[Python-checkins] [2.7] bpo-20047: Remove Objects/bytesobject.c from 2.7 (GH-9268)

Berker Peksag webhook-mailer at python.org
Thu Sep 13 19:16:44 EDT 2018


https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/0b9fe1734168d45861d6dc3022492387dec5a4a2
commit: 0b9fe1734168d45861d6dc3022492387dec5a4a2
branch: 2.7
author: Zackery Spytz <zspytz at gmail.com>
committer: Berker Peksag <berker.peksag at gmail.com>
date: 2018-09-14T02:16:41+03:00
summary:

[2.7] bpo-20047: Remove Objects/bytesobject.c from 2.7 (GH-9268)

It was accidentally added in 107f3cc791d223dc06b7c80f0de672e88ae6a8d1.

files:
D Objects/bytesobject.c

diff --git a/Objects/bytesobject.c b/Objects/bytesobject.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ba90aa307b8..000000000000
--- a/Objects/bytesobject.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3432 +0,0 @@
-/* bytes object implementation */
-
-#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
-
-#include "Python.h"
-#include "internal/mem.h"
-#include "internal/pystate.h"
-
-#include "bytes_methods.h"
-#include "pystrhex.h"
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-/*[clinic input]
-class bytes "PyBytesObject *" "&PyBytes_Type"
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=7a238f965d64892b]*/
-
-#include "clinic/bytesobject.c.h"
-
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-Py_ssize_t null_strings, one_strings;
-#endif
-
-static PyBytesObject *characters[UCHAR_MAX + 1];
-static PyBytesObject *nullstring;
-
-/* PyBytesObject_SIZE gives the basic size of a string; any memory allocation
-   for a string of length n should request PyBytesObject_SIZE + n bytes.
-
-   Using PyBytesObject_SIZE instead of sizeof(PyBytesObject) saves
-   3 bytes per string allocation on a typical system.
-*/
-#define PyBytesObject_SIZE (offsetof(PyBytesObject, ob_sval) + 1)
-
-/* Forward declaration */
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t) _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(_PyBytesWriter *writer,
-                                                   char *str);
-
-/*
-   For PyBytes_FromString(), the parameter `str' points to a null-terminated
-   string containing exactly `size' bytes.
-
-   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the parameter `str' is
-   either NULL or else points to a string containing at least `size' bytes.
-   For PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(), the string in the `str' parameter does
-   not have to be null-terminated.  (Therefore it is safe to construct a
-   substring by calling `PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(origstring, substrlen)'.)
-   If `str' is NULL then PyBytes_FromStringAndSize() will allocate `size+1'
-   bytes (setting the last byte to the null terminating character) and you can
-   fill in the data yourself.  If `str' is non-NULL then the resulting
-   PyBytes object must be treated as immutable and you must not fill in nor
-   alter the data yourself, since the strings may be shared.
-
-   The PyObject member `op->ob_size', which denotes the number of "extra
-   items" in a variable-size object, will contain the number of bytes
-   allocated for string data, not counting the null terminating character.
-   It is therefore equal to the `size' parameter (for
-   PyBytes_FromStringAndSize()) or the length of the string in the `str'
-   parameter (for PyBytes_FromString()).
-*/
-static PyObject *
-_PyBytes_FromSize(Py_ssize_t size, int use_calloc)
-{
-    PyBytesObject *op;
-    assert(size >= 0);
-
-    if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-        null_strings++;
-#endif
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-        return (PyObject *)op;
-    }
-
-    if ((size_t)size > (size_t)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - PyBytesObject_SIZE) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-                        "byte string is too large");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
-    if (use_calloc)
-        op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_Calloc(1, PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
-    else
-        op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_Malloc(PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
-    if (op == NULL)
-        return PyErr_NoMemory();
-    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-    op->ob_shash = -1;
-    if (!use_calloc)
-        op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
-    /* empty byte string singleton */
-    if (size == 0) {
-        nullstring = op;
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-    }
-    return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(const char *str, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    PyBytesObject *op;
-    if (size < 0) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
-            "Negative size passed to PyBytes_FromStringAndSize");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (size == 1 && str != NULL &&
-        (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL)
-    {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-        one_strings++;
-#endif
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-        return (PyObject *)op;
-    }
-
-    op = (PyBytesObject *)_PyBytes_FromSize(size, 0);
-    if (op == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    if (str == NULL)
-        return (PyObject *) op;
-
-    memcpy(op->ob_sval, str, size);
-    /* share short strings */
-    if (size == 1) {
-        characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-    }
-    return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromString(const char *str)
-{
-    size_t size;
-    PyBytesObject *op;
-
-    assert(str != NULL);
-    size = strlen(str);
-    if (size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - PyBytesObject_SIZE) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-            "byte string is too long");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (size == 0 && (op = nullstring) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-        null_strings++;
-#endif
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-        return (PyObject *)op;
-    }
-    if (size == 1 && (op = characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX]) != NULL) {
-#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
-        one_strings++;
-#endif
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-        return (PyObject *)op;
-    }
-
-    /* Inline PyObject_NewVar */
-    op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytesObject_SIZE + size);
-    if (op == NULL)
-        return PyErr_NoMemory();
-    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-    op->ob_shash = -1;
-    memcpy(op->ob_sval, str, size+1);
-    /* share short strings */
-    if (size == 0) {
-        nullstring = op;
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-    } else if (size == 1) {
-        characters[*str & UCHAR_MAX] = op;
-        Py_INCREF(op);
-    }
-    return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)
-{
-    char *s;
-    const char *f;
-    const char *p;
-    Py_ssize_t prec;
-    int longflag;
-    int size_tflag;
-    /* Longest 64-bit formatted numbers:
-       - "18446744073709551615\0" (21 bytes)
-       - "-9223372036854775808\0" (21 bytes)
-       Decimal takes the most space (it isn't enough for octal.)
-
-       Longest 64-bit pointer representation:
-       "0xffffffffffffffff\0" (19 bytes). */
-    char buffer[21];
-    _PyBytesWriter writer;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
-
-    s = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, strlen(format));
-    if (s == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    writer.overallocate = 1;
-
-#define WRITE_BYTES(str) \
-    do { \
-        s = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(&writer, s, (str), strlen(str)); \
-        if (s == NULL) \
-            goto error; \
-    } while (0)
-
-    for (f = format; *f; f++) {
-        if (*f != '%') {
-            *s++ = *f;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        p = f++;
-
-        /* ignore the width (ex: 10 in "%10s") */
-        while (Py_ISDIGIT(*f))
-            f++;
-
-        /* parse the precision (ex: 10 in "%.10s") */
-        prec = 0;
-        if (*f == '.') {
-            f++;
-            for (; Py_ISDIGIT(*f); f++) {
-                prec = (prec * 10) + (*f - '0');
-            }
-        }
-
-        while (*f && *f != '%' && !Py_ISALPHA(*f))
-            f++;
-
-        /* handle the long flag ('l'), but only for %ld and %lu.
-           others can be added when necessary. */
-        longflag = 0;
-        if (*f == 'l' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
-            longflag = 1;
-            ++f;
-        }
-
-        /* handle the size_t flag ('z'). */
-        size_tflag = 0;
-        if (*f == 'z' && (f[1] == 'd' || f[1] == 'u')) {
-            size_tflag = 1;
-            ++f;
-        }
-
-        /* subtract bytes preallocated for the format string
-           (ex: 2 for "%s") */
-        writer.min_size -= (f - p + 1);
-
-        switch (*f) {
-        case 'c':
-        {
-            int c = va_arg(vargs, int);
-            if (c < 0 || c > 255) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-                                "PyBytes_FromFormatV(): %c format "
-                                "expects an integer in range [0; 255]");
-                goto error;
-            }
-            writer.min_size++;
-            *s++ = (unsigned char)c;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        case 'd':
-            if (longflag)
-                sprintf(buffer, "%ld", va_arg(vargs, long));
-            else if (size_tflag)
-                sprintf(buffer, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
-                    va_arg(vargs, Py_ssize_t));
-            else
-                sprintf(buffer, "%d", va_arg(vargs, int));
-            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
-            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
-            break;
-
-        case 'u':
-            if (longflag)
-                sprintf(buffer, "%lu",
-                    va_arg(vargs, unsigned long));
-            else if (size_tflag)
-                sprintf(buffer, "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "u",
-                    va_arg(vargs, size_t));
-            else
-                sprintf(buffer, "%u",
-                    va_arg(vargs, unsigned int));
-            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
-            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
-            break;
-
-        case 'i':
-            sprintf(buffer, "%i", va_arg(vargs, int));
-            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
-            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
-            break;
-
-        case 'x':
-            sprintf(buffer, "%x", va_arg(vargs, int));
-            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
-            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
-            break;
-
-        case 's':
-        {
-            Py_ssize_t i;
-
-            p = va_arg(vargs, const char*);
-            i = strlen(p);
-            if (prec > 0 && i > prec)
-                i = prec;
-            s = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(&writer, s, p, i);
-            if (s == NULL)
-                goto error;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        case 'p':
-            sprintf(buffer, "%p", va_arg(vargs, void*));
-            assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
-            /* %p is ill-defined:  ensure leading 0x. */
-            if (buffer[1] == 'X')
-                buffer[1] = 'x';
-            else if (buffer[1] != 'x') {
-                memmove(buffer+2, buffer, strlen(buffer)+1);
-                buffer[0] = '0';
-                buffer[1] = 'x';
-            }
-            WRITE_BYTES(buffer);
-            break;
-
-        case '%':
-            writer.min_size++;
-            *s++ = '%';
-            break;
-
-        default:
-            if (*f == 0) {
-                /* fix min_size if we reached the end of the format string */
-                writer.min_size++;
-            }
-
-            /* invalid format string: copy unformatted string and exit */
-            WRITE_BYTES(p);
-            return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, s);
-        }
-    }
-
-#undef WRITE_BYTES
-
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, s);
-
- error:
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)
-{
-    PyObject* ret;
-    va_list vargs;
-
-#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
-    va_start(vargs, format);
-#else
-    va_start(vargs);
-#endif
-    ret = PyBytes_FromFormatV(format, vargs);
-    va_end(vargs);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/* Helpers for formatstring */
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-getnextarg(PyObject *args, Py_ssize_t arglen, Py_ssize_t *p_argidx)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t argidx = *p_argidx;
-    if (argidx < arglen) {
-        (*p_argidx)++;
-        if (arglen < 0)
-            return args;
-        else
-            return PyTuple_GetItem(args, argidx);
-    }
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                    "not enough arguments for format string");
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/* Format codes
- * F_LJUST      '-'
- * F_SIGN       '+'
- * F_BLANK      ' '
- * F_ALT        '#'
- * F_ZERO       '0'
- */
-#define F_LJUST (1<<0)
-#define F_SIGN  (1<<1)
-#define F_BLANK (1<<2)
-#define F_ALT   (1<<3)
-#define F_ZERO  (1<<4)
-
-/* Returns a new reference to a PyBytes object, or NULL on failure. */
-
-static char*
-formatfloat(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type,
-            PyObject **p_result, _PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
-{
-    char *p;
-    PyObject *result;
-    double x;
-    size_t len;
-
-    x = PyFloat_AsDouble(v);
-    if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "float argument required, "
-                     "not %.200s", Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (prec < 0)
-        prec = 6;
-
-    p = PyOS_double_to_string(x, type, prec,
-                              (flags & F_ALT) ? Py_DTSF_ALT : 0, NULL);
-
-    if (p == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-
-    len = strlen(p);
-    if (writer != NULL) {
-        str = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, str, len);
-        if (str == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-        memcpy(str, p, len);
-        PyMem_Free(p);
-        str += len;
