[Tutor] I can't understand where python class methods come from

[voger]

I have a really hard time understanding where methods are defined in 
python classes. My first contact with programming was with C++ and Java
and even if I was messing with them in a very amateurish level, I could 
find where each class was defined and what methods were defined inside 
them. Everything was clear and comprehensive. With python everything 
looks like magic. Methods and properties appearing out of nowhere and 
somehow easing the task at hand. I am not complaining for their 
existence but I really can't understand how and what is defined so I can 
use it.

Enough ranting and let me give an example of what I mean.

Let's have a look at the pygeocoder library located here:
http://code.xster.net/pygeocoder/src/8888c863f907f8a706545fa9b27959595f45f8c5/pygeolib.py?at=default

and a short tutorial on usage by someone unrelated to the author located 
here: 
http://www.pixelite.co.nz/article/validate-and-clean-user-submitted-address-data-pygeocoder?&ei=518KU5mcFeim4ASG34Fo?&usg=AFQjCNFgMx8s7wPP6R6CyLLoSAE-Ohh51Q?&sig2=afBUF9yuxbZYB9fcfK9Lmw?&bvm=bv.61725948,d.bGE

The tutorial basicaly says in code that once we obtain the data we can do:

print "address.valid_address: ", address.valid_address
print "address.street_number: ", address.street_number
print "address.route: ", address.route
print "address.sublocality: ", address.sublocality
print "address.locality: ", address.locality
print "address.administrative_area_level_1: ", 
address.administrative_area_level_1
print "address.country: ", address.country
print "address.postal_code: ", address.postal_code
print "address.coordinates: ", address.coordinates
print "address.formatted_address: ", address.formatted_address

Some properties I can see them defined but some others like sublocality 
or administrative_area_level_1 I don't see them defined anywhere. Also 
in the comments in the source code the author says

#You can also choose a different property to display for each lookup #type.
#    Example:
#        result.country__short_name

but I can't understand where that __short_name comes from

I hope I didn't bore you with this long text but this is really 
confusing for me and I hope someone can help me understand these things.