(self, proxy):
+        # Read by line
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'foo' + os.linesep)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'bar' + os.linesep)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'fred' + os.linesep)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'bob')
+        proxy.seek(2)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'o' + os.linesep)
+        proxy.seek(6 + 2 * len(os.linesep))
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(), 'fred' + os.linesep)
+        proxy.seek(6 + 2 * len(os.linesep))
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(2), 'fr')
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readline(-10), 'ed' + os.linesep)
+
+    def _test_readlines(self, proxy):
+        # Read multiple lines
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readlines(), ['foo' + os.linesep,
+                                            'bar' + os.linesep,
+                                            'fred' + os.linesep, 'bob'])
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readlines(2), ['foo' + os.linesep])
+        proxy.seek(3 + len(os.linesep))
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readlines(4 + len(os.linesep)),
+                         ['bar' + os.linesep, 'fred' + os.linesep])
+        proxy.seek(3)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.readlines(1000), [os.linesep, 'bar' + os.linesep,
+                                                 'fred' + os.linesep, 'bob'])
+
+    def _test_iteration(self, proxy):
+        # Iterate by line
+        proxy.seek(0)
+        iterator = iter(proxy)
+        self.assertEqual(list(iterator),
+            ['foo' + os.linesep, 'bar' + os.linesep, 'fred' + os.linesep, 'bob'])
+
+    def _test_seek_and_tell(self, proxy):
+        # Seek and use tell to check position
+        proxy.seek(3)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.tell(), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(len(os.linesep)), os.linesep)
+        proxy.seek(2, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(1 + len(os.linesep)), 'r' + os.linesep)
+        proxy.seek(-3 - len(os.linesep), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(3), 'bar')
+        proxy.seek(2, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), 'o' + os.linesep + 'bar' + os.linesep)
+        proxy.seek(100)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.read(), '')
+
+    def _test_close(self, proxy):
+        # Close a file
+        proxy.close()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, lambda: proxy.close())
+
+
+class TestProxyFile(TestProxyFileBase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._path = test_support.TESTFN
+        self._file = open(self._path, 'wb+')
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._file.close()
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+
+    def test_initialize(self):
+        # Initialize and check position
+        self._file.write('foo')
+        pos = self._file.tell()
+        proxy0 = mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy0.tell(), pos)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
+        proxy1 = mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy1.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        self._file.write('bar')
+        self._test_read(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+    def test_readline(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%sfred%sbob' % (os.linesep, os.linesep,
+                                                  os.linesep))
+        self._test_readline(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+    def test_readlines(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%sfred%sbob' % (os.linesep, os.linesep,
+                                                  os.linesep))
+        self._test_readlines(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+    def test_iteration(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%sfred%sbob' % (os.linesep, os.linesep,
+                                                  os.linesep))
+        self._test_iteration(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+    def test_seek_and_tell(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%s' % (os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_seek_and_tell(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%s' % (os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_close(mailbox._ProxyFile(self._file))
+
+
+class TestPartialFile(TestProxyFileBase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self._path = test_support.TESTFN
+        self._file = open(self._path, 'wb+')
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._file.close()
+        self._delete_recursively(self._path)
+
+    def test_initialize(self):
+        # Initialize and check position
+        self._file.write('foo' + os.linesep + 'bar')
+        pos = self._file.tell()
+        proxy = mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 2, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(proxy.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(self._file.tell(), pos)
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        self._file.write('***bar***')
+        self._test_read(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 3, 6))
+
+    def test_readline(self):
+        self._file.write('!!!!!foo%sbar%sfred%sbob!!!!!' %
+                         (os.linesep, os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_readline(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 5,
+                                                 18 + 3 * len(os.linesep)))
+
+    def test_readlines(self):
+        self._file.write('foo%sbar%sfred%sbob?????' %
+                         (os.linesep, os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_readlines(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 0,
+                                                  13 + 3 * len(os.linesep)))
+
+    def test_iteration(self):
+        self._file.write('____foo%sbar%sfred%sbob####' %
+                         (os.linesep, os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_iteration(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 4,
+                                                  17 + 3 * len(os.linesep)))
+
+    def test_seek_and_tell(self):
+        self._file.write('(((foo%sbar%s$$$' % (os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_seek_and_tell(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 3,
+                                                      9 + 2 * len(os.linesep)))
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        self._file.write('&foo%sbar%s^' % (os.linesep, os.linesep))
+        self._test_close(mailbox._PartialFile(self._file, 1,
+                                              6 + 3 * len(os.linesep)))
+
+
+## Start: tests from the original module (for backward compatibility).
+
+FROM_ = "From some.body at dummy.domain  Sat Jul 24 13:43:35 2004\n"
+DUMMY_MESSAGE = """\
+From: some.body at dummy.domain
+To: me at my.domain
+Subject: Simple Test
+
+This is a dummy message.
