Mailman 3 November 2021 - Typing-sig

Any way to express that a dict is expected to have a key(s) but don't care about other keys?
by Brett Cannon 23 Dec '22

23 Dec '22

Looking at TypedDict it seems that it does not like the idea of superfluous keys existing in a dict. In my case I have a REST call returning JSON for an error and all I'm guaranteed is to get an "error" key. But there may be extra keys that provide more details about the specific error. Unfortunately I don't know the exhaustive list of keys so I can't use a TypedDict with `totality == False` to try to be complete. I can't think of any way to somehow say "require/expect this one key, but other keys are OK". Am I missing anything that would let me do this?

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Re: Typing Meetup
by S Pradeep Kumar 16 Nov '22

16 Nov '22

Updating the Typing Meetup date to Wednesday as there were some conflicts. Let me know if there are any major time conflicts. Date: *Wednesday, November 03, 2021.*Time: 10 am San Francisco time (UTC-7) / 5 pm London time (UTC) Duration: 1 hour Potential discussion topics: + Typing **kwargs using a TypedDict (Franek Magiera?, Pradeep) [1] + Remaining questions about Callable syntax (Steven) + Non-required Protocol fields (Sebastian Rittau?) [2] + Type support for sealed classes (Adrian Freund?) [3] + Safe, typed JSON validation + Type system documentation (Shannon?) If you're working on these or any other topics and would like to start a discussion at the meetup, reach out to me. If you have interesting topics you'd like to see discussed, share them too. Once we have topics, we can always start a discussion even if there's no proposer yet. We will probably have time for 3-4 topics in this session. On Fri, Oct 15, 2021 at 12:55 PM S Pradeep Kumar <gohanpra(a)gmail.com> wrote: >>> >>>> Hello all, >>>> >>>> We plan to hold a virtual Typing Meetup to discuss key typing-related >>>> issues in real-time. The idea is that we can make progress on important or >>>> controversial discussions, get early feedback on in-progress PEPs, and >>>> gauge interest in new proposals. >>>> >>>> A virtual meetup will be more accessible to people in other timezones >>>> than Bay Area in-person meetups. It should also help consolidate >>>> discussions that are often spread out across mailing lists or Github repos. >>>> The tentative plan is to have a monthly meetup, but we can change that as >>>> needed. >>>> >>>> Date: Monday, November 01, 2021. >>>> Time: 10 am San Francisco time (UTC-7) / 5 pm London time (UTC) >>>> Duration: 1 hour >>>> >>>> Time and date are flexible. I'll share the zoom link and agenda the >>>> week before. I'll also record the meetup and share afterwards. >>>> >>>> If you're interested in presenting a new proposal or your work on some >>>> existing proposal, please respond here. We can shoot for 15 minutes per >>>> presentation. I know there are quite a few interesting threads on >>>> typing-sig that haven't seen much activity in a while :) >>>> -- >>>> S Pradeep Kumar >>>> _______________________________________________ >>>> Typing-sig mailing list -- typing-sig(a)python.org >>>> To unsubscribe send an email to typing-sig-leave(a)python.org >>>> https://mail.python.org/mailman3/lists/typing-sig.python.org/ >>>> Member address: guido(a)python.org >>> >>> Links: [1] Typing **kwargs using TypedDict: https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/thread/IUCXT2IQ… [2] Non-required Protocol fields: https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/thread/P6FCGRJU… [3] Sealed classes: https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/thread/QSCT2N4R… -- S Pradeep Kumar

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Explicit Type Aliases
by Shannon Zhu 17 Aug '22

