Ned Batchelder has researched this one quite a bit, see: see: http://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201206/eval_really_is_dangerous.html http://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201302/looking_for_python_3_builtins.html http://nedbatchelder.com/blog/201302/finding_python_3_builtins.html Laura