+"""
+
+class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # create a new maildir mailbox to work with:
+        self._dir = test_support.TESTFN
+        os.mkdir(self._dir)
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "cur"))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp"))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "new"))
+        self._counter = 1
+        self._msgfiles = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        map(os.unlink, self._msgfiles)
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "cur"))
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp"))
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "new"))
+        os.rmdir(self._dir)
+
+    def createMessage(self, dir, mbox=False):
+        t = int(time.time() % 1000000)
+        pid = self._counter
+        self._counter += 1
+        filename = os.extsep.join((str(t), str(pid), "myhostname", "mydomain"))
+        tmpname = os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp", filename)
+        newname = os.path.join(self._dir, dir, filename)
+        with open(tmpname, "w") as fp:
+            self._msgfiles.append(tmpname)
+            if mbox:
+                fp.write(FROM_)
+            fp.write(DUMMY_MESSAGE)
+        if hasattr(os, "link"):
+            os.link(tmpname, newname)
+        else:
+            with open(newname, "w") as fp:
+                fp.write(DUMMY_MESSAGE)
+        self._msgfiles.append(newname)
+        return tmpname
+
+    def test_empty_maildir(self):
+        """Test an empty maildir mailbox"""
+        # Test for regression on bug #117490:
+        # Make sure the boxes attribute actually gets set.
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        #self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.mbox, "boxes"))
+        #self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 0)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_cur(self):
+        self.createMessage("cur")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        #self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 1)
+        self.assertIsNot(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_new(self):
+        self.createMessage("new")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        #self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 1)
+        self.assertIsNot(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_both(self):
+        self.createMessage("cur")
+        self.createMessage("new")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        #self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox.boxes) == 2)
+        self.assertIsNot(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIsNot(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+        self.assertIs(self.mbox.next(), None)
+
+    def test_unix_mbox(self):
+        ### should be better!
+        import email.parser
+        fname = self.createMessage("cur", True)
+        n = 0
+        for msg in mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox(open(fname),
+                                               email.parser.Parser().parse):
+            n += 1
+            self.assertEqual(msg["subject"], "Simple Test")
+            self.assertEqual(len(str(msg)), len(FROM_)+len(DUMMY_MESSAGE))
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+
+## End: classes from the original module (for backward compatibility).
+
+
+_sample_message = """\
+Return-Path: <gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>
+X-Original-To: gkj+person at localhost
+Delivered-To: gkj+person at localhost
+Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1])
+        by andy.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 356ED9DD17
+        for <gkj+person at localhost>; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:16 -0400 (EDT)
+Delivered-To: gkj at sundance.gregorykjohnson.com
+Received: from localhost [127.0.0.1]
+        by localhost with POP3 (fetchmail-6.2.5)
+        for gkj+person at localhost (single-drop); Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:16 -0400 (EDT)
+Received: from andy.gregorykjohnson.com (andy.gregorykjohnson.com [64.32.235.228])
+        by sundance.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5B056316746
+        for <gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400 (EDT)
+Received: by andy.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix, from userid 1000)
+        id 490CD9DD17; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400 (EDT)
+Date: Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400
+From: "Gregory K. Johnson" <gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>
+To: gkj at gregorykjohnson.com
+Subject: Sample message
+Message-ID: <20050713212311.GC4701 at andy.gregorykjohnson.com>
+Mime-Version: 1.0
+Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="NMuMz9nt05w80d4+"
+Content-Disposition: inline
+User-Agent: Mutt/1.5.9i
+
+
+--NMuMz9nt05w80d4+
+Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
+Content-Disposition: inline
+
+This is a sample message.
+
+--
+Gregory K. Johnson
+
+--NMuMz9nt05w80d4+
+Content-Type: application/octet-stream
+Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="text.gz"
+Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
+
+H4sICM2D1UIAA3RleHQAC8nILFYAokSFktSKEoW0zJxUPa7wzJIMhZLyfIWczLzUYj0uAHTs
+3FYlAAAA
+
+--NMuMz9nt05w80d4+--
+"""
+
+_sample_headers = {
+    "Return-Path":"<gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>",
+    "X-Original-To":"gkj+person at localhost",
+    "Delivered-To":"gkj+person at localhost",
+    "Received":"""from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1])
+        by andy.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 356ED9DD17
+        for <gkj+person at localhost>; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:16 -0400 (EDT)""",
+    "Delivered-To":"gkj at sundance.gregorykjohnson.com",
+    "Received":"""from localhost [127.0.0.1]
+        by localhost with POP3 (fetchmail-6.2.5)
+        for gkj+person at localhost (single-drop); Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:16 -0400 (EDT)""",
+    "Received":"""from andy.gregorykjohnson.com (andy.gregorykjohnson.com [64.32.235.228])
+        by sundance.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5B056316746
+        for <gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400 (EDT)""",
+    "Received":"""by andy.gregorykjohnson.com (Postfix, from userid 1000)
+        id 490CD9DD17; Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400 (EDT)""",
+    "Date":"Wed, 13 Jul 2005 17:23:11 -0400",
+    "From":""""Gregory K. Johnson" <gkj at gregorykjohnson.com>""",
+    "To":"gkj at gregorykjohnson.com",
+    "Subject":"Sample message",
+    "Mime-Version":"1.0",
+    "Content-Type":"""multipart/mixed; boundary="NMuMz9nt05w80d4+\"""",
+    "Content-Disposition":"inline",
+    "User-Agent": "Mutt/1.5.9i" }
+
+_sample_payloads = ("""This is a sample message.
