Mailman 3 January 2016 - Python-Dev

PEP 448 review
by Guido van Rossum March 29, 2023

March 29, 2023

I'm back, I've re-read the PEP, and I've re-read the long thread with "(no subject)". I think Georg Brandl nailed it: """ *I like the "sequence and dict flattening" part of the PEP, mostly because itis consistent and should be easy to understand, but the comprehension syntaxenhancements seem to be bad for readability and "comprehending" what the codedoes.The call syntax part is a mixed bag on the one hand it is nice to be consistent with the extended possibilities in literals (flattening), but on the other hand there would be small but annoying inconsistencies anyways (e.g. the duplicate kwarg case above).* """ Greg Ewing followed up explaining that the inconsistency between dict flattening and call syntax is inherent in the pre-existing different rules for dicts vs. keyword args: {'a':1, 'a':2} results in {'a':2}, while f(a=1, a=2) is an error. (This form is a SyntaxError; the dynamic case f(a=1, **{'a': 1}) is a TypeError.) For me, allowing f(*a, *b) and f(**d, **e) and all the other combinations for function calls proposed by the PEP is an easy +1 -- it's a straightforward extension of the existing pattern, and anybody who knows what f(x, *a) does will understand f(x, *a, y, *b). Guessing what f(**d, **e) means shouldn't be hard either. Understanding the edge case for duplicate keys with f(**d, **e) is a little harder, but the error messages are pretty clear, and it is not a new edge case. The sequence and dict flattening syntax proposals are also clean and logical -- we already have *-unpacking on the receiving side, so allowing *x in tuple expressions reads pretty naturally (and the similarity with *a in argument lists certainly helps). From here, having [a, *x, b, *y] is also natural, and then the extension to other displays is natural: {a, *x, b, *y} and {a:1, **d, b:2, **e}. This, too, gets a +1 from me. So that leaves comprehensions. IIRC, during the development of the patch we realized that f(*x for x in xs) is sufficiently ambiguous that we decided to disallow it -- note that f(x for x in xs) is already somewhat of a special case because an argument can only be a "bare" generator expression if it is the only argument. The same reasoning doesn't apply (in that form) to list, set and dict comprehensions -- while f(x for x in xs) is identical in meaning to f((x for x in xs)), [x for x in xs] is NOT the same as [(x for x in xs)] (that's a list of one element, and the element is a generator expression). The basic premise of this part of the proposal is that if you have a few iterables, the new proposal (without comprehensions) lets you create a list or generator expression that iterates over all of them, essentially flattening them: >>> xs = [1, 2, 3] >>> ys = ['abc', 'def'] >>> zs = [99] >>> [*xs, *ys, *zs] [1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def', 99] >>> But now suppose you have a list of iterables: >>> xss = [[1, 2, 3], ['abc', 'def'], [99]] >>> [*xss[0], *xss[1], *xss[2]] [1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def', 99] >>> Wouldn't it be nice if you could write the latter using a comprehension? >>> xss = [[1, 2, 3], ['abc', 'def'], [99]] >>> [*xs for xs in xss] [1, 2, 3, 'abc', 'def', 99] >>> This is somewhat seductive, and the following is even nicer: the *xs position may be an expression, e.g.: >>> xss = [[1, 2, 3], ['abc', 'def'], [99]] >>> [*xs[:2] for xs in xss] [1, 2, 'abc', 'def', 99] >>> On the other hand, I had to explore the possibilities here by experimenting in the interpreter, and I discovered some odd edge cases (e.g. you can parenthesize the starred expression, but that seems a syntactic accident). All in all I am personally +0 on the comprehension part of the PEP, and I like that it provides a way to "flatten" a sequence of sequences, but I think very few people in the thread have supported this part. Therefore I would like to ask Neil to update the PEP and the patch to take out the comprehension part, so that the two "easy wins" can make it into Python 3.5 (basically, I am accepting two-thirds of the PEP :-). There is some time yet until alpha 2. I would also like code reviewers (Benjamin?) to start reviewing the patch <http://bugs.python.org/issue2292>, taking into account that the comprehension part needs to be removed. -- --Guido van Rossum (python.org/~guido)