17 Aug '22

Hi everyone, I’d like to continue the discussion from our last typing summit on explicit type aliases. A quick summary of the current state and the proposal -- Current state: ``` from typing import List x = List[int] # considered a type alias y : Type[List[int]] = List[int] # considered an expression z : Any # considered a type alias z : x = [] # fine z : y = [] # invalid type error ``` Proposal (with explicit aliases): ``` from typing import List, TypeAlias x = TypeAlias[List[int]] # considered a type alias y = List[int] # considered an expression z : Any # considered an expression z = TypeAlias[Any] # considered a type alias reveal_type(x) # Type[List[int]] reveal_type(y) # Any (return type of __getitem__) z : x = [] # fine z : y = [] # invalid type error ``` Some of the benefits we’re hoping to gain from explicit type aliases: * Clearly distinguish between an unannotated global assignment and a type alias, especially when parsing forward-referencing string annotations. * Avoid the confusing case of type aliases in which some part of the type is invalid or undefined. This would facilitate warnings on invalid types at the alias definition rather than later on when the alias is used. * Make valid and invalid types more intuitive to Python programmers by shifting from delineation of non-aliases with a meta annotation toward delineation of aliases with `TypeAlias`. * Remove special treatment of values annotated as `Any`, which currently break all type aliasing rules. This will also allow us to clean up some of the distinctions we maintain between unannotated values and explicit Anys. Note: We also considered denoting the alias as an annotation (e.g. `x: TypeAlias = int`) as an alternative to the syntax above. I’m interested to hear your thoughts and suggestions on making type aliasing explicit going forward – we’d like to start implementing a version of this in Pyre soon! Shannon

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PEP 655: Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing
by David Foster 23 Feb '22