-        return str;
-    }
-
-    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(p, len);
-    PyMem_Free(p);
-    *p_result = result;
-    return str;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-formatlong(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type)
-{
-    PyObject *result, *iobj;
-    if (type == 'i')
-        type = 'd';
-    if (PyLong_Check(v))
-        return _PyUnicode_FormatLong(v, flags & F_ALT, prec, type);
-    if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
-        /* make sure number is a type of integer for o, x, and X */
-        if (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X')
-            iobj = PyNumber_Index(v);
-        else
-            iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
-        if (iobj == NULL) {
-            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
-                return NULL;
-        }
-        else if (!PyLong_Check(iobj))
-            Py_CLEAR(iobj);
-        if (iobj != NULL) {
-            result = _PyUnicode_FormatLong(iobj, flags & F_ALT, prec, type);
-            Py_DECREF(iobj);
-            return result;
-        }
-    }
-    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-        "%%%c format: %s is required, not %.200s", type,
-        (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X') ? "an integer"
-                                                    : "a number",
-        Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static int
-byte_converter(PyObject *arg, char *p)
-{
-    if (PyBytes_Check(arg) && PyBytes_GET_SIZE(arg) == 1) {
-        *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
-        return 1;
-    }
-    else if (PyByteArray_Check(arg) && PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(arg) == 1) {
-        *p = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
-        return 1;
-    }
-    else {
-        PyObject *iobj;
-        long ival;
-        int overflow;
-        /* make sure number is a type of integer */
-        if (PyLong_Check(arg)) {
-            ival = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(arg, &overflow);
-        }
-        else {
-            iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
-            if (iobj == NULL) {
-                if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
-                    return 0;
-                goto onError;
-            }
-            ival = PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(iobj, &overflow);
-            Py_DECREF(iobj);
-        }
-        if (!overflow && ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-            goto onError;
-        if (overflow || !(0 <= ival && ival <= 255)) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-                            "%c arg not in range(256)");
-            return 0;
-        }
-        *p = (char)ival;
-        return 1;
-    }
-  onError:
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-        "%c requires an integer in range(256) or a single byte");
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static PyObject *_PyBytes_FromBuffer(PyObject *x);
-
-static PyObject *
-format_obj(PyObject *v, const char **pbuf, Py_ssize_t *plen)
-{
-    PyObject *func, *result;
-    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__bytes__);
-    /* is it a bytes object? */
-    if (PyBytes_Check(v)) {
-        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(v);
-        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(v);
-        Py_INCREF(v);
-        return v;
-    }
-    if (PyByteArray_Check(v)) {
-        *pbuf = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(v);
-        *plen = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(v);
-        Py_INCREF(v);
-        return v;
-    }
-    /* does it support __bytes__? */
-    func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(v, &PyId___bytes__);
-    if (func != NULL) {
-        result = _PyObject_CallNoArg(func);
-        Py_DECREF(func);
-        if (result == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-        if (!PyBytes_Check(result)) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                         "__bytes__ returned non-bytes (type %.200s)",
-                         Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
-            Py_DECREF(result);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result);
-        return result;
-    }
-    /* does it support buffer protocol? */
-    if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(v)) {
-        /* maybe we can avoid making a copy of the buffer object here? */
-        result = _PyBytes_FromBuffer(v);
-        if (result == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-        *pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-        *plen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result);
-        return result;
-    }
-    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                 "%%b requires a bytes-like object, "
-                 "or an object that implements __bytes__, not '%.100s'",
-                 Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/* fmt%(v1,v2,...) is roughly equivalent to sprintf(fmt, v1, v2, ...) */
-
-PyObject *
-_PyBytes_FormatEx(const char *format, Py_ssize_t format_len,
-                  PyObject *args, int use_bytearray)
-{
-    const char *fmt;
-    char *res;
-    Py_ssize_t arglen, argidx;
-    Py_ssize_t fmtcnt;
-    int args_owned = 0;
-    PyObject *dict = NULL;
-    _PyBytesWriter writer;
-
-    if (args == NULL) {
-        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    fmt = format;
-    fmtcnt = format_len;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
-    writer.use_bytearray = use_bytearray;
-
-    res = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, fmtcnt);
-    if (res == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    if (!use_bytearray)
-        writer.overallocate = 1;
-
-    if (PyTuple_Check(args)) {
-        arglen = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
-        argidx = 0;
-    }
-    else {
-        arglen = -1;
-        argidx = -2;
-    }
-    if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping && Py_TYPE(args)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript &&
-        !PyTuple_Check(args) && !PyBytes_Check(args) && !PyUnicode_Check(args) &&
-        !PyByteArray_Check(args)) {
-            dict = args;
-    }
-
-    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
-        if (*fmt != '%') {
-            Py_ssize_t len;
-            char *pos;
-
-            pos = (char *)memchr(fmt + 1, '%', fmtcnt);
-            if (pos != NULL)
-                len = pos - fmt;
-            else
-                len = fmtcnt + 1;
-            assert(len != 0);
-
-            memcpy(res, fmt, len);
-            res += len;
-            fmt += len;
-            fmtcnt -= (len - 1);
-        }
-        else {
-            /* Got a format specifier */
-            int flags = 0;
-            Py_ssize_t width = -1;
-            int prec = -1;
-            int c = '\0';
-            int fill;
-            PyObject *v = NULL;
-            PyObject *temp = NULL;
-            const char *pbuf = NULL;
-            int sign;
-            Py_ssize_t len = 0;
-            char onechar; /* For byte_converter() */
-            Py_ssize_t alloc;
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-            char *before;
-#endif
-
-            fmt++;
-            if (*fmt == '%') {
-                *res++ = '%';
-                fmt++;
-                fmtcnt--;
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (*fmt == '(') {
-                const char *keystart;
-                Py_ssize_t keylen;
-                PyObject *key;
-                int pcount = 1;
-
-                if (dict == NULL) {
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                             "format requires a mapping");
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                ++fmt;
-                --fmtcnt;
-                keystart = fmt;
-                /* Skip over balanced parentheses */
-                while (pcount > 0 && --fmtcnt >= 0) {
-                    if (*fmt == ')')
-                        --pcount;
-                    else if (*fmt == '(')
-                        ++pcount;
-                    fmt++;
-                }
-                keylen = fmt - keystart - 1;
-                if (fmtcnt < 0 || pcount > 0) {
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                               "incomplete format key");
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                key = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(keystart,
-                                                 keylen);
-                if (key == NULL)
-                    goto error;
-                if (args_owned) {
-                    Py_DECREF(args);
-                    args_owned = 0;
-                }
-                args = PyObject_GetItem(dict, key);
-                Py_DECREF(key);
-                if (args == NULL) {
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                args_owned = 1;
-                arglen = -1;
-                argidx = -2;
-            }
-
-            /* Parse flags. Example: "%+i" => flags=F_SIGN. */
-            while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
-                switch (c = *fmt++) {
-                case '-': flags |= F_LJUST; continue;
-                case '+': flags |= F_SIGN; continue;
-                case ' ': flags |= F_BLANK; continue;
-                case '#': flags |= F_ALT; continue;
-                case '0': flags |= F_ZERO; continue;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-
-            /* Parse width. Example: "%10s" => width=10 */
-            if (c == '*') {
-                v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
-                if (v == NULL)
-                    goto error;
-                if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                                    "* wants int");
-                    goto error;
-                }
-                width = PyLong_AsSsize_t(v);
-                if (width == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-                    goto error;
-                if (width < 0) {
-                    flags |= F_LJUST;
-                    width = -width;
-                }
-                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
-                    c = *fmt++;
-            }
-            else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
-                width = c - '0';
-                while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
-                    c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
-                    if (!isdigit(c))
-                        break;
-                    if (width > (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
-                        PyErr_SetString(
-                            PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "width too big");
-                        goto error;
-                    }
-                    width = width*10 + (c - '0');
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* Parse precision. Example: "%.3f" => prec=3 */
-            if (c == '.') {
-                prec = 0;
-                if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
-                    c = *fmt++;
-                if (c == '*') {
-                    v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
-                    if (v == NULL)
-                        goto error;
-                    if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
-                        PyErr_SetString(
-                            PyExc_TypeError,
-                            "* wants int");
-                        goto error;
-                    }
-                    prec = _PyLong_AsInt(v);
-                    if (prec == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-                        goto error;
-                    if (prec < 0)
-                        prec = 0;
-                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
-                        c = *fmt++;
-                }
-                else if (c >= 0 && isdigit(c)) {
-                    prec = c - '0';
-                    while (--fmtcnt >= 0) {
-                        c = Py_CHARMASK(*fmt++);
-                        if (!isdigit(c))
-                            break;
-                        if (prec > (INT_MAX - ((int)c - '0')) / 10) {
-                            PyErr_SetString(
-                                PyExc_ValueError,
-                                "prec too big");
-                            goto error;
-                        }
-                        prec = prec*10 + (c - '0');
-                    }
-                }
-            } /* prec */
-            if (fmtcnt >= 0) {
-                if (c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
-                    if (--fmtcnt >= 0)
-                        c = *fmt++;
-                }
-            }
-            if (fmtcnt < 0) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                                "incomplete format");
-                goto error;
-            }
-            v = getnextarg(args, arglen, &argidx);
-            if (v == NULL)
-                goto error;
-
-            if (fmtcnt < 0) {
-                /* last writer: disable writer overallocation */
-                writer.overallocate = 0;
-            }
-
-            sign = 0;
-            fill = ' ';
-            switch (c) {
-            case 'r':
-                // %r is only for 2/3 code; 3 only code should use %a
-            case 'a':
-                temp = PyObject_ASCII(v);
-                if (temp == NULL)
-                    goto error;
-                assert(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(temp));
-                pbuf = (const char *)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(temp);
-                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
-                if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
-                    len = prec;
-                break;
-
-            case 's':
-                // %s is only for 2/3 code; 3 only code should use %b
-            case 'b':
-                temp = format_obj(v, &pbuf, &len);
-                if (temp == NULL)
-                    goto error;
-                if (prec >= 0 && len > prec)
-                    len = prec;
-                break;
-
-            case 'i':
-            case 'd':
-            case 'u':
-            case 'o':
-            case 'x':
-            case 'X':
-                if (PyLong_CheckExact(v)