7 17

PEP 1, PEP Purpose and Guidelines
by barry＠zope.com May 18, 2021

May 18, 2021

It has been a while since I posted a copy of PEP 1 to the mailing lists and newsgroups. I've recently done some updating of a few sections, so in the interest of gaining wider community participation in the Python development process, I'm posting the latest revision of PEP 1 here. A version of the PEP is always available on-line at http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0001.html Enjoy, -Barry -------------------- snip snip -------------------- PEP: 1 Title: PEP Purpose and Guidelines Version: $Revision: 1.36 $ Last-Modified: $Date: 2002/07/29 18:34:59 $ Author: Barry A. Warsaw, Jeremy Hylton Status: Active Type: Informational Created: 13-Jun-2000 Post-History: 21-Mar-2001, 29-Jul-2002 What is a PEP? PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python. The PEP should provide a concise technical specification of the feature and a rationale for the feature. We intend PEPs to be the primary mechanisms for proposing new features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions. Because the PEPs are maintained as plain text files under CVS control, their revision history is the historical record of the feature proposal[1]. Kinds of PEPs There are two kinds of PEPs. A standards track PEP describes a new feature or implementation for Python. An informational PEP describes a Python design issue, or provides general guidelines or information to the Python community, but does not propose a new feature. Informational PEPs do not necessarily represent a Python community consensus or recommendation, so users and implementors are free to ignore informational PEPs or follow their advice. PEP Work Flow The PEP editor, Barry Warsaw <peps(a)python.org>, assigns numbers for each PEP and changes its status. The PEP process begins with a new idea for Python. It is highly recommended that a single PEP contain a single key proposal or new idea. The more focussed the PEP, the more successfully it tends to be. The PEP editor reserves the right to reject PEP proposals if they appear too unfocussed or too broad. If in doubt, split your PEP into several well-focussed ones. Each PEP must have a champion -- someone who writes the PEP using the style and format described below, shepherds the discussions in the appropriate forums, and attempts to build community consensus around the idea. The PEP champion (a.k.a. Author) should first attempt to ascertain whether the idea is PEP-able. Small enhancements or patches often don't need a PEP and can be injected into the Python development work flow with a patch submission to the SourceForge patch manager[2] or feature request tracker[3]. The PEP champion then emails the PEP editor <peps(a)python.org> with a proposed title and a rough, but fleshed out, draft of the PEP. This draft must be written in PEP style as described below. If the PEP editor approves, he will assign the PEP a number, label it as standards track or informational, give it status 'draft', and create and check-in the initial draft of the PEP. The PEP editor will not unreasonably deny a PEP. Reasons for denying PEP status include duplication of effort, being technically unsound, not providing proper motivation or addressing backwards compatibility, or not in keeping with the Python philosophy. The BDFL (Benevolent Dictator for Life, Guido van Rossum) can be consulted during the approval phase, and is the final arbitrator of the draft's PEP-ability. If a pre-PEP is rejected, the author may elect to take the pre-PEP to the comp.lang.python newsgroup (a.k.a. python-list(a)python.org mailing list) to help flesh it out, gain feedback and consensus from the community at large, and improve the PEP for re-submission. The author of the PEP is then responsible for posting the PEP to the community forums, and marshaling community support for it. As updates are necessary, the PEP author can check in new versions if they have CVS commit permissions, or can email new PEP versions to the PEP editor for committing. Standards track PEPs consists of two parts, a design document and a reference implementation. The PEP should be reviewed and accepted before a reference implementation is begun, unless a reference implementation will aid people in studying the PEP. Standards Track PEPs must include an implementation - in the form of code, patch, or URL to same - before it can be considered Final. PEP authors are responsible for collecting community feedback on a PEP before submitting it for review. A PEP that has not been discussed on python-list(a)python.org and/or python-dev(a)python.org will not be accepted. However, wherever possible, long open-ended discussions on public mailing lists should be avoided. Strategies to keep the discussions efficient include, setting up a separate SIG mailing list for the topic, having the PEP author accept private comments in the early design phases, etc. PEP authors should use their discretion here. Once the authors have completed a PEP, they must inform the PEP editor that it is ready for review. PEPs are reviewed by the BDFL and his chosen consultants, who may accept or reject a PEP or send it back to the author(s) for revision. Once a PEP has been accepted, the reference implementation must be completed. When the reference implementation is complete and accepted by the BDFL, the status will be changed to `Final.' A PEP can also be assigned status `Deferred.' The PEP author or editor can assign the PEP this status when no progress