23 Feb '22

The new syntax Required[...] and NotRequired[...] for marking individual keys of a TypedDict has now been formally proposed as a draft PEP. Please see the latest text at the bottom of this email, or online at: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0655/ Comments welcome. :) Meanwhile I'll proceed to implement this syntax in mypy. -- David Foster | Seattle, WA, USA Contributor to TypedDict support for mypy >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PEP: 655 Title: Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing Author: David Foster <david at dafoster.net> Sponsor: Guido van Rossum <guido at python.org> Discussions-To: typing-sig at python.org Status: Draft Type: Standards Track Content-Type: text/x-rst Requires: 604 Created: 30-Jan-2021 Python-Version: 3.10 Post-History: 31-Jan-2021, 11-Feb-2021, 20-Feb-2021, 26-Feb-2021 Abstract ======== `PEP 589 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0589/>`__ defines syntax for declaring a TypedDict with all required keys and syntax for defining a TypedDict with `all potentially-missing keys <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0589/#totality>`__ however it does not provide any syntax to declare some keys as required and others as potentially-missing. This PEP introduces two new syntaxes: ``Required[...]`` which can be used on individual items of a TypedDict to mark them as required, and ``NotRequired[...]`` which can be used on individual items to mark them as potentially-missing. Motivation ========== It is not uncommon to want to define a TypedDict with some keys that are required and others that are potentially-missing. Currently the only way to define such a TypedDict is to declare one TypedDict with one value for ``total`` and then inherit it from another TypedDict with a different value for ``total``: :: class _MovieBase(TypedDict): # implicitly total=True title: str class Movie(_MovieBase, total=False): year: int Having to declare two different TypedDict types for this purpose is cumbersome. Rationale ========= One might think it unusual to propose syntax that prioritizes marking *required* keys rather than syntax for *potentially-missing* keys, as is customary in other languages like TypeScript: :: interface Movie { title: string; year?: number; // ? marks potentially-missing keys } The difficulty is that the best word for marking a potentially-missing key, ``Optional[...]``, is already used in Python for a completely different purpose: marking values that could be either of a particular type or ``None``. In particular the following does not work: :: class Movie(TypedDict): ... year: Optional[int] # means int|None, not potentially-missing! Attempting to use any synonym of “optional” to mark potentially-missing keys (like ``Missing[...]``) would be too similar to ``Optional[...]`` and be easy to confuse with it. Thus it was decided to focus on positive-form phrasing for required keys instead, which is straightforward to spell as ``Required[...]``. Nevertheless it is common for folks wanting to extend a regular (``total=True``) TypedDict to only want to add a small number of potentially-missing keys, which necessitates a way to mark keys that are *not* required and potentially-missing, and so we also allow the ``NotRequired[...]`` form for that case. Specification ============= The ``typing.Required`` type qualifier is used to indicate that a variable declared in a TypedDict definition is a required key: :: class Movie(TypedDict, total=False): title: Required[str] year: int Additionally the ``typing.NotRequired`` type qualifier is used to indicate that a variable declared in a TypedDict definition is a potentially-missing key: :: class Movie(TypedDict): # implicitly total=True title: str year: NotRequired[int] It is an error to use ``Required[...]`` or ``NotRequired[...]`` in any location that is not an item of a TypedDict. It is valid to use ``Required[...]`` and ``NotRequired[...]`` even for items where it is redundant, to enable additional explicitness if desired: :: class Movie(TypedDict): title: Required[str] # redundant year: NotRequired[int] Backwards Compatibility ======================= No backward incompatible changes are made by this PEP. How to Teach This ================= To define a TypedDict where most keys are required and some are potentially-missing, define a single TypedDict as normal and mark those few keys that are potentially-missing with ``NotRequired[...]``. To define a TypedDict where most keys are potentially-missing and a few are required, define a ``total=False`` TypedDict and mark those few keys that are required with ``Required[...]``. If some items accept ``None`` in addition to a regular value, it is recommended that the ``TYPE|None`` syntax be preferred over ``Optional[TYPE]`` for marking such item values, to avoid using ``Required[...]`` or ``NotRequired[...]`` alongside ``Optional[...]`` within the same TypedDict definition: Yes: :: from __future__ import annotations # for Python 3.7-3.9 class Dog(TypedDict): name: str owner: NotRequired[str|None] Avoid (unless Python 3.5-3.6): :: class Dog(TypedDict): name: str # ick; avoid using both Optional and NotRequired owner: NotRequired[Optional[str]] Reference Implementation ======================== The goal is to be able to make the following statement: The `mypy <http://www.mypy-lang.org/>`__ type checker supports ``Required`` and ``NotRequired``. A reference implementation of the runtime component is provided in the `typing_extensions <https://github.com/python/typing/tree/master/typing_extensions>`__ module. The mypy implementation is currently still being worked on. Rejected Ideas ============== Special syntax around the *key* of a TypedDict item --------------------------------------------------- :: class MyThing(TypedDict): opt1?: str # may not exist, but if exists, value is string opt2: Optional[str] # always exists, but may have null value or: :: class MyThing(TypedDict): Optional[opt1]: str # may not exist, but if exists, value is string opt2: Optional[str] # always exists, but may have null value These syntaxes would require Python grammar changes and it is not believed that marking TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing would meet the high bar required to make such grammar changes. Also, “let’s just not put funny syntax before the colon.” [1]_ Marking required or potentially-missing keys with an operator ------------------------------------------------------------- We could use unary ``+`` as shorthand to mark a required key, unary ``-`` to mark a potentially-missing key, or unary ``~`` to mark a key with opposite-of-normal totality: :: class MyThing(TypedDict, total=False): req1: +int # + means a required key, or Required[...] opt1: str req2: +float class MyThing(TypedDict): req1: int opt1: -str # - means a potentially-missing key, or NotRequired[...] req2: float class MyThing(TypedDict): req1: int opt1: ~str # ~ means a opposite-of-normal-totality key req2: float Such operators could be implemented on ``type`` via the ``__pos__``, ``__neg__`` and ``__invert__`` special methods without modifying the grammar. It was decided that it would be prudent to introduce longform syntax (i.e. ``Required[...]