+
+--
+Gregory K. Johnson
+""",
+"""H4sICM2D1UIAA3RleHQAC8nILFYAokSFktSKEoW0zJxUPa7wzJIMhZLyfIWczLzUYj0uAHTs
+3FYlAAAA
+""")
+
+
+def test_main():
+    tests = (TestMailboxSuperclass, TestMaildir, TestMbox, TestMMDF, TestMH,
+             TestBabyl, TestMessage, TestMaildirMessage, TestMboxMessage,
+             TestMHMessage, TestBabylMessage, TestMMDFMessage,
+             TestMessageConversion, TestProxyFile, TestPartialFile,
+             MaildirTestCase)
+    test_support.run_unittest(*tests)
+    test_support.reap_children()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_main()
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_old_mailbox.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_old_mailbox.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_old_mailbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# This set of tests exercises the backward-compatibility class
+# in mailbox.py (the ones without write support).
+
+import mailbox
+import os
+import time
+import unittest
+from test import test_support
+
+# cleanup earlier tests
+try:
+    os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
+except os.error:
+    pass
+
+FROM_ = "From some.body at dummy.domain  Sat Jul 24 13:43:35 2004\n"
+DUMMY_MESSAGE = """\
+From: some.body at dummy.domain
+To: me at my.domain
+Subject: Simple Test
+
+This is a dummy message.
+"""
+
+class MaildirTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # create a new maildir mailbox to work with:
+        self._dir = test_support.TESTFN
+        os.mkdir(self._dir)
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "cur"))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp"))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "new"))
+        self._counter = 1
+        self._msgfiles = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        map(os.unlink, self._msgfiles)
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "cur"))
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp"))
+        os.rmdir(os.path.join(self._dir, "new"))
+        os.rmdir(self._dir)
+
+    def createMessage(self, dir, mbox=False):
+        t = int(time.time() % 1000000)
+        pid = self._counter
+        self._counter += 1
+        filename = os.extsep.join((str(t), str(pid), "myhostname", "mydomain"))
+        tmpname = os.path.join(self._dir, "tmp", filename)
+        newname = os.path.join(self._dir, dir, filename)
+        with open(tmpname, "w") as fp:
+            self._msgfiles.append(tmpname)
+            if mbox:
+                fp.write(FROM_)
+            fp.write(DUMMY_MESSAGE)
+        if hasattr(os, "link"):
+            os.link(tmpname, newname)
+        else:
+            with open(newname, "w") as fp:
+                fp.write(DUMMY_MESSAGE)
+        self._msgfiles.append(newname)
+        return tmpname
+
+    def test_empty_maildir(self):
+        """Test an empty maildir mailbox"""
+        # Test for regression on bug #117490:
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox) == 0)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_cur(self):
+        self.createMessage("cur")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox) == 1)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_new(self):
+        self.createMessage("new")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox) == 1)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+
+    def test_nonempty_maildir_both(self):
+        self.createMessage("cur")
+        self.createMessage("new")
+        self.mbox = mailbox.Maildir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertTrue(len(self.mbox) == 2)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+        self.assertTrue(self.mbox.next() is None)
+
+    def test_unix_mbox(self):
+        ### should be better!
+        import email.parser
+        fname = self.createMessage("cur", True)
+        n = 0
+        with open(fname) as f:
+            for msg in mailbox.PortableUnixMailbox(f,
+                                               email.parser.Parser().parse):
+                n += 1
+                self.assertEqual(msg["subject"], "Simple Test")
+                self.assertEqual(len(str(msg)), len(FROM_)+len(DUMMY_MESSAGE))
+        self.assertEqual(n, 1)
+
+class MboxTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # create a new maildir mailbox to work with:
+        self._path = test_support.TESTFN
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self._path)
+
+    def test_from_regex (self):
+        # Testing new regex from bug #1633678
+        with open(self._path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write("""From fred at example.com Mon May 31 13:24:50 2004 +0200
+Subject: message 1
+
+body1
+From fred at example.com Mon May 31 13:24:50 2004 -0200
+Subject: message 2
+
+body2
+From fred at example.com Mon May 31 13:24:50 2004
+Subject: message 3
+
+body3
+From fred at example.com Mon May 31 13:24:50 2004
+Subject: message 4
+
+body4
+""")
+        with open(self._path, 'r') as f:
+            box = mailbox.UnixMailbox(f)
+            self.assertTrue(len(list(iter(box))) == 4)
+
+
+    # XXX We still need more tests!
+
+
+def test_main():
+    test_support.run_unittest(MaildirTestCase, MboxTestCase)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_main()
diff --git a/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib-python/2.7/test/test_os.py
@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+# As a test suite for the os module, this is woefully inadequate, but this
+# does add tests for a few functions which have been determined to be more
+# portable than they had been thought to be.
+
+import os
+import errno
+import unittest
+import warnings
+import sys
+import signal
+import subprocess
+import time
+from test import test_support
+import mmap
+import uuid
+
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tempnam", RuntimeWarning, __name__)
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tmpnam", RuntimeWarning, __name__)
+
+# Tests creating TESTFN
+class FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        if os.path.exists(test_support.TESTFN):
+            os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
+    tearDown = setUp
+
+    def test_access(self):
+        f = os.open(test_support.TESTFN, os.O_CREAT|os.O_RDWR)
+        os.close(f)
+        self.assertTrue(os.access(test_support.TESTFN, os.W_OK))
+
+    def test_closerange(self):
+        first = os.open(test_support.TESTFN, os.O_CREAT|os.O_RDWR)
+        # We must allocate two consecutive file descriptors, otherwise
+        # it will mess up other file descriptors (perhaps even the three
+        # standard ones).