-                    && width == -1 && prec == -1
-                    && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK))
-                    && c != 'X')
-                {
-                    /* Fast path */
-                    int alternate = flags & F_ALT;
-                    int base;
-
-                    switch(c)
-                    {
-                        default:
-                            Py_UNREACHABLE();
-                        case 'd':
-                        case 'i':
-                        case 'u':
-                            base = 10;
-                            break;
-                        case 'o':
-                            base = 8;
-                            break;
-                        case 'x':
-                        case 'X':
-                            base = 16;
-                            break;
-                    }
-
-                    /* Fast path */
-                    writer.min_size -= 2; /* size preallocated for "%d" */
-                    res = _PyLong_FormatBytesWriter(&writer, res,
-                                                    v, base, alternate);
-                    if (res == NULL)
-                        goto error;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                temp = formatlong(v, flags, prec, c);
-                if (!temp)
-                    goto error;
-                assert(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(temp));
-                pbuf = (const char *)PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(temp);
-                len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(temp);
-                sign = 1;
-                if (flags & F_ZERO)
-                    fill = '0';
-                break;
-
-            case 'e':
-            case 'E':
-            case 'f':
-            case 'F':
-            case 'g':
-            case 'G':
-                if (width == -1 && prec == -1
-                    && !(flags & (F_SIGN | F_BLANK)))
-                {
-                    /* Fast path */
-                    writer.min_size -= 2; /* size preallocated for "%f" */
-                    res = formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, NULL, &writer, res);
-                    if (res == NULL)
-                        goto error;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (!formatfloat(v, flags, prec, c, &temp, NULL, res))
-                    goto error;
-                pbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(temp);
-                len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(temp);
-                sign = 1;
-                if (flags & F_ZERO)
-                    fill = '0';
-                break;
-
-            case 'c':
-                pbuf = &onechar;
-                len = byte_converter(v, &onechar);
-                if (!len)
-                    goto error;
-                if (width == -1) {
-                    /* Fast path */
-                    *res++ = onechar;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                break;
-
-            default:
-                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                  "unsupported format character '%c' (0x%x) "
-                  "at index %zd",
-                  c, c,
-                  (Py_ssize_t)(fmt - 1 - format));
-                goto error;
-            }
-
-            if (sign) {
-                if (*pbuf == '-' || *pbuf == '+') {
-                    sign = *pbuf++;
-                    len--;
-                }
-                else if (flags & F_SIGN)
-                    sign = '+';
-                else if (flags & F_BLANK)
-                    sign = ' ';
-                else
-                    sign = 0;
-            }
-            if (width < len)
-                width = len;
-
-            alloc = width;
-            if (sign != 0 && len == width)
-                alloc++;
-            /* 2: size preallocated for %s */
-            if (alloc > 2) {
-                res = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(&writer, res, alloc - 2);
-                if (res == NULL)
-                    goto error;
-            }
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-            before = res;
-#endif
-
-            /* Write the sign if needed */
-            if (sign) {
-                if (fill != ' ')
-                    *res++ = sign;
-                if (width > len)
-                    width--;
-            }
-
-            /* Write the numeric prefix for "x", "X" and "o" formats
-               if the alternate form is used.
-               For example, write "0x" for the "%#x" format. */
-            if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'o' || c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
-                assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
-                assert(pbuf[1] == c);
-                if (fill != ' ') {
-                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
-                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
-                }
-                width -= 2;
-                if (width < 0)
-                    width = 0;
-                len -= 2;
-            }
-
-            /* Pad left with the fill character if needed */
-            if (width > len && !(flags & F_LJUST)) {
-                memset(res, fill, width - len);
-                res += (width - len);
-                width = len;
-            }
-
-            /* If padding with spaces: write sign if needed and/or numeric
-               prefix if the alternate form is used */
-            if (fill == ' ') {
-                if (sign)
-                    *res++ = sign;
-                if ((flags & F_ALT) && (c == 'o' || c == 'x' || c == 'X')) {
-                    assert(pbuf[0] == '0');
-                    assert(pbuf[1] == c);
-                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
-                    *res++ = *pbuf++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* Copy bytes */
-            memcpy(res, pbuf, len);
-            res += len;
-
-            /* Pad right with the fill character if needed */
-            if (width > len) {
-                memset(res, ' ', width - len);
-                res += (width - len);
-            }
-
-            if (dict && (argidx < arglen)) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                           "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting");
-                Py_XDECREF(temp);
-                goto error;
-            }
-            Py_XDECREF(temp);
-
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-            /* check that we computed the exact size for this write */
-            assert((res - before) == alloc);
-#endif
-        } /* '%' */
-
-        /* If overallocation was disabled, ensure that it was the last
-           write. Otherwise, we missed an optimization */
-        assert(writer.overallocate || fmtcnt < 0 || use_bytearray);
-    } /* until end */
-
-    if (argidx < arglen && !dict) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                        "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting");
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (args_owned) {
-        Py_DECREF(args);
-    }
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, res);
-
- error:
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    if (args_owned) {
-        Py_DECREF(args);
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-/* =-= */
-
-static void
-bytes_dealloc(PyObject *op)
-{
-    Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free(op);
-}
-
-/* Unescape a backslash-escaped string. If unicode is non-zero,
-   the string is a u-literal. If recode_encoding is non-zero,
-   the string is UTF-8 encoded and should be re-encoded in the
-   specified encoding.  */
-
-static char *
-_PyBytes_DecodeEscapeRecode(const char **s, const char *end,
-                            const char *errors, const char *recode_encoding,
-                            _PyBytesWriter *writer, char *p)
-{
-    PyObject *u, *w;
-    const char* t;
-
-    t = *s;
-    /* Decode non-ASCII bytes as UTF-8. */
-    while (t < end && (*t & 0x80))
-        t++;
-    u = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(*s, t - *s, errors);
-    if (u == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-
-    /* Recode them in target encoding. */
-    w = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(u, recode_encoding, errors);
-    Py_DECREF(u);
-    if  (w == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    assert(PyBytes_Check(w));
-
-    /* Append bytes to output buffer. */
-    writer->min_size--;   /* subtract 1 preallocated byte */
-    p = _PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(writer, p,
-                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(w),
-                                  PyBytes_GET_SIZE(w));
-    Py_DECREF(w);
-    if (p == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-
-    *s = t;
-    return p;
-}
-
-PyObject *_PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
-                                Py_ssize_t len,
-                                const char *errors,
-                                Py_ssize_t unicode,
-                                const char *recode_encoding,
-                                const char **first_invalid_escape)
-{
-    int c;
-    char *p;
-    const char *end;
-    _PyBytesWriter writer;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
-
-    p = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, len);
-    if (p == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    writer.overallocate = 1;
-
-    *first_invalid_escape = NULL;
-
-    end = s + len;
-    while (s < end) {
-        if (*s != '\\') {
-          non_esc:
-            if (!(recode_encoding && (*s & 0x80))) {
-                *p++ = *s++;
-            }
-            else {
-                /* non-ASCII character and need to recode */
-                p = _PyBytes_DecodeEscapeRecode(&s, end,
-                                                errors, recode_encoding,
-                                                &writer, p);
-                if (p == NULL)
-                    goto failed;
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        s++;
-        if (s == end) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "Trailing \\ in string");
-            goto failed;
-        }
-
-        switch (*s++) {
-        /* XXX This assumes ASCII! */
-        case '\n': break;
-        case '\\': *p++ = '\\'; break;
-        case '\'': *p++ = '\''; break;
-        case '\"': *p++ = '\"'; break;
-        case 'b': *p++ = '\b'; break;
-        case 'f': *p++ = '\014'; break; /* FF */
-        case 't': *p++ = '\t'; break;
-        case 'n': *p++ = '\n'; break;
-        case 'r': *p++ = '\r'; break;
-        case 'v': *p++ = '\013'; break; /* VT */
-        case 'a': *p++ = '\007'; break; /* BEL, not classic C */
-        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3':
-        case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
-            c = s[-1] - '0';
-            if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7') {
-                c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
-                if (s < end && '0' <= *s && *s <= '7')
-                    c = (c<<3) + *s++ - '0';
-            }
-            *p++ = c;
-            break;
-        case 'x':
-            if (s+1 < end) {
-                int digit1, digit2;
-                digit1 = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(s[0])];
-                digit2 = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(s[1])];
-                if (digit1 < 16 && digit2 < 16) {
-                    *p++ = (unsigned char)((digit1 << 4) + digit2);
-                    s += 2;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            /* invalid hexadecimal digits */
-
-            if (!errors || strcmp(errors, "strict") == 0) {
-                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                             "invalid \\x escape at position %d",
-                             s - 2 - (end - len));
-                goto failed;
-            }
-            if (strcmp(errors, "replace") == 0) {
-                *p++ = '?';
-            } else if (strcmp(errors, "ignore") == 0)
-                /* do nothing */;
-            else {
-                PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                             "decoding error; unknown "
-                             "error handling code: %.400s",
-                             errors);
-                goto failed;
-            }
-            /* skip \x */
-            if (s < end && Py_ISXDIGIT(s[0]))
-                s++; /* and a hexdigit */
-            break;
-
-        default:
-            if (*first_invalid_escape == NULL) {
-                *first_invalid_escape = s-1; /* Back up one char, since we've
-                                                already incremented s. */
-            }
-            *p++ = '\\';
-            s--;
-            goto non_esc; /* an arbitrary number of unescaped
-                             UTF-8 bytes may follow. */
-        }
-    }
-
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, p);
-
-  failed:
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-PyObject *PyBytes_DecodeEscape(const char *s,
-                                Py_ssize_t len,
-                                const char *errors,
-                                Py_ssize_t unicode,
-                                const char *recode_encoding)
-{
-    const char* first_invalid_escape;
-    PyObject *result = _PyBytes_DecodeEscape(s, len, errors, unicode,
-                                             recode_encoding,
-                                             &first_invalid_escape);
-    if (result == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    if (first_invalid_escape != NULL) {
-        if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1,
-                             "invalid escape sequence '\\%c'",
-                             (unsigned char)*first_invalid_escape) < 0) {
-            Py_DECREF(result);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    return result;
-
-}
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-/* object api */
-
-Py_ssize_t
-PyBytes_Size(PyObject *op)
-{
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return Py_SIZE(op);
-}
-
-char *
-PyBytes_AsString(PyObject *op)
-{
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(op)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(op)->tp_name);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return ((PyBytesObject *)op)->ob_sval;