is being made on the PEP. Once a PEP is deferred, the PEP editor can re-assign it to draft status. A PEP can also be `Rejected'. Perhaps after all is said and done it was not a good idea. It is still important to have a record of this fact. PEPs can also be replaced by a different PEP, rendering the original obsolete. This is intended for Informational PEPs, where version 2 of an API can replace version 1. PEP work flow is as follows: Draft -> Accepted -> Final -> Replaced ^ +----> Rejected v Deferred Some informational PEPs may also have a status of `Active' if they are never meant to be completed. E.g. PEP 1. What belongs in a successful PEP? Each PEP should have the following parts: 1. Preamble -- RFC822 style headers containing meta-data about the PEP, including the PEP number, a short descriptive title (limited to a maximum of 44 characters), the names, and optionally the contact info for each author, etc. 2. Abstract -- a short (~200 word) description of the technical issue being addressed. 3. Copyright/public domain -- Each PEP must either be explicitly labelled as placed in the public domain (see this PEP as an example) or licensed under the Open Publication License[4]. 4. Specification -- The technical specification should describe the syntax and semantics of any new language feature. The specification should be detailed enough to allow competing, interoperable implementations for any of the current Python platforms (CPython, JPython, Python .NET). 5. Motivation -- The motivation is critical for PEPs that want to change the Python language. It should clearly explain why the existing language specification is inadequate to address the problem that the PEP solves. PEP submissions without sufficient motivation may be rejected outright. 6. Rationale -- The rationale fleshes out the specification by describing what motivated the design and why particular design decisions were made. It should describe alternate designs that were considered and related work, e.g. how the feature is supported in other languages. The rationale should provide evidence of consensus within the community and discuss important objections or concerns raised during discussion. 7. Backwards Compatibility -- All PEPs that introduce backwards incompatibilities must include a section describing these incompatibilities and their severity. The PEP must explain how the author proposes to deal with these incompatibilities. PEP submissions without a sufficient backwards compatibility treatise may be rejected outright. 8. Reference Implementation -- The reference implementation must be completed before any PEP is given status 'Final,' but it need not be completed before the PEP is accepted. It is better to finish the specification and rationale first and reach consensus on it before writing code. The final implementation must include test code and documentation appropriate for either the Python language reference or the standard library reference. PEP Template PEPs are written in plain ASCII text, and should adhere to a rigid style. There is a Python script that parses this style and converts the plain text PEP to HTML for viewing on the web[5]. PEP 9 contains a boilerplate[7] template you can use to get started writing your PEP. Each PEP must begin with an RFC822 style header preamble. The headers must appear in the following order. Headers marked with `*' are optional and are described below. All other headers are required. PEP: <pep number> Title: <pep title> Version: <cvs version string> Last-Modified: <cvs date string> Author: <list of authors' real names and optionally, email addrs> * Discussions-To: <email address> Status: <Draft | Active | Accepted | Deferred | Final | Replaced> Type: <Informational | Standards Track> * Requires: <pep numbers> Created: <date created on, in dd-mmm-yyyy format> * Python-Version: <version number> Post-History: <dates of postings to python-list and python-dev> * Replaces: <pep number> * Replaced-By: <pep number> The Author: header lists the names and optionally, the email addresses of all the authors/owners of the PEP. The format of the author entry should be address(a)dom.ain (Random J. User) if the email address is included, and just Random J. User if the address is not given. If there are multiple authors, each should be on a separate line following RFC 822 continuation line conventions. Note that personal email addresses in PEPs will be obscured as a defense against spam harvesters. Standards track PEPs must have a Python-Version: header which indicates the version of Python that the feature will be released with. Informational PEPs do not need a Python-Version: header. While a PEP is in private discussions (usually during the initial Draft phase), a Discussions-To: header will indicate the mailing list or URL where the PEP is being discussed. No Discussions-To: header is necessary if the PEP is being discussed privately with the author, or on the python-list or python-dev email mailing lists. Note that email addresses in the Discussions-To: header will not be obscured. Created: records the date that the PEP was assigned a number, while Post-History: is used to record the dates of when new versions of the PEP are posted to python-list and/or python-dev. Both headers should be in dd-mmm-yyyy format, e.g. 14-Aug-2001. PEPs may have a Requires: header, indicating the PEP numbers that this PEP depends on. PEPs may also have a Replaced-By: header indicating that a PEP has been rendered obsolete by a later document; the value is the number