+        second = os.dup(first)
+        try:
+            retries = 0
+            while second != first + 1:
+                os.close(first)
+                retries += 1
+                if retries > 10:
+                    # XXX test skipped
+                    self.skipTest("couldn't allocate two consecutive fds")
+                first, second = second, os.dup(second)
+        finally:
+            os.close(second)
+        # close a fd that is open, and one that isn't
+        os.closerange(first, first + 2)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.write, first, "a")
+
+    @test_support.cpython_only
+    def test_rename(self):
+        path = unicode(test_support.TESTFN)
+        old = sys.getrefcount(path)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.rename, path, 0)
+        new = sys.getrefcount(path)
+        self.assertEqual(old, new)
+
+
+class TemporaryFileTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.files = []
+        os.mkdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for name in self.files:
+            os.unlink(name)
+        os.rmdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def check_tempfile(self, name):
+        # make sure it doesn't already exist:
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(name),
+                    "file already exists for temporary file")
+        # make sure we can create the file
+        open(name, "w")
+        self.files.append(name)
+
+    def test_tempnam(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, "tempnam"):
+            return
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tempnam", RuntimeWarning,
+                                    r"test_os$")
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tempnam", DeprecationWarning)
+            self.check_tempfile(os.tempnam())
+
+            name = os.tempnam(test_support.TESTFN)
+            self.check_tempfile(name)
+
+            name = os.tempnam(test_support.TESTFN, "pfx")
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.basename(name)[:3] == "pfx")
+            self.check_tempfile(name)
+
+    def test_tmpfile(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, "tmpfile"):
+            return
+        # As with test_tmpnam() below, the Windows implementation of tmpfile()
+        # attempts to create a file in the root directory of the current drive.
+        # On Vista and Server 2008, this test will always fail for normal users
+        # as writing to the root directory requires elevated privileges.  With
+        # XP and below, the semantics of tmpfile() are the same, but the user
+        # running the test is more likely to have administrative privileges on
+        # their account already.  If that's the case, then os.tmpfile() should
+        # work.  In order to make this test as useful as possible, rather than
+        # trying to detect Windows versions or whether or not the user has the
+        # right permissions, just try and create a file in the root directory
+        # and see if it raises a 'Permission denied' OSError.  If it does, then
+        # test that a subsequent call to os.tmpfile() raises the same error. If
+        # it doesn't, assume we're on XP or below and the user running the test
+        # has administrative privileges, and proceed with the test as normal.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tmpfile", DeprecationWarning)
+
+            if sys.platform == 'win32':
+                name = '\\python_test_os_test_tmpfile.txt'
+                if os.path.exists(name):
+                    os.remove(name)
+                try:
+                    fp = open(name, 'w')
+                except IOError, first:
+                    # open() failed, assert tmpfile() fails in the same way.
+                    # Although open() raises an IOError and os.tmpfile() raises an
+                    # OSError(), 'args' will be (13, 'Permission denied') in both
+                    # cases.
+                    try:
+                        fp = os.tmpfile()
+                    except OSError, second:
+                        self.assertEqual(first.args, second.args)
+                    else:
+                        self.fail("expected os.tmpfile() to raise OSError")
+                    return
+                else:
+                    # open() worked, therefore, tmpfile() should work.  Close our
+                    # dummy file and proceed with the test as normal.
+                    fp.close()
+                    os.remove(name)
+
+            fp = os.tmpfile()
+            fp.write("foobar")
+            fp.seek(0,0)
+            s = fp.read()
+            fp.close()
+            self.assertTrue(s == "foobar")
+
+    def test_tmpnam(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, "tmpnam"):
+            return
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tmpnam", RuntimeWarning,
+                                    r"test_os$")
+            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "tmpnam", DeprecationWarning)
+
+            name = os.tmpnam()
+            if sys.platform in ("win32",):
+                # The Windows tmpnam() seems useless.  From the MS docs:
+                #
+                #     The character string that tmpnam creates consists of
+                #     the path prefix, defined by the entry P_tmpdir in the
+                #     file STDIO.H, followed by a sequence consisting of the
+                #     digit characters '0' through '9'; the numerical value
+                #     of this string is in the range 1 - 65,535.  Changing the
+                #     definitions of L_tmpnam or P_tmpdir in STDIO.H does not
+                #     change the operation of tmpnam.
+                #
+                # The really bizarre part is that, at least under MSVC6,
+                # P_tmpdir is "\\".  That is, the path returned refers to
+                # the root of the current drive.  That's a terrible place to
+                # put temp files, and, depending on privileges, the user
+                # may not even be able to open a file in the root directory.
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(name),
+                            "file already exists for temporary file")
+            else:
+                self.check_tempfile(name)
+
+# Test attributes on return values from os.*stat* family.
