CheapSkate wrote: > then what does > s[-1:] do? >>> s = '' >>> s [-1] Traceback (innermost last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? IndexError: string index out of range >>> s [-1:] '' s [-1] returns a single element, s [-1:] returns a sequence. But in the current Python definition (implementation?), single characters are strings of length 1. Daniel