`` and ``NotRequired[...]``) before introducing any shortform syntax. Future PEPs may reconsider introducing this or other shortform syntax options. Marking absence of a value with a special constant -------------------------------------------------- We could introduce a new type-level constant which signals the absence of a value when used as a union member, similar to JavaScript’s ``undefined`` type, perhaps called ``Missing``: :: class MyThing(TypedDict): req1: int opt1: str|Missing req2: float Such a ``Missing`` constant could also be used for other scenarios such as the type of a variable which is only conditionally defined: :: class MyClass: attr: int|Missing def __init__(self, set_attr: bool) -> None: if set_attr: self.attr = 10 :: def foo(set_attr: bool) -> None: if set_attr: attr = 10 reveal_type(attr) # int|Missing Misalignment with how unions apply to values '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' However this use of ``...|Missing``, equivalent to ``Union[..., Missing]``, doesn’t align well with what a union normally means: ``Union[...]`` always describes the type of a *value* that is present. By contrast missingness or non-totality is a property of a *variable* instead. Current precedent for marking properties of a variable include ``Final[...]`` and ``ClassVar[...]``, which the proposal for ``Required[...]`` is aligned with. Misalignment with how unions are subdivided ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Furthermore the use of ``Union[..., Missing]`` doesn’t align with the usual ways that union values are broken down: Normally you can eliminate components of a union type using ``isinstance`` checks: :: class Packet: data: Union[str, bytes] def send_data(packet: Packet) -> None: if isinstance(packet.data, str): reveal_type(packet.data) # str packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8') else: reveal_type(packet.data) # bytes packet_bytes = packet.data socket.send(packet_bytes) However if we were to allow ``Union[..., Missing]`` you’d either have to eliminate the ``Missing`` case with ``hasattr`` for object attributes: :: class Packet: data: Union[str, Missing] def send_data(packet: Packet) -> None: if hasattr(packet, 'data'): reveal_type(packet.data) # str packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8') else: reveal_type(packet.data) # Missing? error? packet_bytes = b'' socket.send(packet_bytes) or a check against ``locals()`` for local variables: :: def send_data(packet_data: Optional[str]) -> None: packet_bytes: Union[str, Missing] if packet_data is not None: packet_bytes = packet.data.encode('utf-8') if 'packet_bytes' in locals(): reveal_type(packet_bytes) # bytes socket.send(packet_bytes) else: reveal_type(packet_bytes) # Missing? error? or a check via other means, such as against ``globals()`` for global variables: :: warning: Union[str, Missing] import sys if sys.version_info < (3, 6): warning = 'Your version of Python is unsupported!' if 'warning' in globals(): reveal_type(warning) # str print(warning) else: reveal_type(warning) # Missing? error? Weird and inconsistent. ``Missing`` is not really a value at all; it’s an absence of definition and such an absence should be treated specially. Difficult to implement '''''''''''''''''''''' Eric Traut from the Pyright type checker team has stated that implementing a ``Union[..., Missing]``-style syntax would be difficult. [2]_ Introduces a second null-like value into Python ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Defining a new ``Missing`` type-level constant would be very close to introducing a new ``Missing`` value-level constant at runtime, creating a second null-like runtime value in addition to ``None``. Having two different null-like constants in Python (``None`` and ``Missing``) would be confusing. Many newcomers to JavaScript already have difficulty distinguishing between its analogous constants ``null`` and ``undefined``. Replace Optional with Nullable. Repurpose Optional to mean “optional item”. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ``Optional[...]`` is too ubiquitous to deprecate. Although use of it *may* fade over time in favor of the ``T|None`` syntax specified by `PEP 604 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/>`__. Change Optional to mean “optional item” in certain contexts instead of “nullable” --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Consider the use of a special flag on a TypedDict definition to alter the interpretation of ``Optional`` inside the TypedDict to mean “optional item” rather than its usual meaning of “nullable”: :: class MyThing(TypedDict, optional_as_missing=True): req1: int opt1: Optional[str] or: :: class MyThing(TypedDict, optional_as_nullable=False): req1: int opt1: Optional[str] This would add more confusion for users because it would mean that in *some* contexts the meaning of ``Optional[...]`` is different than in other contexts, and it would be easy to overlook the flag. Various synonyms for “potentially-missing item” ----------------------------------------------- - Omittable – too easy to confuse with optional - OptionalItem, OptionalKey – two words; too easy to confuse with optional - MayExist, MissingOk – two words - Droppable – too similar to Rust’s ``Drop``, which means something different - Potential – too vague - Open – sounds like applies to an entire structure rather then to an item - Excludable - Checked References ========== .. [1] https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/message/4I3GPIW… .. [2] https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/message/S2VJSVG… Copyright ========= This document is placed in the public domain or under the CC0-1.0-Universal license, whichever is more permissive. .. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil sentence-end-double-space: t fill-column: 70 coding: utf-8 End: <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