+class StatAttributeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        os.mkdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.fname = os.path.join(test_support.TESTFN, "f1")
+        f = open(self.fname, 'wb')
+        f.write("ABC")
+        f.close()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.unlink(self.fname)
+        os.rmdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_stat_attributes(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, "stat"):
+            return
+
+        import stat
+        result = os.stat(self.fname)
+
+        # Make sure direct access works
+        self.assertEqual(result[stat.ST_SIZE], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(result.st_size, 3)
+
+        # Make sure all the attributes are there
+        members = dir(result)
+        for name in dir(stat):
+            if name[:3] == 'ST_':
+                attr = name.lower()
+                if name.endswith("TIME"):
+                    def trunc(x): return int(x)
+                else:
+                    def trunc(x): return x
+                self.assertEqual(trunc(getattr(result, attr)),
+                                 result[getattr(stat, name)])
+                self.assertIn(attr, members)
+
+        try:
+            result[200]
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except IndexError:
+            pass
+
+        # Make sure that assignment fails
+        try:
+            result.st_mode = 1
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            result.st_rdev = 1
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            result.parrot = 1
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # Use the stat_result constructor with a too-short tuple.
+        try:
+            result2 = os.stat_result((10,))
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        # Use the constructor with a too-long tuple.
+        try:
+            result2 = os.stat_result((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14))
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+
+    def test_statvfs_attributes(self):
+        if not hasattr(os, "statvfs"):
+            return
+
+        try:
+            result = os.statvfs(self.fname)
+        except OSError, e:
+            # On AtheOS, glibc always returns ENOSYS
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOSYS:
+                return
+
+        # Make sure direct access works
+        self.assertEqual(result.f_bfree, result[3])
+
+        # Make sure all the attributes are there.
+        members = ('bsize', 'frsize', 'blocks', 'bfree', 'bavail', 'files',
+                    'ffree', 'favail', 'flag', 'namemax')
+        for value, member in enumerate(members):
+            self.assertEqual(getattr(result, 'f_' + member), result[value])
+
+        # Make sure that assignment really fails
+        try:
+            result.f_bfree = 1
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            result.parrot = 1
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # Use the constructor with a too-short tuple.
+        try:
+            result2 = os.statvfs_result((10,))
+            self.fail("No exception thrown")
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        # Use the constructor with a too-long tuple.
+        try:
+            result2 = os.statvfs_result((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14))
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_utime_dir(self):
+        delta = 1000000
+        st = os.stat(test_support.TESTFN)
+        # round to int, because some systems may support sub-second
+        # time stamps in stat, but not in utime.
+        os.utime(test_support.TESTFN, (st.st_atime, int(st.st_mtime-delta)))
+        st2 = os.stat(test_support.TESTFN)
+        self.assertEqual(st2.st_mtime, int(st.st_mtime-delta))
+
+    # Restrict test to Win32, since there is no guarantee other
+    # systems support centiseconds
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        def get_file_system(path):
+            root = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.abspath(path))[0] + '\\'
+            import ctypes
+            kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+            buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer("", 100)
+            if kernel32.GetVolumeInformationA(root, None, 0, None, None, None, buf, len(buf)):
+                return buf.value
+
+        if get_file_system(test_support.TESTFN) == "NTFS":
+            def test_1565150(self):
+                t1 = 1159195039.25
+                os.utime(self.fname, (t1, t1))
+                self.assertEqual(os.stat(self.fname).st_mtime, t1)
+
+            def test_large_time(self):
+                t1 = 5000000000 # some day in 2128
+                os.utime(self.fname, (t1, t1))
+                self.assertEqual(os.stat(self.fname).st_mtime, t1)
+
+        def test_1686475(self):
+            # Verify that an open file can be stat'ed
+            try:
+                os.stat(r"c:\pagefile.sys")
+            except WindowsError, e:
+                if e.errno == 2: # file does not exist; cannot run test
+                    return
+                self.fail("Could not stat pagefile.sys")
+
+from test import mapping_tests
+
+class EnvironTests(mapping_tests.BasicTestMappingProtocol):
+    """check that os.environ object conform to mapping protocol"""
+    type2test = None
+    def _reference(self):
+        return {"KEY1":"VALUE1", "KEY2":"VALUE2", "KEY3":"VALUE3"}
+    def _empty_mapping(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        return os.environ
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.__save = dict(os.environ)
+        os.environ.clear()
+    def tearDown(self):
+        os.environ.clear()
+        os.environ.update(self.__save)
+
+    # Bug 1110478
+    def test_update2(self):
+        if os.path.exists("/bin/sh"):
+            os.environ.update(HELLO="World")
+            with os.popen("/bin/sh -c 'echo $HELLO'") as popen:
+                value = popen.read().strip()
+                self.assertEqual(value, "World")
+
+class WalkTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for os.walk()."""