of the PEP that replaces the current document. The newer PEP must have a Replaces: header containing the number of the PEP that it rendered obsolete. PEP Formatting Requirements PEP headings must begin in column zero and the initial letter of each word must be capitalized as in book titles. Acronyms should be in all capitals. The body of each section must be indented 4 spaces. Code samples inside body sections should be indented a further 4 spaces, and other indentation can be used as required to make the text readable. You must use two blank lines between the last line of a section's body and the next section heading. You must adhere to the Emacs convention of adding two spaces at the end of every sentence. You should fill your paragraphs to column 70, but under no circumstances should your lines extend past column 79. If your code samples spill over column 79, you should rewrite them. Tab characters must never appear in the document at all. A PEP should include the standard Emacs stanza included by example at the bottom of this PEP. A PEP must contain a Copyright section, and it is strongly recommended to put the PEP in the public domain. When referencing an external web page in the body of a PEP, you should include the title of the page in the text, with a footnote reference to the URL. Do not include the URL in the body text of the PEP. E.g. Refer to the Python Language web site [1] for more details. ... [1] http://www.python.org When referring to another PEP, include the PEP number in the body text, such as "PEP 1". The title may optionally appear. Add a footnote reference that includes the PEP's title and author. It may optionally include the explicit URL on a separate line, but only in the References section. Note that the pep2html.py script will calculate URLs automatically, e.g.: ... Refer to PEP 1 [7] for more information about PEP style ... References [7] PEP 1, PEP Purpose and Guidelines, Warsaw, Hylton http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0001.html If you decide to provide an explicit URL for a PEP, please use this as the URL template: http://www.python.org/peps/pep-xxxx.html PEP numbers in URLs must be padded with zeros from the left, so as to be exactly 4 characters wide, however PEP numbers in text are never padded. Reporting PEP Bugs, or Submitting PEP Updates How you report a bug, or submit a PEP update depends on several factors, such as the maturity of the PEP, the preferences of the PEP author, and the nature of your comments. For the early draft stages of the PEP, it's probably best to send your comments and changes directly to the PEP author. For more mature, or finished PEPs you may want to submit corrections to the SourceForge bug manager[6] or better yet, the SourceForge patch manager[2] so that your changes don't get lost. If the PEP author is a SF developer, assign the bug/patch to him, otherwise assign it to the PEP editor. When in doubt about where to send your changes, please check first with the PEP author and/or PEP editor. PEP authors who are also SF committers, can update the PEPs themselves by using "cvs commit" to commit their changes. Remember to also push the formatted PEP text out to the web by doing the following: % python pep2html.py -i NUM where NUM is the number of the PEP you want to push out. See % python pep2html.py --help for details. Transferring PEP Ownership It occasionally becomes necessary to transfer ownership of PEPs to a new champion. In general, we'd like to retain the original author as a co-author of the transferred PEP, but that's really up to the original author. A good reason to transfer ownership is because the original author no longer has the time or interest in updating it or following through with the PEP process, or has fallen off the face of the 'net (i.e. is unreachable or not responding to email). A bad reason to transfer ownership is because you don't agree with the direction of the PEP. We try to build consensus around a PEP, but if that's not possible, you can always submit a competing PEP. If you are interested assuming ownership of a PEP, send a message asking to take over, addressed to both the original author and the PEP editor <peps(a)python.org>. If the original author doesn't respond to email in a timely manner, the PEP editor will make a unilateral decision (it's not like such decisions can be reversed. :). References and Footnotes [1] This historical record is available by the normal CVS commands for retrieving older revisions. For those without direct access to the CVS tree, you can browse the current and past PEP revisions via the SourceForge web site at http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/python/nondist/peps/?cvsroot=… [2] http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=5470&atid=305470 [3] http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=355470&group_id=5470&func=browse [4] http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/ [5] The script referred to here is pep2html.py, which lives in the same directory in the CVS tree as the PEPs themselves. Try "pep2html.py --help" for details. The URL for viewing PEPs on the web is http://www.python.org/peps/ [6] http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=5470&atid=305470 [7] PEP 9, Sample PEP Template http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0009.html Copyright This document has been placed in the public domain. Local Variables: mode: indented-text indent-tabs-mode: nil sentence-end-double-space: t fill-column: 70 End:

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congrats on 3.5! Alas, windows 7 users are having problems installing it
by Laura Creighton Sept. 15, 2019

Sept. 15, 2019

webmaster has already heard from 4 people who cannot install it. I sent them to the bug tracker or to python-list but they seem not to have gone either place. Is there some guide I should be sending them to, 'how to debug installation problems'? Laura

5 6

Speeding up CPython 5-10%
by Yury Selivanov May 17, 2016

May 17, 2016

Hi, tl;dr The summary is that I have a patch that improves CPython performance up to 5-10% on macro benchmarks. Benchmarks results on Macbook Pro/Mac OS X, desktop CPU/Linux, server CPU/Linux are available at [1]. There are no slowdowns that I could reproduce consistently. There are twodifferent optimizations that yield this speedup: LOAD_METHOD/CALL_METHOD opcodes and per-opcode cache in ceval loop. LOAD_METHOD & CALL_METHOD ------------------------- We had a lot of conversations with Victor about his PEP 509, and he sent me a link to his amazing compilation of notes about CPython performance [2]. One optimization that he pointed out to me was LOAD/CALL_METHOD opcodes, an idea first originated in PyPy. There is a patch that implements this optimization, it's tracked here: [3]. There are some low level details that I explained in the issue, but I'll go over the high level design in this email as well. Every time you access a method attribute on an object, a BoundMethod object is created. It is a fairly expensive operation, despite a freelist of BoundMethods (so that memory allocation is generally avoided). The idea is to detect what looks like a method call in the compiler, and emit a pair of specialized bytecodes for that. So instead of LOAD_GLOBAL/LOAD_ATTR/CALL_FUNCTION we will have LOAD_GLOBAL/LOAD_METHOD/CALL_METHOD. LOAD_METHOD looks at the object on top of the stack, and checks if the name resolves to a method or to a regular attribute. If it's a method, then we push the unbound method object and the object to the stack. If it's an attribute, we push the resolved attribute and NULL. When CALL_METHOD looks at the stack it knows how to call the unbound method properly (pushing the object as a first arg), or how to call a regular callable. This idea does make CPython faster around 2-4%. And it surely doesn't make it slower. I think it's a safe bet to at least implement this optimization in CPython 3.6. So far, the patch only optimizes positional-only method calls. It's possible to optimize all kind of calls, but this will necessitate 3 more opcodes (explained in the issue). We'll need to do some careful benchmarking to see if it's really needed. Per-opcode cache in ceval ------------------------- While reading PEP 509, I was thinking about how we can use dict->ma_version in ceval to speed up globals lookups. One of the key assumptions (and this is what makes JITs possible) is that real-life programs don't modify globals and rebind builtins (often), and that most code paths operate on objects of the same type. In CPython, all pure Python functions have code objects. When you call a function, ceval executes its code object in a frame. Frames contain contextual information, including pointers to the globals and builtins dict. The key observation here is that almost all code objects always have same pointers to the globals (the module they were defined in) and to the builtins. And it's not a good programming practice to mutate globals or rebind builtins. Let's look at this function: def spam(): print(ham) Here are its opcodes: 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (print) 3 LOAD_GLOBAL 1 (ham) 6 CALL_FUNCTION 1 (1 positional, 0 keyword pair) 9 POP_TOP 10 LOAD_CONST 0 (None) 13 RETURN_VALUE The opcodes we want to optimize are LAOD_GLOBAL, 0 and 3. Let's look at the first one, that loads the 'print' function from builtins. The opcode knows the following bits of information: - its offset (0), - its argument (0 -> 'print'), - its type (LOAD_GLOBAL). And these bits of information will *never* change. So if this opcode could resolve the 'print' name (from globals or builtins, likely the latter) and save the pointer to it somewhere, along with globals->ma_version and builtins->ma_version, it could, on its second call, just load this cached info back, check that the globals and builtins dict haven't changed and push the cached ref to the stack. That would save it from doing two dict lookups. We can also optimize LOAD_METHOD. There are high chances, that 'obj' in 'obj.method()' will be of the same type every time we execute the code object. So if we'd have an opcodes cache, LOAD_METHOD could then cache a pointer to the resolved unbound method, a pointer to obj.__class__, and tp_version_tag of obj.__class__. Then it would only need to check if the cached object type is the same (and that it wasn't modified) and that obj.__dict__ doesn't override 'method'. Long story short, this caching really speeds up method calls on types implemented in C. list.append becomes very fast, because list doesn't have a __dict__, so the check is very cheap (with cache). A straightforward way to implement such a cache is simple, but consumes a lot of memory, that would be just wasted, since we only need such a cache for LOAD_GLOBAL and LOAD_METHOD opcodes. So we have to be creative about the cache design. Here's what I came up with: 1. We add a few fields to the code object. 2. ceval will count how many times each code object is executed. 3. When the code object is executed over ~900 times, we mark it as "hot". We also create an 'unsigned char' array "MAPPING", with length set to match the length of the code object. So we have a 1-to-1 mapping between opcodes and MAPPING array. 4. Next ~100 calls, while the code object is "hot", LOAD_GLOBAL and LOAD_METHOD do "MAPPING[opcode_offset()]++". 5. After 1024 calls to the code object, ceval loop will iterate through the MAPPING, counting all opcodes that were executed more than 50 times. 6. We then create an array of cache structs "CACHE" (here's a link to the updated code.h file: [6]). We update MAPPING to be a mapping between opcode position and position in the CACHE. The code object is now "optimized". 7. When the code object is "optimized", LOAD_METHOD and LOAD_GLOBAL use the CACHE array for fast path. 8. When there is a cache miss, i.e. the builtins/global/obj.__dict__ were mutated, the opcode marks its entry in 'CACHE' as deoptimized, and it will never try to use the cache again. Here's a link to the issue tracker with the first version of the patch: [5]. I'm working on the patch in a github repo here: [4]. Summary ------- There are many things about this algorithm that we can improve/tweak. Perhaps we should profile code objects longer, or account for time they were executed. Maybe we shouldn't deoptimize opcodes on their first cache miss. Maybe we can come up with better data structures. We also need to profile the memory and see how much more this cache will require. One thing I'm certain about, is that we can get a 5-10% speedup of CPython with relatively low memory impact. And I think it's worth exploring that! If you're interested in these kind of optimizations, please help with code reviews, ideas, profiling and benchmarks. The latter is especially important, I'd never imagine how hard it is to come up with a good macro benchmark. I also want to thank my company MagicStack (magic.io) for sponsoring this work. Thanks, Yury [1] https://gist.github.com/1st1/aed69d63a2ff4de4c7be [2] http://faster-cpython.readthedocs.org/index.html [3] http://bugs.python.org/issue26110 [4] https://github.com/1st1/cpython/tree/opcache2 [5] http://bugs.python.org/issue26219 [6] https://github.com/python/cpython/compare/master...1st1:opcache2?expand=1#d…