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RFC on Arbitrary Literal Strings PEP
by S Pradeep Kumar 03 Feb '22

03 Feb '22

Hello all, We've drafted a PEP to support arbitrary literal string types [1]. Feedback appreciated! Scala has a very similar concept. See this talk on using Scala's literal string types for "Preventing SQL injection at compile time" [2] Bikeshedding: We're open to any name that seems easy to understand :) -- Best, S Pradeep Kumar Graham Bleaney [1]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fbAbA2MCoAcSO1c8gecmUJYZ-Q0utT3CmaXlQ3I… [2]: https://slideslive.com/38907881/literal-types-what-they-are-good-for (slides 52 to 68) [3]: Previous typing-sig thread: https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/thread/JJWAA5AH…

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Opened and changed typing issues week 2021-W47
by Typing Bot 29 Nov '21

29 Nov '21

The following is an overview of all issues and pull requests in the typing repository on GitHub with the label 'topic: feature' that were opened or updated last week, excluding closed issues. --------------------------------------------------- The following issues and pull requests were opened last week: #955 Upgrade `typing.type_check_only` to be applicable to variables(and maybe import statements) opened by @KotlinIsland https://github.com/python/typing/issues/955 #956 Add a `StubOnlyBase` decorator for types that don't actually extend things, but do in the stubs (like `Generic`) opened by @KotlinIsland https://github.com/python/typing/issues/956 --------------------------------------------------- The following issues and pull requests were updated last week: #922 non-final frozen attributes (was: Improved read-only attributes of Protocol) opened by @ariebovenberg https://github.com/python/typing/issues/922 #930 Request: an AssertingTypeGuard type for TypeGuard-like semantics opened by @sirosen https://github.com/python/typing/issues/930 #953 Overhaul the python typing system to make typing a 'first class citizen' with a dedicated typing syntax, like match patterns opened by @KotlinIsland https://github.com/python/typing/issues/953 --------------------------------------------------- All issues and pull requests with the label 'topic: feature' can be viewed under the following URL: https://github.com/python/typing/issues?q=label%3A%22topic%3A+feature%22

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Next tensor typing meeting: Monday 15th November
by Matthew Rahtz 26 Nov '21

26 Nov '21

Hi all, Our next tensor typing meeting will be next week, *Monday the 15th of November at 10am San Francisco time / 6pm London time*, at http://meet.google.com/fft-dzjq-ksu. The main thing on our agenda will be a *discussion of how to handle dtype promotion in stubs*. That is, how can we handle the fact that a tensor with dtype uint8 + a tensor with dtype int8 = a tensor with dtype int16? I'll do a short presentation with my current understanding of what the options are, then we can discuss the pros and cons of each approach. (Having said that, if anyone else has already worked out a clean solution to this, please let me know!) If anyone has anything else they'd like to talk about, do give me a shout. See you then! Matthew

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PEP 646: Revisiting binding to arbitrary-length types
by Matthew Rahtz 24 Nov '21