+
+    def test_traversal(self):
+        import os
+        from os.path import join
+
+        # Build:
+        #     TESTFN/
+        #       TEST1/              a file kid and two directory kids
+        #         tmp1
+        #         SUB1/             a file kid and a directory kid
+        #           tmp2
+        #           SUB11/          no kids
+        #         SUB2/             a file kid and a dirsymlink kid
+        #           tmp3
+        #           link/           a symlink to TESTFN.2
+        #       TEST2/
+        #         tmp4              a lone file
+        walk_path = join(test_support.TESTFN, "TEST1")
+        sub1_path = join(walk_path, "SUB1")
+        sub11_path = join(sub1_path, "SUB11")
+        sub2_path = join(walk_path, "SUB2")
+        tmp1_path = join(walk_path, "tmp1")
+        tmp2_path = join(sub1_path, "tmp2")
+        tmp3_path = join(sub2_path, "tmp3")
+        link_path = join(sub2_path, "link")
+        t2_path = join(test_support.TESTFN, "TEST2")
+        tmp4_path = join(test_support.TESTFN, "TEST2", "tmp4")
+
+        # Create stuff.
+        os.makedirs(sub11_path)
+        os.makedirs(sub2_path)
+        os.makedirs(t2_path)
+        for path in tmp1_path, tmp2_path, tmp3_path, tmp4_path:
+            f = file(path, "w")
+            f.write("I'm " + path + " and proud of it.  Blame test_os.\n")
+            f.close()
+        if hasattr(os, "symlink"):
+            os.symlink(os.path.abspath(t2_path), link_path)
+            sub2_tree = (sub2_path, ["link"], ["tmp3"])
+        else:
+            sub2_tree = (sub2_path, [], ["tmp3"])
+
+        # Walk top-down.
+        all = list(os.walk(walk_path))
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), 4)
+        # We can't know which order SUB1 and SUB2 will appear in.
+        # Not flipped:  TESTFN, SUB1, SUB11, SUB2
+        #     flipped:  TESTFN, SUB2, SUB1, SUB11
+        flipped = all[0][1][0] != "SUB1"
+        all[0][1].sort()
+        self.assertEqual(all[0], (walk_path, ["SUB1", "SUB2"], ["tmp1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(all[1 + flipped], (sub1_path, ["SUB11"], ["tmp2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(all[2 + flipped], (sub11_path, [], []))
+        self.assertEqual(all[3 - 2 * flipped], sub2_tree)
+
+        # Prune the search.
+        all = []
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(walk_path):
+            all.append((root, dirs, files))
+            # Don't descend into SUB1.
+            if 'SUB1' in dirs:
+                # Note that this also mutates the dirs we appended to all!
+                dirs.remove('SUB1')
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(all[0], (walk_path, ["SUB2"], ["tmp1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(all[1], sub2_tree)
+
+        # Walk bottom-up.
+        all = list(os.walk(walk_path, topdown=False))
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), 4)
+        # We can't know which order SUB1 and SUB2 will appear in.
+        # Not flipped:  SUB11, SUB1, SUB2, TESTFN
+        #     flipped:  SUB2, SUB11, SUB1, TESTFN
+        flipped = all[3][1][0] != "SUB1"
+        all[3][1].sort()
+        self.assertEqual(all[3], (walk_path, ["SUB1", "SUB2"], ["tmp1"]))
+        self.assertEqual(all[flipped], (sub11_path, [], []))
+        self.assertEqual(all[flipped + 1], (sub1_path, ["SUB11"], ["tmp2"]))
+        self.assertEqual(all[2 - 2 * flipped], sub2_tree)
+
+        if hasattr(os, "symlink"):
+            # Walk, following symlinks.
+            for root, dirs, files in os.walk(walk_path, followlinks=True):
+                if root == link_path:
+                    self.assertEqual(dirs, [])
+                    self.assertEqual(files, ["tmp4"])
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("Didn't follow symlink with followlinks=True")
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # Tear everything down.  This is a decent use for bottom-up on
+        # Windows, which doesn't have a recursive delete command.  The
+        # (not so) subtlety is that rmdir will fail unless the dir's
+        # kids are removed first, so bottom up is essential.
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(test_support.TESTFN, topdown=False):
+            for name in files:
+                os.remove(os.path.join(root, name))
+            for name in dirs:
+                dirname = os.path.join(root, name)
+                if not os.path.islink(dirname):
+                    os.rmdir(dirname)
+                else:
+                    os.remove(dirname)
+        os.rmdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+class MakedirTests (unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        os.mkdir(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_makedir(self):
+        base = test_support.TESTFN
+        path = os.path.join(base, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3')
+        os.makedirs(path)             # Should work
+        path = os.path.join(base, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3', 'dir4')
+        os.makedirs(path)
+
+        # Try paths with a '.' in them
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, os.makedirs, os.curdir)
+        path = os.path.join(base, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3', 'dir4', 'dir5', os.curdir)
+        os.makedirs(path)
+        path = os.path.join(base, 'dir1', os.curdir, 'dir2', 'dir3', 'dir4',
+                            'dir5', 'dir6')
+        os.makedirs(path)
+
+
+
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        path = os.path.join(test_support.TESTFN, 'dir1', 'dir2', 'dir3',
+                            'dir4', 'dir5', 'dir6')
+        # If the tests failed, the bottom-most directory ('../dir6')
+        # may not have been created, so we look for the outermost directory
+        # that exists.