-}
-
-int
-PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(PyObject *obj,
-                         char **s,
-                         Py_ssize_t *len)
-{
-    if (s == NULL) {
-        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-             "expected bytes, %.200s found", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
-    if (len != NULL)
-        *len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj);
-    else if (strlen(*s) != (size_t)PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                        "embedded null byte");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-/* Methods */
-
-#include "stringlib/stringdefs.h"
-
-#include "stringlib/fastsearch.h"
-#include "stringlib/count.h"
-#include "stringlib/find.h"
-#include "stringlib/join.h"
-#include "stringlib/partition.h"
-#include "stringlib/split.h"
-#include "stringlib/ctype.h"
-
-#include "stringlib/transmogrify.h"
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_Repr(PyObject *obj, int smartquotes)
-{
-    PyBytesObject* op = (PyBytesObject*) obj;
-    Py_ssize_t i, length = Py_SIZE(op);
-    Py_ssize_t newsize, squotes, dquotes;
-    PyObject *v;
-    unsigned char quote, *s, *p;
-
-    /* Compute size of output string */
-    squotes = dquotes = 0;
-    newsize = 3; /* b'' */
-    s = (unsigned char*)op->ob_sval;
-    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-        Py_ssize_t incr = 1;
-        switch(s[i]) {
-        case '\'': squotes++; break;
-        case '"':  dquotes++; break;
-        case '\\': case '\t': case '\n': case '\r':
-            incr = 2; break; /* \C */
-        default:
-            if (s[i] < ' ' || s[i] >= 0x7f)
-                incr = 4; /* \xHH */
-        }
-        if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - incr)
-            goto overflow;
-        newsize += incr;
-    }
-    quote = '\'';
-    if (smartquotes && squotes && !dquotes)
-        quote = '"';
-    if (squotes && quote == '\'') {
-        if (newsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - squotes)
-            goto overflow;
-        newsize += squotes;
-    }
-
-    v = PyUnicode_New(newsize, 127);
-    if (v == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    p = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(v);
-
-    *p++ = 'b', *p++ = quote;
-    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-        unsigned char c = op->ob_sval[i];
-        if (c == quote || c == '\\')
-            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = c;
-        else if (c == '\t')
-            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 't';
-        else if (c == '\n')
-            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'n';
-        else if (c == '\r')
-            *p++ = '\\', *p++ = 'r';
-        else if (c < ' ' || c >= 0x7f) {
-            *p++ = '\\';
-            *p++ = 'x';
-            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[(c & 0xf0) >> 4];
-            *p++ = Py_hexdigits[c & 0xf];
-        }
-        else
-            *p++ = c;
-    }
-    *p++ = quote;
-    assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(v, 1));
-    return v;
-
-  overflow:
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-                    "bytes object is too large to make repr");
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_repr(PyObject *op)
-{
-    return PyBytes_Repr(op, 1);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_str(PyObject *op)
-{
-    if (Py_BytesWarningFlag) {
-        if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
-                         "str() on a bytes instance", 1))
-            return NULL;
-    }
-    return bytes_repr(op);
-}
-
-static Py_ssize_t
-bytes_length(PyBytesObject *a)
-{
-    return Py_SIZE(a);
-}
-
-/* This is also used by PyBytes_Concat() */
-static PyObject *
-bytes_concat(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)
-{
-    Py_buffer va, vb;
-    PyObject *result = NULL;
-
-    va.len = -1;
-    vb.len = -1;
-    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(a, &va, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0 ||
-        PyObject_GetBuffer(b, &vb, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't concat %.100s to %.100s",
-                     Py_TYPE(b)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(a)->tp_name);
-        goto done;
-    }
-
-    /* Optimize end cases */
-    if (va.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(b)) {
-        result = b;
-        Py_INCREF(result);
-        goto done;
-    }
-    if (vb.len == 0 && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
-        result = a;
-        Py_INCREF(result);
-        goto done;
-    }
-
-    if (va.len > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - vb.len) {
-        PyErr_NoMemory();
-        goto done;
-    }
-
-    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, va.len + vb.len);
-    if (result != NULL) {
-        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), va.buf, va.len);
-        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result) + va.len, vb.buf, vb.len);
-    }
-
-  done:
-    if (va.len != -1)
-        PyBuffer_Release(&va);
-    if (vb.len != -1)
-        PyBuffer_Release(&vb);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_repeat(PyBytesObject *a, Py_ssize_t n)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t i;
-    Py_ssize_t j;
-    Py_ssize_t size;
-    PyBytesObject *op;
-    size_t nbytes;
-    if (n < 0)
-        n = 0;
-    /* watch out for overflows:  the size can overflow int,
-     * and the # of bytes needed can overflow size_t
-     */
-    if (n > 0 && Py_SIZE(a) > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / n) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-            "repeated bytes are too long");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    size = Py_SIZE(a) * n;
-    if (size == Py_SIZE(a) && PyBytes_CheckExact(a)) {
-        Py_INCREF(a);
-        return (PyObject *)a;
-    }
-    nbytes = (size_t)size;
-    if (nbytes + PyBytesObject_SIZE <= nbytes) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
-            "repeated bytes are too long");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    op = (PyBytesObject *)PyObject_MALLOC(PyBytesObject_SIZE + nbytes);
-    if (op == NULL)
-        return PyErr_NoMemory();
-    (void)PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, &PyBytes_Type, size);
-    op->ob_shash = -1;
-    op->ob_sval[size] = '\0';
-    if (Py_SIZE(a) == 1 && n > 0) {
-        memset(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval[0] , n);
-        return (PyObject *) op;
-    }
-    i = 0;
-    if (i < size) {
-        memcpy(op->ob_sval, a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
-        i = Py_SIZE(a);
-    }
-    while (i < size) {
-        j = (i <= size-i)  ?  i  :  size-i;
-        memcpy(op->ob_sval+i, op->ob_sval, j);
-        i += j;
-    }
-    return (PyObject *) op;
-}
-
-static int
-bytes_contains(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_contains(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), arg);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_item(PyBytesObject *a, Py_ssize_t i)
-{
-    if (i < 0 || i >= Py_SIZE(a)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "index out of range");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)a->ob_sval[i]);
-}
-
-static int
-bytes_compare_eq(PyBytesObject *a, PyBytesObject *b)
-{
-    int cmp;
-    Py_ssize_t len;
-
-    len = Py_SIZE(a);
-    if (Py_SIZE(b) != len)
-        return 0;
-
-    if (a->ob_sval[0] != b->ob_sval[0])
-        return 0;
-
-    cmp = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, len);
-    return (cmp == 0);
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-bytes_richcompare(PyBytesObject *a, PyBytesObject *b, int op)
-{
-    int c;
-    Py_ssize_t len_a, len_b;
-    Py_ssize_t min_len;
-    PyObject *result;
-    int rc;
-
-    /* Make sure both arguments are strings. */
-    if (!(PyBytes_Check(a) && PyBytes_Check(b))) {
-        if (Py_BytesWarningFlag && (op == Py_EQ || op == Py_NE)) {
-            rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)a,
-                                     (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type);
-            if (!rc)
-                rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)b,
-                                         (PyObject*)&PyUnicode_Type);
-            if (rc < 0)
-                return NULL;
-            if (rc) {
-                if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
-                                 "Comparison between bytes and string", 1))
-                    return NULL;
-            }
-            else {
-                rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)a,
-                                         (PyObject*)&PyLong_Type);
-                if (!rc)
-                    rc = PyObject_IsInstance((PyObject*)b,
-                                             (PyObject*)&PyLong_Type);
-                if (rc < 0)
-                    return NULL;
-                if (rc) {
-                    if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_BytesWarning,
-                                     "Comparison between bytes and int", 1))
-                        return NULL;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        result = Py_NotImplemented;
-    }
-    else if (a == b) {
-        switch (op) {
-        case Py_EQ:
-        case Py_LE:
-        case Py_GE:
-            /* a string is equal to itself */
-            result = Py_True;
-            break;
-        case Py_NE:
-        case Py_LT:
-        case Py_GT:
-            result = Py_False;
-            break;
-        default:
-            PyErr_BadArgument();
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    else if (op == Py_EQ || op == Py_NE) {
-        int eq = bytes_compare_eq(a, b);
-        eq ^= (op == Py_NE);
-        result = eq ? Py_True : Py_False;
-    }
-    else {
-        len_a = Py_SIZE(a);
-        len_b = Py_SIZE(b);
-        min_len = Py_MIN(len_a, len_b);
-        if (min_len > 0) {
-            c = Py_CHARMASK(*a->ob_sval) - Py_CHARMASK(*b->ob_sval);
-            if (c == 0)
-                c = memcmp(a->ob_sval, b->ob_sval, min_len);
-        }
-        else
-            c = 0;
-        if (c == 0)
-            c = (len_a < len_b) ? -1 : (len_a > len_b) ? 1 : 0;
-        switch (op) {
-        case Py_LT: c = c <  0; break;
-        case Py_LE: c = c <= 0; break;
-        case Py_GT: c = c >  0; break;
-        case Py_GE: c = c >= 0; break;
-        default:
-            PyErr_BadArgument();
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        result = c ? Py_True : Py_False;
-    }
-
-    Py_INCREF(result);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static Py_hash_t
-bytes_hash(PyBytesObject *a)
-{
-    if (a->ob_shash == -1) {
-        /* Can't fail */
-        a->ob_shash = _Py_HashBytes(a->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(a));
-    }
-    return a->ob_shash;
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-bytes_subscript(PyBytesObject* self, PyObject* item)
-{
-    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
-        Py_ssize_t i = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, PyExc_IndexError);
-        if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-            return NULL;
-        if (i < 0)
-            i += PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-        if (i < 0 || i >= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self)) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError,
-                            "index out of range");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        return PyLong_FromLong((unsigned char)self->ob_sval[i]);
-    }
-    else if (PySlice_Check(item)) {
-        Py_ssize_t start, stop, step, slicelength, cur, i;
-        char* source_buf;
-        char* result_buf;
-        PyObject* result;
-
-        if (PySlice_Unpack(item, &start, &stop, &step) < 0) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        slicelength = PySlice_AdjustIndices(PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), &start,
-                                            &stop, step);
-
-        if (slicelength <= 0) {
-            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("", 0);
-        }
-        else if (start == 0 && step == 1 &&
-                 slicelength == PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self) &&
-                 PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-            Py_INCREF(self);
-            return (PyObject *)self;
-        }
-        else if (step == 1) {
-            return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(
-                PyBytes_AS_STRING(self) + start,
-                slicelength);
-        }
-        else {
-            source_buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-            result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, slicelength);
-            if (result == NULL)
-                return NULL;
-
-            result_buf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-            for (cur = start, i = 0; i < slicelength;
-                 cur += step, i++) {
-                result_buf[i] = source_buf[cur];
-            }
-
-            return result;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                     "byte indices must be integers or slices, not %.200s",
-                     Py_TYPE(item)->tp_name);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-static int
-bytes_buffer_getbuffer(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
-{
-    return PyBuffer_FillInfo(view, (PyObject*)self, (void *)self->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(self),
-                             1, flags);
-}
-
-static PySequenceMethods bytes_as_sequence = {
-    (lenfunc)bytes_length, /*sq_length*/
-    (binaryfunc)bytes_concat, /*sq_concat*/
-    (ssizeargfunc)bytes_repeat, /*sq_repeat*/
-    (ssizeargfunc)bytes_item, /*sq_item*/
-    0,                  /*sq_slice*/
-    0,                  /*sq_ass_item*/
-    0,                  /*sq_ass_slice*/
-    (objobjproc)bytes_contains /*sq_contains*/
-};
-
-static PyMappingMethods bytes_as_mapping = {
-    (lenfunc)bytes_length,
-    (binaryfunc)bytes_subscript,
-    0,
-};
-
-static PyBufferProcs bytes_as_buffer = {
-    (getbufferproc)bytes_buffer_getbuffer,
-    NULL,
-};
-
-
-#define LEFTSTRIP 0
-#define RIGHTSTRIP 1
-#define BOTHSTRIP 2
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.split
-
-    sep: object = None
-        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.