24 Nov '21

(Not sure whether typing-sig or the Issues of the GitHub typing repository is the best place for this discussion; posting it here for the time being to make sure it reaches all the right people.) While thinking through the implications of making PEP 646's typing of *args more flexible in https://github.com/python/peps/pull/2125, we realised we might have made a mistake in restricting type variable tuples from being bound to arbitrary-length types. As a refresher, PEP 646 currently disallows (in the 'Type Variable Tuples Must Have Known Length' section) the following: Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts') def foo(x: tuple[*Ts]): ... x: tuple[float, ...] foo(x) # Not allowed, as Ts would be bound to tuple[float, ...] def Tensor(Generic[*Ts]): ... Tensor[*tuple[Any, ...]] # Not allowed, as Ts would be be bound to tuple[Any, ...] From what I remember, we disallowed this mainly for the following two reasons: 1. The natural syntax for making use of it would be e.g. Tensor[Any, ...] - but I wanted to reserve the meaning of this syntax for a later PEP, where we would say that Tensor[Foo, ...] would mean "Foo followed by an arbitrary number of type parameters of arbitrary types", rather than "An arbitrary number of type parameters, all type Foo". 2. There were some complications around how Union would behave (e.g. see this post <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/typing-sig@python.org/message/25INUZ5…> from Eric Traut). We actually now realise we can work around reason 1 by simply making the syntax Tensor[*Tuple[Any, ...]]. And 2 is no longer an issue because we removed support for Union[*Ts] from the PEP for simplicity. Can anyone think of any other reason we shouldn't allow type variable tuples being bound to arbitrary-length types? Eric, we'd be particularly interested to hear your thoughts here. In the post linked above you say "We'd need to make it illegal to use type variables that support arbitrary lengths with an unpack operator or `Expand` because the result would be undefined." - can you remember what you meant by that? Thanks! Matthew and Pradeep

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Opened and changed typing issues week 2021-W46
by Typing Bot 22 Nov '21

22 Nov '21

The following is an overview of all issues and pull requests in the typing repository on GitHub with the label 'topic: feature' that were opened or updated last week, excluding closed issues. --------------------------------------------------- The following issues and pull requests were opened last week: #953 Overhaul the python typing system to make typing a 'first class citizen' with a dedicated typing syntax, like match patterns opened by @KotlinIsland https://github.com/python/typing/issues/953 --------------------------------------------------- The following issues and pull requests were updated last week: #548 Higher-Kinded TypeVars opened by @tek https://github.com/python/typing/issues/548 #769 [feature] Get the type from a variable opened by @wlf100220 https://github.com/python/typing/issues/769 #802 Wrapper/Proxy Generic Type opened by @hatal175 https://github.com/python/typing/issues/802 #922 Improved read-only attributes of Protocol opened by @ariebovenberg https://github.com/python/typing/issues/922 #930 Request: an AssertingTypeGuard type for TypeGuard-like semantics opened by @sirosen https://github.com/python/typing/issues/930 --------------------------------------------------- All issues and pull requests with the label 'topic: feature' can be viewed under the following URL: https://github.com/python/typing/issues?q=label%3A%22topic%3A+feature%22

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PEP 613 and type aliases in nested scope
by Shantanu Jain 20 Nov '21

20 Nov '21

Hello everybody :-) Linking https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/#scope-restrictions PEP 613 appears to disallow explicit type aliases in nested scopes: > With explicit aliases, [...] the inner assignment can either be a valid local variable or a clear error [...] It also maybe seem to not allow for the possibility of type aliases in nested scope at all: > [...] because type aliases cannot be defined inside a nested scope If this was the intention of the PEP, this restriction feels unnecessary to me. Type aliases in nested scope are a valid use case. mypy previously never considered assignments in nested scopes to be type aliases, and we've had multiple issues concerning this. Eric mentioned that as a result of this wording, Pyright errors for explicit type aliases in nested scope, but allows implicit type aliases. I propose we loosen the wording in PEP 613. If type checkers don't wish to add support for type aliases in nested scope that seems fine, but I see no reason to prohibit this via PEP. The following code seems very clear to me in its intention (as a result of PEP 613!) and type checkers should be free to follow that intention: ``` import typing T = typing.NewType('T', int) class C: V: typing.TypeAlias = T x: C.V = C.V(5) ``` Conversely, if this proves controversial and we decide we do actually want to prohibit type aliases in nested scopes, we should probably amend PEP 484 to mention this. Thanks to Nipunn for bringing this up!

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Typing-sig November 2021