+        while not os.path.exists(path) and path != test_support.TESTFN:
+            path = os.path.dirname(path)
+
+        os.removedirs(path)
+
+class DevNullTests (unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_devnull(self):
+        f = file(os.devnull, 'w')
+        f.write('hello')
+        f.close()
+        f = file(os.devnull, 'r')
+        self.assertEqual(f.read(), '')
+        f.close()
+
+class URandomTests (unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_urandom(self):
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1)), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(10)), 10)
+            self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(100)), 100)
+            self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1000)), 1000)
+            # see http://bugs.python.org/issue3708
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.urandom, 0.9)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.urandom, 1.1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.urandom, 2.0)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_execvpe_with_bad_arglist(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.execvpe, 'notepad', [], None)
+
+class Win32ErrorTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_rename(self):
+        self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.rename, test_support.TESTFN, test_support.TESTFN+".bak")
+
+    def test_remove(self):
+        self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.remove, test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_chdir(self):
+        self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.chdir, test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_mkdir(self):
+        f = open(test_support.TESTFN, "w")
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.mkdir, test_support.TESTFN)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+            os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_utime(self):
+        self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.utime, test_support.TESTFN, None)
+
+    def test_chmod(self):
+        self.assertRaises(WindowsError, os.chmod, test_support.TESTFN, 0)
+
+class TestInvalidFD(unittest.TestCase):
+    singles = ["fchdir", "fdopen", "dup", "fdatasync", "fstat",
+               "fstatvfs", "fsync", "tcgetpgrp", "ttyname"]
+    #singles.append("close")
+    #We omit close because it doesn'r raise an exception on some platforms
+    def get_single(f):
+        def helper(self):
+            if  hasattr(os, f):
+                self.check(getattr(os, f))
+        return helper
+    for f in singles:
+        locals()["test_"+f] = get_single(f)
+
+    def check(self, f, *args):
+        try:
+            f(test_support.make_bad_fd(), *args)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EBADF)
+        else:
+            self.fail("%r didn't raise a OSError with a bad file descriptor"
+                      % f)
+
+    def test_isatty(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "isatty"):
+            self.assertEqual(os.isatty(test_support.make_bad_fd()), False)
+
+    def test_closerange(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "closerange"):
+            fd = test_support.make_bad_fd()
+            # Make sure none of the descriptors we are about to close are
+            # currently valid (issue 6542).
+            for i in range(10):
+                try: os.fstat(fd+i)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    break
+            if i < 2:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(
+                    "Unable to acquire a range of invalid file descriptors")
+            self.assertEqual(os.closerange(fd, fd + i-1), None)
+
+    def test_dup2(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "dup2"):
+            self.check(os.dup2, 20)
+
+    def test_fchmod(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "fchmod"):
+            self.check(os.fchmod, 0)
+
+    def test_fchown(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "fchown"):
+            self.check(os.fchown, -1, -1)
+
+    def test_fpathconf(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "fpathconf"):
+            self.check(os.fpathconf, "PC_NAME_MAX")
+
+    def test_ftruncate(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "ftruncate"):
+            self.check(os.ftruncate, 0)
+
+    def test_lseek(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "lseek"):
+            self.check(os.lseek, 0, 0)
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "read"):
+            self.check(os.read, 1)
+
+    def test_tcsetpgrpt(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "tcsetpgrp"):
+            self.check(os.tcsetpgrp, 0)
+
+    def test_write(self):
+        if hasattr(os, "write"):
+            self.check(os.write, " ")
+
+if sys.platform != 'win32':
+    class Win32ErrorTests(unittest.TestCase):
+        pass
+
+    class PosixUidGidTests(unittest.TestCase):
+        if hasattr(os, 'setuid'):
+            def test_setuid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.setuid, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setuid, 1<<32)
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'setgid'):
+            def test_setgid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.setgid, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setgid, 1<<32)
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'seteuid'):
+            def test_seteuid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.seteuid, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.seteuid, 1<<32)
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'setegid'):
+            def test_setegid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.setegid, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setegid, 1<<32)
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'setreuid'):
+            def test_setreuid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.setreuid, 0, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setreuid, 1<<32, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setreuid, 0, 1<<32)
+
+            def test_setreuid_neg1(self):
+                # Needs to accept -1.  We run this in a subprocess to avoid
+                # altering the test runner's process state (issue8045).
+                subprocess.check_call([
+                        sys.executable, '-c',
+                        'import os,sys;os.setreuid(-1,-1);sys.exit(0)'])
+
+        if hasattr(os, 'setregid'):
+            def test_setregid(self):
+                if os.getuid() != 0:
+                    self.assertRaises(os.error, os.setregid, 0, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setregid, 1<<32, 0)
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setregid, 0, 1<<32)
+
+            def test_setregid_neg1(self):
+                # Needs to accept -1.  We run this in a subprocess to avoid
+                # altering the test runner's process state (issue8045).
+                subprocess.check_call([
+                        sys.executable, '-c',
+                        'import os,sys;os.setregid(-1,-1);sys.exit(0)'])
+else:
+    class PosixUidGidTests(unittest.TestCase):
+        pass
+
+ at unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "Win32 specific tests")
+class Win32KillTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _kill(self, sig):
+        # Start sys.executable as a subprocess and communicate from the
+        # subprocess to the parent that the interpreter is ready. When it
+        # becomes ready, send *sig* via os.kill to the subprocess and check
+        # that the return code is equal to *sig*.