-        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters
-        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
-    maxsplit: Py_ssize_t = -1
-        Maximum number of splits to do.
-        -1 (the default value) means no limit.
-
-Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_split_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=52126b5844c1d8ef input=8b809b39074abbfa]*/
-{
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n;
-    const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
-    Py_buffer vsub;
-    PyObject *list;
-
-    if (maxsplit < 0)
-        maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-    if (sep == Py_None)
-        return stringlib_split_whitespace((PyObject*) self, s, len, maxsplit);
-    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sep, &vsub, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
-        return NULL;
-    sub = vsub.buf;
-    n = vsub.len;
-
-    list = stringlib_split((PyObject*) self, s, len, sub, n, maxsplit);
-    PyBuffer_Release(&vsub);
-    return list;
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.partition
-
-    sep: Py_buffer
-    /
-
-Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
-
-This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,
-returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator
-itself, and the part after it.
-
-If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes
-object and two empty bytes objects.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_partition_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *sep)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=f532b392a17ff695 input=61cca95519406099]*/
-{
-    return stringlib_partition(
-        (PyObject*) self,
-        PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-        sep->obj, (const char *)sep->buf, sep->len
-        );
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.rpartition
-
-    sep: Py_buffer
-    /
-
-Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.
-
-This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If
-the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the
-separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.
-
-If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes
-objects and the original bytes object.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_rpartition_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *sep)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=191b114cbb028e50 input=d78db010c8cfdbe1]*/
-{
-    return stringlib_rpartition(
-        (PyObject*) self,
-        PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-        sep->obj, (const char *)sep->buf, sep->len
-        );
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.rsplit = bytes.split
-
-Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.
-
-Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_rsplit_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ba698d9ea01e1c8f input=0f86c9f28f7d7b7b]*/
-{
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), n;
-    const char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), *sub;
-    Py_buffer vsub;
-    PyObject *list;
-
-    if (maxsplit < 0)
-        maxsplit = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
-    if (sep == Py_None)
-        return stringlib_rsplit_whitespace((PyObject*) self, s, len, maxsplit);
-    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sep, &vsub, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
-        return NULL;
-    sub = vsub.buf;
-    n = vsub.len;
-
-    list = stringlib_rsplit((PyObject*) self, s, len, sub, n, maxsplit);
-    PyBuffer_Release(&vsub);
-    return list;
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.join
-
-    iterable_of_bytes: object
-    /
-
-Concatenate any number of bytes objects.
-
-The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.
-
-The result is returned as a new bytes object.
-
-Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_join(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *iterable_of_bytes)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=a046f379f626f6f8 input=7fe377b95bd549d2]*/
-{
-    return stringlib_bytes_join((PyObject*)self, iterable_of_bytes);
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_PyBytes_Join(PyObject *sep, PyObject *x)
-{
-    assert(sep != NULL && PyBytes_Check(sep));
-    assert(x != NULL);
-    return bytes_join((PyBytesObject*)sep, x);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_find(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_find(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_index(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_index(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_rfind(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_rfind(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_rindex(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_rindex(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_xstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *sepobj)
-{
-    Py_buffer vsep;
-    char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-    char *sep;
-    Py_ssize_t seplen;
-    Py_ssize_t i, j;
-
-    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(sepobj, &vsep, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
-        return NULL;
-    sep = vsep.buf;
-    seplen = vsep.len;
-
-    i = 0;
-    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
-        while (i < len && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[i]), seplen)) {
-            i++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    j = len;
-    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
-        do {
-            j--;
-        } while (j >= i && memchr(sep, Py_CHARMASK(s[j]), seplen));
-        j++;
-    }
-
-    PyBuffer_Release(&vsep);
-
-    if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return (PyObject*)self;
-    }
-    else
-        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_strip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype)
-{
-    char *s = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-    Py_ssize_t len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), i, j;
-
-    i = 0;
-    if (striptype != RIGHTSTRIP) {
-        while (i < len && Py_ISSPACE(s[i])) {
-            i++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    j = len;
-    if (striptype != LEFTSTRIP) {
-        do {
-            j--;
-        } while (j >= i && Py_ISSPACE(s[j]));
-        j++;
-    }
-
-    if (i == 0 && j == len && PyBytes_CheckExact(self)) {
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return (PyObject*)self;
-    }
-    else
-        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(s+i, j-i);
-}
-
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
-do_argstrip(PyBytesObject *self, int striptype, PyObject *bytes)
-{
-    if (bytes != NULL && bytes != Py_None) {
-        return do_xstrip(self, striptype, bytes);
-    }
-    return do_strip(self, striptype);
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.strip
-
-    bytes: object = None
-    /
-
-Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
-
-If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_strip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=c7c228d3bd104a1b input=8a354640e4e0b3ef]*/
-{
-    return do_argstrip(self, BOTHSTRIP, bytes);
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.lstrip
-
-    bytes: object = None
-    /
-
-Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
-
-If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_lstrip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=28602e586f524e82 input=9baff4398c3f6857]*/
-{
-    return do_argstrip(self, LEFTSTRIP, bytes);
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.rstrip
-
-    bytes: object = None
-    /
-
-Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
-
-If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_rstrip_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *bytes)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=547e3815c95447da input=b78af445c727e32b]*/
-{
-    return do_argstrip(self, RIGHTSTRIP, bytes);
-}
-
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_count(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_count(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.translate
-
-    table: object
-        Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.
-    /
-    delete as deletechars: object(c_default="NULL") = b''
-
-Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.
-
-All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.
-The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_translate_impl(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *table,
-                     PyObject *deletechars)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=43be3437f1956211 input=0ecdf159f654233c]*/
-{
-    char *input, *output;
-    Py_buffer table_view = {NULL, NULL};
-    Py_buffer del_table_view = {NULL, NULL};
-    const char *table_chars;
-    Py_ssize_t i, c, changed = 0;
-    PyObject *input_obj = (PyObject*)self;
-    const char *output_start, *del_table_chars=NULL;
-    Py_ssize_t inlen, tablen, dellen = 0;
-    PyObject *result;
-    int trans_table[256];
-
-    if (PyBytes_Check(table)) {
-        table_chars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(table);
-        tablen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(table);
-    }
-    else if (table == Py_None) {
-        table_chars = NULL;
-        tablen = 256;
-    }
-    else {
-        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(table, &table_view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0)
-            return NULL;
-        table_chars = table_view.buf;
-        tablen = table_view.len;
-    }
-
-    if (tablen != 256) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-          "translation table must be 256 characters long");
-        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (deletechars != NULL) {
-        if (PyBytes_Check(deletechars)) {
-            del_table_chars = PyBytes_AS_STRING(deletechars);
-            dellen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(deletechars);
-        }
-        else {
-            if (PyObject_GetBuffer(deletechars, &del_table_view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
-                PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            del_table_chars = del_table_view.buf;
-            dellen = del_table_view.len;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        del_table_chars = NULL;
-        dellen = 0;
-    }
-
-    inlen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(input_obj);
-    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, inlen);
-    if (result == NULL) {
-        PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
-        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    output_start = output = PyBytes_AS_STRING(result);
-    input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(input_obj);
-
-    if (dellen == 0 && table_chars != NULL) {
-        /* If no deletions are required, use faster code */
-        for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
-            c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
-            if (Py_CHARMASK((*output++ = table_chars[c])) != c)
-                changed = 1;
-        }
-        if (!changed && PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
-            Py_INCREF(input_obj);
-            Py_DECREF(result);
-            result = input_obj;
-        }
-        PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
-        PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    if (table_chars == NULL) {
-        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
-            trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(i);
-    } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < 256; i++)
-            trans_table[i] = Py_CHARMASK(table_chars[i]);
-    }
-    PyBuffer_Release(&table_view);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < dellen; i++)
-        trans_table[(int) Py_CHARMASK(del_table_chars[i])] = -1;
-    PyBuffer_Release(&del_table_view);
-
-    for (i = inlen; --i >= 0; ) {
-        c = Py_CHARMASK(*input++);
-        if (trans_table[c] != -1)
-            if (Py_CHARMASK(*output++ = (char)trans_table[c]) == c)
-                continue;
-        changed = 1;
-    }
-    if (!changed && PyBytes_CheckExact(input_obj)) {
-        Py_DECREF(result);
-        Py_INCREF(input_obj);
-        return input_obj;
-    }
-    /* Fix the size of the resulting string */
-    if (inlen > 0)
-        _PyBytes_Resize(&result, output - output_start);
-    return result;
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-
- at staticmethod
-bytes.maketrans
-
-    frm: Py_buffer
-    to: Py_buffer
-    /
-
-Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.