+        import ctypes
+        from ctypes import wintypes
+        import msvcrt
+
+        # Since we can't access the contents of the process' stdout until the
+        # process has exited, use PeekNamedPipe to see what's inside stdout
+        # without waiting. This is done so we can tell that the interpreter
+        # is started and running at a point where it could handle a signal.
+        PeekNamedPipe = ctypes.windll.kernel32.PeekNamedPipe
+        PeekNamedPipe.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        PeekNamedPipe.argtypes = (wintypes.HANDLE, # Pipe handle
+                                  ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char), # stdout buf
+                                  wintypes.DWORD, # Buffer size
+                                  ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD), # bytes read
+                                  ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD), # bytes avail
+                                  ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD)) # bytes left
+        msg = "running"
+        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
+                                 "import sys;"
+                                 "sys.stdout.write('{}');"
+                                 "sys.stdout.flush();"
+                                 "input()".format(msg)],
+                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+        self.addCleanup(proc.stdout.close)
+        self.addCleanup(proc.stderr.close)
+        self.addCleanup(proc.stdin.close)
+
+        count, max = 0, 100
+        while count < max and proc.poll() is None:
+            # Create a string buffer to store the result of stdout from the pipe
+            buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(msg))
+            # Obtain the text currently in proc.stdout
+            # Bytes read/avail/left are left as NULL and unused
+            rslt = PeekNamedPipe(msvcrt.get_osfhandle(proc.stdout.fileno()),
+                                 buf, ctypes.sizeof(buf), None, None, None)
+            self.assertNotEqual(rslt, 0, "PeekNamedPipe failed")
+            if buf.value:
+                self.assertEqual(msg, buf.value)
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            count += 1
+        else:
+            self.fail("Did not receive communication from the subprocess")
+
+        os.kill(proc.pid, sig)
+        self.assertEqual(proc.wait(), sig)
+
+    def test_kill_sigterm(self):
+        # SIGTERM doesn't mean anything special, but make sure it works
+        self._kill(signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_kill_int(self):
+        # os.kill on Windows can take an int which gets set as the exit code
+        self._kill(100)
+
+    def _kill_with_event(self, event, name):
+        tagname = "test_os_%s" % uuid.uuid1()
+        m = mmap.mmap(-1, 1, tagname)
+        m[0] = '0'
+        # Run a script which has console control handling enabled.
+        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable,
+                   os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                                "win_console_handler.py"), tagname],
+                   creationflags=subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP)
+        # Let the interpreter startup before we send signals. See #3137.
+        count, max = 0, 20
+        while count < max and proc.poll() is None:
+            if m[0] == '1':
+                break
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            count += 1
+        else:
+            self.fail("Subprocess didn't finish initialization")
+        os.kill(proc.pid, event)
+        # proc.send_signal(event) could also be done here.
+        # Allow time for the signal to be passed and the process to exit.
+        time.sleep(0.5)
+        if not proc.poll():
+            # Forcefully kill the process if we weren't able to signal it.
+            os.kill(proc.pid, signal.SIGINT)
+            self.fail("subprocess did not stop on {}".format(name))
+
+    @unittest.skip("subprocesses aren't inheriting CTRL+C property")
+    def test_CTRL_C_EVENT(self):
+        from ctypes import wintypes
+        import ctypes
+
+        # Make a NULL value by creating a pointer with no argument.
+        NULL = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)()
+        SetConsoleCtrlHandler = ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCtrlHandler
+        SetConsoleCtrlHandler.argtypes = (ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int),
+                                          wintypes.BOOL)
+        SetConsoleCtrlHandler.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+        # Calling this with NULL and FALSE causes the calling process to
+        # handle CTRL+C, rather than ignore it. This property is inherited
+        # by subprocesses.
+        SetConsoleCtrlHandler(NULL, 0)
+
+        self._kill_with_event(signal.CTRL_C_EVENT, "CTRL_C_EVENT")
+
+    def test_CTRL_BREAK_EVENT(self):
+        self._kill_with_event(signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT, "CTRL_BREAK_EVENT")
+
+
+def test_main():
+    test_support.run_unittest(
+        FileTests,
+        TemporaryFileTests,
+        StatAttributeTests,
+        EnvironTests,
+        WalkTests,
+        MakedirTests,
+        DevNullTests,
+        URandomTests,
+        Win32ErrorTests,
+        TestInvalidFD,
+        PosixUidGidTests,
+        Win32KillTests
+    )
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test_main()
diff --git a/pypy/rlib/clibffi.py b/pypy/rlib/clibffi.py
--- a/pypy/rlib/clibffi.py
+++ b/pypy/rlib/clibffi.py
@@ -655,6 +655,13 @@
         return FuncPtr(name, argtypes, restype, dlsym(self.lib, name),
                        flags=flags, keepalive=self)
 
+    def getpointer_byordinal(self, name, argtypes, restype, 
+            flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
+        # these arguments are already casted to proper ffi
+        # structures!
+        return FuncPtr(name, argtypes, restype, dlsym_byordinal(self.lib, name),
+                       flags=flags, keepalive=self)
+
     def getrawpointer(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
         # these arguments are already casted to proper ffi
         # structures!


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