-
-The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at
-the same position in to.
-
-The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_maketrans_impl(Py_buffer *frm, Py_buffer *to)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=a36f6399d4b77f6f input=de7a8fc5632bb8f1]*/
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_maketrans(frm, to);
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.replace
-
-    old: Py_buffer
-    new: Py_buffer
-    count: Py_ssize_t = -1
-        Maximum number of occurrences to replace.
-        -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.
-    /
-
-Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
-
-If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are
-replaced.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_replace_impl(PyBytesObject *self, Py_buffer *old, Py_buffer *new,
-                   Py_ssize_t count)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=994fa588b6b9c104 input=b2fbbf0bf04de8e5]*/
-{
-    return stringlib_replace((PyObject *)self,
-                             (const char *)old->buf, old->len,
-                             (const char *)new->buf, new->len, count);
-}
-
-/** End DALKE **/
-
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_startswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_startswith(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_endswith(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
-    return _Py_bytes_endswith(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), args);
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.decode
-
-    encoding: str(c_default="NULL") = 'utf-8'
-        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.
-    errors: str(c_default="NULL") = 'strict'
-        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.
-        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a
-        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
-        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that
-        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
-
-Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_decode_impl(PyBytesObject *self, const char *encoding,
-                  const char *errors)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=5649a53dde27b314 input=958174769d2a40ca]*/
-{
-    return PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject((PyObject*)self, encoding, errors);
-}
-
-
-/*[clinic input]
-bytes.splitlines
-
-    keepends: bool(accept={int}) = False
-
-Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.
-
-Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and
-true.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_splitlines_impl(PyBytesObject *self, int keepends)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=3484149a5d880ffb input=a8b32eb01ff5a5ed]*/
-{
-    return stringlib_splitlines(
-        (PyObject*) self, PyBytes_AS_STRING(self),
-        PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self), keepends
-        );
-}
-
-/*[clinic input]
- at classmethod
-bytes.fromhex
-
-    string: unicode
-    /
-
-Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
-
-Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
-Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.
-[clinic start generated code]*/
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_fromhex_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *string)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=0973acc63661bb2e input=bf4d1c361670acd3]*/
-{
-    PyObject *result = _PyBytes_FromHex(string, 0);
-    if (type != &PyBytes_Type && result != NULL) {
-        Py_SETREF(result, PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs((PyObject *)type,
-                                                       result, NULL));
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-PyObject*
-_PyBytes_FromHex(PyObject *string, int use_bytearray)
-{
-    char *buf;
-    Py_ssize_t hexlen, invalid_char;
-    unsigned int top, bot;
-    Py_UCS1 *str, *end;
-    _PyBytesWriter writer;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
-    writer.use_bytearray = use_bytearray;
-
-    assert(PyUnicode_Check(string));
-    if (PyUnicode_READY(string))
-        return NULL;
-    hexlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(string);
-
-    if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(string)) {
-        void *data = PyUnicode_DATA(string);
-        unsigned int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(string);
-        Py_ssize_t i;
-
-        /* search for the first non-ASCII character */
-        for (i = 0; i < hexlen; i++) {
-            if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, i) >= 128)
-                break;
-        }
-        invalid_char = i;
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(string) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
-    str = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
-
-    /* This overestimates if there are spaces */
-    buf = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, hexlen / 2);
-    if (buf == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-
-    end = str + hexlen;
-    while (str < end) {
-        /* skip over spaces in the input */
-        if (Py_ISSPACE(*str)) {
-            do {
-                str++;
-            } while (Py_ISSPACE(*str));
-            if (str >= end)
-                break;
-        }
-
-        top = _PyLong_DigitValue[*str];
-        if (top >= 16) {
-            invalid_char = str - PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        str++;
-
-        bot = _PyLong_DigitValue[*str];
-        if (bot >= 16) {
-            invalid_char = str - PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(string);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        str++;
-
-        *buf++ = (unsigned char)((top << 4) + bot);
-    }
-
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, buf);
-
-  error:
-    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                 "non-hexadecimal number found in "
-                 "fromhex() arg at position %zd", invalid_char);
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(hex__doc__,
-"B.hex() -> string\n\
-\n\
-Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.\n\
-Example: b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'.hex() -> 'b901ef'.");
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_hex(PyBytesObject *self)
-{
-    char* argbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(self);
-    Py_ssize_t arglen = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self);
-    return _Py_strhex(argbuf, arglen);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_getnewargs(PyBytesObject *v)
-{
-    return Py_BuildValue("(y#)", v->ob_sval, Py_SIZE(v));
-}
-
-
-static PyMethodDef
-bytes_methods[] = {
-    {"__getnewargs__",          (PyCFunction)bytes_getnewargs,  METH_NOARGS},
-    {"capitalize", (PyCFunction)stringlib_capitalize, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_capitalize__doc__},
-    {"center", (PyCFunction)stringlib_center, METH_VARARGS,
-     _Py_center__doc__},
-    {"count", (PyCFunction)bytes_count, METH_VARARGS,
-     _Py_count__doc__},
-    BYTES_DECODE_METHODDEF
-    {"endswith", (PyCFunction)bytes_endswith, METH_VARARGS,
-     _Py_endswith__doc__},
-    {"expandtabs", (PyCFunction)stringlib_expandtabs, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
-     _Py_expandtabs__doc__},
-    {"find", (PyCFunction)bytes_find, METH_VARARGS,
-     _Py_find__doc__},
-    BYTES_FROMHEX_METHODDEF
-    {"hex", (PyCFunction)bytes_hex, METH_NOARGS, hex__doc__},
-    {"index", (PyCFunction)bytes_index, METH_VARARGS, _Py_index__doc__},
-    {"isalnum", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalnum, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_isalnum__doc__},
-    {"isalpha", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isalpha, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_isalpha__doc__},
-    {"isdigit", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isdigit, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_isdigit__doc__},
-    {"islower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_islower, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_islower__doc__},
-    {"isspace", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isspace, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_isspace__doc__},
-    {"istitle", (PyCFunction)stringlib_istitle, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_istitle__doc__},
-    {"isupper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_isupper, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_isupper__doc__},
-    BYTES_JOIN_METHODDEF
-    {"ljust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_ljust, METH_VARARGS, _Py_ljust__doc__},
-    {"lower", (PyCFunction)stringlib_lower, METH_NOARGS, _Py_lower__doc__},
-    BYTES_LSTRIP_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_MAKETRANS_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_PARTITION_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_REPLACE_METHODDEF
-    {"rfind", (PyCFunction)bytes_rfind, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rfind__doc__},
-    {"rindex", (PyCFunction)bytes_rindex, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rindex__doc__},
-    {"rjust", (PyCFunction)stringlib_rjust, METH_VARARGS, _Py_rjust__doc__},
-    BYTES_RPARTITION_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_RSPLIT_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_RSTRIP_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_SPLIT_METHODDEF
-    BYTES_SPLITLINES_METHODDEF
-    {"startswith", (PyCFunction)bytes_startswith, METH_VARARGS,
-     _Py_startswith__doc__},
-    BYTES_STRIP_METHODDEF
-    {"swapcase", (PyCFunction)stringlib_swapcase, METH_NOARGS,
-     _Py_swapcase__doc__},
-    {"title", (PyCFunction)stringlib_title, METH_NOARGS, _Py_title__doc__},
-    BYTES_TRANSLATE_METHODDEF
-    {"upper", (PyCFunction)stringlib_upper, METH_NOARGS, _Py_upper__doc__},
-    {"zfill", (PyCFunction)stringlib_zfill, METH_VARARGS, _Py_zfill__doc__},
-    {NULL,     NULL}                         /* sentinel */
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_mod(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
-{
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(self)) {
-        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;
-    }
-    return _PyBytes_FormatEx(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self), PyBytes_GET_SIZE(self),
-                             arg, 0);
-}
-
-static PyNumberMethods bytes_as_number = {
-    0,              /*nb_add*/
-    0,              /*nb_subtract*/
-    0,              /*nb_multiply*/
-    bytes_mod,      /*nb_remainder*/
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds);
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-    PyObject *x = NULL;
-    const char *encoding = NULL;
-    const char *errors = NULL;
-    PyObject *new = NULL;
-    PyObject *func;
-    Py_ssize_t size;
-    static char *kwlist[] = {"source", "encoding", "errors", 0};
-    _Py_IDENTIFIER(__bytes__);
-
-    if (type != &PyBytes_Type)
-        return bytes_subtype_new(type, args, kwds);
-    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|Oss:bytes", kwlist, &x,
-                                     &encoding, &errors))
-        return NULL;
-    if (x == NULL) {
-        if (encoding != NULL || errors != NULL) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                            "encoding or errors without sequence "
-                            "argument");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
-    }
-
-    if (encoding != NULL) {
-        /* Encode via the codec registry */
-        if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                            "encoding without a string argument");
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        new = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(x, encoding, errors);
-        if (new == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-        assert(PyBytes_Check(new));
-        return new;
-    }
-
-    if (errors != NULL) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                        PyUnicode_Check(x) ?
-                        "string argument without an encoding" :
-                        "errors without a string argument");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* We'd like to call PyObject_Bytes here, but we need to check for an
-       integer argument before deferring to PyBytes_FromObject, something
-       PyObject_Bytes doesn't do. */
-    func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(x, &PyId___bytes__);
-    if (func != NULL) {
-        new = _PyObject_CallNoArg(func);
-        Py_DECREF(func);
-        if (new == NULL)
-            return NULL;
-        if (!PyBytes_Check(new)) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                         "__bytes__ returned non-bytes (type %.200s)",
-                         Py_TYPE(new)->tp_name);
-            Py_DECREF(new);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        return new;
-    }
-    else if (PyErr_Occurred())
-        return NULL;
-
-    if (PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
-        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
-                        "string argument without an encoding");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    /* Is it an integer? */
-    if (PyIndex_Check(x)) {
-        size = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(x, PyExc_OverflowError);
-        if (size == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError))
-                return NULL;
-            PyErr_Clear();  /* fall through */
-        }
-        else {
-            if (size < 0) {
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "negative count");
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            new = _PyBytes_FromSize(size, 1);
-            if (new == NULL)
-                return NULL;
-            return new;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return PyBytes_FromObject(x);
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-_PyBytes_FromBuffer(PyObject *x)
-{
-    PyObject *new;
-    Py_buffer view;
-
-    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(x, &view, PyBUF_FULL_RO) < 0)
-        return NULL;
-
-    new = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, view.len);
-    if (!new)
-        goto fail;
-    if (PyBuffer_ToContiguous(((PyBytesObject *)new)->ob_sval,
-                &view, view.len, 'C') < 0)
-        goto fail;
-    PyBuffer_Release(&view);
-    return new;
-
-fail:
-    Py_XDECREF(new);
-    PyBuffer_Release(&view);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-#define _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, GET_ITEM)                                \
-    do {                                                                    \
-        PyObject *bytes;                                                    \
-        Py_ssize_t i;                                                       \
-        Py_ssize_t value;                                                   \
-        char *str;                                                          \
-        PyObject *item;                                                     \
-                                                                            \
-        bytes = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, Py_SIZE(x));                \
-        if (bytes == NULL)                                                  \
-            return NULL;                                                    \
-        str = ((PyBytesObject *)bytes)->ob_sval;                            \
-                                                                            \
-        for (i = 0; i < Py_SIZE(x); i++) {                                  \
-            item = GET_ITEM((x), i);                                        \
-            value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, NULL);                         \
-            if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())                            \
-                goto error;                                                 \
-                                                                            \
-            if (value < 0 || value >= 256) {                                \
-                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,                           \
-                                "bytes must be in range(0, 256)");          \
-                goto error;                                                 \
-            }                                                               \
-            *str++ = (char) value;                                          \
-        }                                                                   \
-        return bytes;                                                       \
-                                                                            \
-    error:                                                                  \
-        Py_DECREF(bytes);                                                   \
-        return NULL;                                                        \
-    } while (0)
-
-static PyObject*
-_PyBytes_FromList(PyObject *x)
-{
-    _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, PyList_GET_ITEM);
-}
-
-static PyObject*
-_PyBytes_FromTuple(PyObject *x)
-{
-    _PyBytes_FROM_LIST_BODY(x, PyTuple_GET_ITEM);
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-_PyBytes_FromIterator(PyObject *it, PyObject *x)
-{
-    char *str;
-    Py_ssize_t i, size;
-    _PyBytesWriter writer;
-
-    /* For iterator version, create a string object and resize as needed */
-    size = PyObject_LengthHint(x, 64);
-    if (size == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-        return NULL;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);
-    str = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, size);
-    if (str == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    writer.overallocate = 1;
-    size = writer.allocated;
-
-    /* Run the iterator to exhaustion */
-    for (i = 0; ; i++) {
-        PyObject *item;
-        Py_ssize_t value;
-
-        /* Get the next item */
-        item = PyIter_Next(it);
-        if (item == NULL) {
-            if (PyErr_Occurred())
-                goto error;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /* Interpret it as an int (__index__) */
-        value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(item, NULL);
-        Py_DECREF(item);
-        if (value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-            goto error;
-
-        /* Range check */
-        if (value < 0 || value >= 256) {
-            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-                            "bytes must be in range(0, 256)");
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        /* Append the byte */
-        if (i >= size) {
-            str = _PyBytesWriter_Resize(&writer, str, size+1);
-            if (str == NULL)
-                return NULL;
-            size = writer.allocated;
-        }
-        *str++ = (char) value;
-    }
-
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, str);
-
-  error:
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-PyObject *
-PyBytes_FromObject(PyObject *x)
-{
-    PyObject *it, *result;
-
-    if (x == NULL) {
-        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (PyBytes_CheckExact(x)) {
-        Py_INCREF(x);
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    /* Use the modern buffer interface */
-    if (PyObject_CheckBuffer(x))
-        return _PyBytes_FromBuffer(x);
-
-    if (PyList_CheckExact(x))
-        return _PyBytes_FromList(x);
-
-    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(x))
-        return _PyBytes_FromTuple(x);
-
-    if (!PyUnicode_Check(x)) {
-        it = PyObject_GetIter(x);
-        if (it != NULL) {
-            result = _PyBytes_FromIterator(it, x);
-            Py_DECREF(it);
-            return result;
-        }
-    }
-
-    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                 "cannot convert '%.200s' object to bytes",
-                 x->ob_type->tp_name);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_subtype_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
-{
-    PyObject *tmp, *pnew;
-    Py_ssize_t n;
-
-    assert(PyType_IsSubtype(type, &PyBytes_Type));
-    tmp = bytes_new(&PyBytes_Type, args, kwds);
-    if (tmp == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    assert(PyBytes_Check(tmp));
-    n = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(tmp);
-    pnew = type->tp_alloc(type, n);
-    if (pnew != NULL) {
-        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(pnew),
-                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(tmp), n+1);
-        ((PyBytesObject *)pnew)->ob_shash =
-            ((PyBytesObject *)tmp)->ob_shash;
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(tmp);
-    return pnew;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(bytes_doc,
-"bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes\n\
-bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes\n\
-bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer\n\
-bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes\n\
-bytes() -> empty bytes object\n\
-\n\
-Construct an immutable array of bytes from:\n\
-  - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)\n\
-  - a text string encoded using the specified encoding\n\
-  - any object implementing the buffer API.\n\
-  - an integer");
-
-static PyObject *bytes_iter(PyObject *seq);
-
-PyTypeObject PyBytes_Type = {
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
-    "bytes",
-    PyBytesObject_SIZE,
-    sizeof(char),
-    bytes_dealloc,                      /* tp_dealloc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_print */
-    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
-    (reprfunc)bytes_repr,                       /* tp_repr */
-    &bytes_as_number,                           /* tp_as_number */
-    &bytes_as_sequence,                         /* tp_as_sequence */
-    &bytes_as_mapping,                          /* tp_as_mapping */
-    (hashfunc)bytes_hash,                       /* tp_hash */
-    0,                                          /* tp_call */
-    bytes_str,                                  /* tp_str */
-    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
-    &bytes_as_buffer,                           /* tp_as_buffer */
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
-        Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS,              /* tp_flags */
-    bytes_doc,                                  /* tp_doc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
-    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
-    (richcmpfunc)bytes_richcompare,             /* tp_richcompare */
-    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
-    bytes_iter,                                 /* tp_iter */
-    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
-    bytes_methods,                              /* tp_methods */
-    0,                                          /* tp_members */
-    0,                                          /* tp_getset */
-    &PyBaseObject_Type,                         /* tp_base */
-    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
-    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
-    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
-    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
-    0,                                          /* tp_init */
-    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
-    bytes_new,                                  /* tp_new */
-    PyObject_Del,                               /* tp_free */
-};
-
-void
-PyBytes_Concat(PyObject **pv, PyObject *w)
-{
-    assert(pv != NULL);
-    if (*pv == NULL)
-        return;
-    if (w == NULL) {
-        Py_CLEAR(*pv);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (Py_REFCNT(*pv) == 1 && PyBytes_CheckExact(*pv)) {
-        /* Only one reference, so we can resize in place */
-        Py_ssize_t oldsize;
-        Py_buffer wb;
-
-        wb.len = -1;
-        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(w, &wb, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
-            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "can't concat %.100s to %.100s",
-                         Py_TYPE(w)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(*pv)->tp_name);
-            Py_CLEAR(*pv);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        oldsize = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(*pv);
-        if (oldsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - wb.len) {
-            PyErr_NoMemory();
-            goto error;
-        }
-        if (_PyBytes_Resize(pv, oldsize + wb.len) < 0)
-            goto error;
-
-        memcpy(PyBytes_AS_STRING(*pv) + oldsize, wb.buf, wb.len);
-        PyBuffer_Release(&wb);
-        return;
-
-      error:
-        PyBuffer_Release(&wb);
-        Py_CLEAR(*pv);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    else {
-        /* Multiple references, need to create new object */
-        PyObject *v;
-        v = bytes_concat(*pv, w);
-        Py_SETREF(*pv, v);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-PyBytes_ConcatAndDel(PyObject **pv, PyObject *w)
-{
-    PyBytes_Concat(pv, w);
-    Py_XDECREF(w);
-}
-
-
-/* The following function breaks the notion that bytes are immutable:
-   it changes the size of a bytes object.  We get away with this only if there
-   is only one module referencing the object.  You can also think of it
-   as creating a new bytes object and destroying the old one, only
-   more efficiently.  In any case, don't use this if the bytes object may
-   already be known to some other part of the code...
-   Note that if there's not enough memory to resize the bytes object, the
-   original bytes object at *pv is deallocated, *pv is set to NULL, an "out of
-   memory" exception is set, and -1 is returned.  Else (on success) 0 is
-   returned, and the value in *pv may or may not be the same as on input.
-   As always, an extra byte is allocated for a trailing \0 byte (newsize
-   does *not* include that), and a trailing \0 byte is stored.
-*/
-
-int
-_PyBytes_Resize(PyObject **pv, Py_ssize_t newsize)
-{
-    PyObject *v;
-    PyBytesObject *sv;
-    v = *pv;
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(v) || newsize < 0) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    if (Py_SIZE(v) == newsize) {
-        /* return early if newsize equals to v->ob_size */
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (Py_REFCNT(v) != 1) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-    /* XXX UNREF/NEWREF interface should be more symmetrical */
-    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
-    _Py_ForgetReference(v);
-    *pv = (PyObject *)
-        PyObject_REALLOC(v, PyBytesObject_SIZE + newsize);
-    if (*pv == NULL) {
-        PyObject_Del(v);
-        PyErr_NoMemory();
-        return -1;
-    }
-    _Py_NewReference(*pv);
-    sv = (PyBytesObject *) *pv;
-    Py_SIZE(sv) = newsize;
-    sv->ob_sval[newsize] = '\0';
-    sv->ob_shash = -1;          /* invalidate cached hash value */
-    return 0;
-error:
-    *pv = 0;
-    Py_DECREF(v);
-    PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-    return -1;
-}
-
-void
-PyBytes_Fini(void)
-{
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < UCHAR_MAX + 1; i++)
-        Py_CLEAR(characters[i]);
-    Py_CLEAR(nullstring);
-}
-
-/*********************** Bytes Iterator ****************************/
-
-typedef struct {
-    PyObject_HEAD
-    Py_ssize_t it_index;
-    PyBytesObject *it_seq; /* Set to NULL when iterator is exhausted */
-} striterobject;
-
-static void
-striter_dealloc(striterobject *it)
-{
-    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(it);
-    Py_XDECREF(it->it_seq);
-    PyObject_GC_Del(it);
-}
-
-static int
-striter_traverse(striterobject *it, visitproc visit, void *arg)
-{
-    Py_VISIT(it->it_seq);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_next(striterobject *it)
-{
-    PyBytesObject *seq;
-    PyObject *item;
-
-    assert(it != NULL);
-    seq = it->it_seq;
-    if (seq == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    assert(PyBytes_Check(seq));
-
-    if (it->it_index < PyBytes_GET_SIZE(seq)) {
-        item = PyLong_FromLong(
-            (unsigned char)seq->ob_sval[it->it_index]);
-        if (item != NULL)
-            ++it->it_index;
-        return item;
-    }
-
-    it->it_seq = NULL;
-    Py_DECREF(seq);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_len(striterobject *it)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t len = 0;
-    if (it->it_seq)
-        len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq) - it->it_index;
-    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc,
-             "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).");
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_reduce(striterobject *it)
-{
-    if (it->it_seq != NULL) {
-        return Py_BuildValue("N(O)n", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"),
-                             it->it_seq, it->it_index);
-    } else {
-        return Py_BuildValue("N(())", _PyObject_GetBuiltin("iter"));
-    }
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(reduce_doc, "Return state information for pickling.");
-
-static PyObject *
-striter_setstate(striterobject *it, PyObject *state)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t index = PyLong_AsSsize_t(state);
-    if (index == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
-        return NULL;
-    if (it->it_seq != NULL) {
-        if (index < 0)
-            index = 0;
-        else if (index > PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq))
-            index = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(it->it_seq); /* iterator exhausted */
-        it->it_index = index;
-    }
-    Py_RETURN_NONE;
-}
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(setstate_doc, "Set state information for unpickling.");
-
-static PyMethodDef striter_methods[] = {
-    {"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)striter_len, METH_NOARGS,
-     length_hint_doc},
-    {"__reduce__",      (PyCFunction)striter_reduce, METH_NOARGS,
-     reduce_doc},
-    {"__setstate__",    (PyCFunction)striter_setstate, METH_O,
-     setstate_doc},
-    {NULL,              NULL}           /* sentinel */
-};
-
-PyTypeObject PyBytesIter_Type = {
-    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
-    "bytes_iterator",                           /* tp_name */
-    sizeof(striterobject),                      /* tp_basicsize */
-    0,                                          /* tp_itemsize */
-    /* methods */
-    (destructor)striter_dealloc,                /* tp_dealloc */
-    0,                                          /* tp_print */
-    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
-    0,                                          /* tp_repr */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_number */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
-    0,                                          /* tp_hash */
-    0,                                          /* tp_call */
-    0,                                          /* tp_str */
-    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
-    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
-    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,/* tp_flags */
-    0,                                          /* tp_doc */
-    (traverseproc)striter_traverse,     /* tp_traverse */
-    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
-    0,                                          /* tp_richcompare */
-    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
-    PyObject_SelfIter,                          /* tp_iter */
-    (iternextfunc)striter_next,                 /* tp_iternext */
-    striter_methods,                            /* tp_methods */
-    0,
-};
-
-static PyObject *
-bytes_iter(PyObject *seq)
-{
-    striterobject *it;
-
-    if (!PyBytes_Check(seq)) {
-        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    it = PyObject_GC_New(striterobject, &PyBytesIter_Type);
-    if (it == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-    it->it_index = 0;
-    Py_INCREF(seq);
-    it->it_seq = (PyBytesObject *)seq;
-    _PyObject_GC_TRACK(it);
-    return (PyObject *)it;
-}
-
-
-/* _PyBytesWriter API */
-
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
-   /* On Windows, overallocate by 50% is the best factor */
-#  define OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR 2
-#else
-   /* On Linux, overallocate by 25% is the best factor */
-#  define OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR 4
-#endif
-
-void
-_PyBytesWriter_Init(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
-{
-    /* Set all attributes before small_buffer to 0 */
-    memset(writer, 0, offsetof(_PyBytesWriter, small_buffer));
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-    memset(writer->small_buffer, 0xCB, sizeof(writer->small_buffer));
-#endif
-}
-
-void
-_PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
-{
-    Py_CLEAR(writer->buffer);
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(char*)
-_PyBytesWriter_AsString(_PyBytesWriter *writer)
-{
-    if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
-        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
-        return writer->small_buffer;
-    }
-    else if (writer->use_bytearray) {
-        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
-        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
-        return PyBytes_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
-    }
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(Py_ssize_t)
-_PyBytesWriter_GetSize(_PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
-{
-    char *start = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer);
-    assert(str != NULL);
-    assert(str >= start);
-    assert(str - start <= writer->allocated);
-    return str - start;
-}
-
-Py_LOCAL_INLINE(void)
-_PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(_PyBytesWriter *writer, char *str)
-{
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-    char *start, *end;
-
-    if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
-        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
-    }
-    else {
-        assert(writer->buffer != NULL);
-        if (writer->use_bytearray)
-            assert(PyByteArray_CheckExact(writer->buffer));
-        else
-            assert(PyBytes_CheckExact(writer->buffer));
-        assert(Py_REFCNT(writer->buffer) == 1);
-    }
-
-    if (writer->use_bytearray) {
-        /* bytearray has its own overallocation algorithm,
-           writer overallocation must be disabled */
-        assert(!writer->overallocate);
-    }
-
-    assert(0 <= writer->allocated);
-    assert(0 <= writer->min_size && writer->min_size <= writer->allocated);
-    /* the last byte must always be null */
-    start = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer);
-    assert(start[writer->allocated] == 0);
-
-    end = start + writer->allocated;
-    assert(str != NULL);
-    assert(start <= str && str <= end);
-#endif
-}
-
-void*
-_PyBytesWriter_Resize(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t allocated, pos;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
-    assert(writer->allocated < size);
-
-    allocated = size;
-    if (writer->overallocate
-        && allocated <= (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - allocated / OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR)) {
-        /* overallocate to limit the number of realloc() */
-        allocated += allocated / OVERALLOCATE_FACTOR;
-    }
-
-    pos = _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(writer, str);
-    if (!writer->use_small_buffer) {
-        if (writer->use_bytearray) {
-            if (PyByteArray_Resize(writer->buffer, allocated))
-                goto error;
-            /* writer->allocated can be smaller than writer->buffer->ob_alloc,
-               but we cannot use ob_alloc because bytes may need to be moved
-               to use the whole buffer. bytearray uses an internal optimization
-               to avoid moving or copying bytes when bytes are removed at the
-               beginning (ex: del bytearray[:1]). */
-        }
-        else {
-            if (_PyBytes_Resize(&writer->buffer, allocated))
-                goto error;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        /* convert from stack buffer to bytes object buffer */
-        assert(writer->buffer == NULL);
-
-        if (writer->use_bytearray)
-            writer->buffer = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
-        else
-            writer->buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, allocated);
-        if (writer->buffer == NULL)
-            goto error;
-
-        if (pos != 0) {
-            char *dest;
-            if (writer->use_bytearray)
-                dest = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
-            else
-                dest = PyBytes_AS_STRING(writer->buffer);
-            memcpy(dest,
-                      writer->small_buffer,
-                      pos);
-        }
-
-        writer->use_small_buffer = 0;
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-        memset(writer->small_buffer, 0xDB, sizeof(writer->small_buffer));
-#endif
-    }
-    writer->allocated = allocated;
-
-    str = _PyBytesWriter_AsString(writer) + pos;
-    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
-    return str;
-
-error:
-    _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(writer);
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-void*
-_PyBytesWriter_Prepare(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t new_min_size;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
-    assert(size >= 0);
-
-    if (size == 0) {
-        /* nothing to do */
-        return str;
-    }
-
-    if (writer->min_size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - size) {
-        PyErr_NoMemory();
-        _PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(writer);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    new_min_size = writer->min_size + size;
-
-    if (new_min_size > writer->allocated)
-        str = _PyBytesWriter_Resize(writer, str, new_min_size);
-
-    writer->min_size = new_min_size;
-    return str;
-}
-
-/* Allocate the buffer to write size bytes.
-   Return the pointer to the beginning of buffer data.
-   Raise an exception and return NULL on error. */
-void*
-_PyBytesWriter_Alloc(_PyBytesWriter *writer, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    /* ensure that _PyBytesWriter_Alloc() is only called once */
-    assert(writer->min_size == 0 && writer->buffer == NULL);
-    assert(size >= 0);
-
-    writer->use_small_buffer = 1;
-#ifdef Py_DEBUG
-    writer->allocated = sizeof(writer->small_buffer) - 1;
-    /* In debug mode, don't use the full small buffer because it is less
-       efficient than bytes and bytearray objects to detect buffer underflow
-       and buffer overflow. Use 10 bytes of the small buffer to test also
-       code using the smaller buffer in debug mode.
-
-       Don't modify the _PyBytesWriter structure (use a shorter small buffer)
-       in debug mode to also be able to detect stack overflow when running
-       tests in debug mode. The _PyBytesWriter is large (more than 512 bytes),
-       if Py_EnterRecursiveCall() is not used in deep C callback, we may hit a
-       stack overflow. */
-    writer->allocated = Py_MIN(writer->allocated, 10);
-    /* _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency() requires the last byte to be 0,
-       to detect buffer overflow */
-    writer->small_buffer[writer->allocated] = 0;
-#else
-    writer->allocated = sizeof(writer->small_buffer);
-#endif
-    return _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, writer->small_buffer, size);
-}
-
-PyObject *
-_PyBytesWriter_Finish(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *str)
-{
-    Py_ssize_t size;
-    PyObject *result;
-
-    _PyBytesWriter_CheckConsistency(writer, str);
-
-    size = _PyBytesWriter_GetSize(writer, str);
-    if (size == 0 && !writer->use_bytearray) {
-        Py_CLEAR(writer->buffer);
-        /* Get the empty byte string singleton */
-        result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
-    }
-    else if (writer->use_small_buffer) {
-        if (writer->use_bytearray) {
-            result = PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(writer->small_buffer, size);
-        }
-        else {
-            result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(writer->small_buffer, size);
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        result = writer->buffer;
-        writer->buffer = NULL;
-
-        if (size != writer->allocated) {
-            if (writer->use_bytearray) {
-                if (PyByteArray_Resize(result, size)) {
-                    Py_DECREF(result);
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-            }
-            else {
-                if (_PyBytes_Resize(&result, size)) {
-                    assert(result == NULL);
-                    return NULL;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-void*
-_PyBytesWriter_WriteBytes(_PyBytesWriter *writer, void *ptr,
-                          const void *bytes, Py_ssize_t size)
-{
-    char *str = (char *)ptr;
-
-    str = _PyBytesWriter_Prepare(writer, str, size);
-    if (str == NULL)
-        return NULL;
-
-    memcpy(str, bytes, size);
-    str += size;
-
-    return str;
-}



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