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PEP 506 secrets module
by Steven D'Aprano April 15, 2016

April 15, 2016

Hi, As extensively discussed on Python-Ideas, the secrets module and PEP 506 is (I hope) ready for pronouncement. https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0506/ There is code and tests here: https://bitbucket.org/sdaprano/secrets or you can run hg clone https://sdaprano@bitbucket.org/sdaprano/secrets The code is written for and tested on Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.1 - 3.4. -- Steve

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More optimisation ideas
by Steve Dower Feb. 6, 2016

Feb. 6, 2016

Since we're all talking about making Python faster, I thought I'd drop some previous ideas I've had here in case (1) someone wants to actually do them, and (2) they really are new ideas that haven't failed in the past. Mostly I was thinking about startup time. Here are the list of modules imported on clean startup on my Windows, US-English machine (from -v and cleaned up a bit): import _frozen_importlib import _imp import sys import '_warnings' import '_thread' import '_weakref' import '_frozen_importlib_external' import '_io' import 'marshal' import 'nt' import '_thread' import '_weakref' import 'winreg' import 'zipimport' import '_codecs' import 'codecs' import 'encodings.aliases' import 'encodings' import 'encodings.mbcs' import '_signal' import 'encodings.utf_8' import 'encodings.latin_1' import '_weakrefset' import 'abc' import 'io' import 'encodings.cp437' import 'errno' import '_stat' import 'stat' import 'genericpath' import 'ntpath' import '_collections_abc' import 'os' import '_sitebuiltins' import 'sysconfig' import '_locale' import '_bootlocale' import 'encodings.cp1252' import 'site' Obviously the easiest first thing is to remove or delay unnecessary imports. But a while ago I used a native profiler to trace through this and the most impactful modules were the encodings: import 'encodings.mbcs' import 'encodings.utf_8' import 'encodings.latin_1' import 'encodings.cp437' import 'encodings.cp1252' While I don't doubt that we need all of these for *some* reason, aliases, cp437 and cp1252 are relatively expensive modules to import. Mostly due to having large static dictionaries or data structures generated on startup. Given this is static and mostly read-only information[1], I see no reason why we couldn't either generate completely static versions of them, or better yet compile the resulting data structures into the core binary. ([1]: If being able to write to some of the encoding data is used by some people, I vote for breaking that for 3.6 and making it read-only.) This is probably the code snippet that bothered me the most: ### Encoding table encoding_table=codecs.charmap_build(decoding_table) It shows up in many of the encodings modules, and while it is not a bad function in itself, we are obviously generating a known data structure on every startup. Storing these in static data is a tradeoff between disk space and startup performance, and one I think it likely to be worthwhile. Anyway, just an idea if someone wants to try it and see what improvements we can get. I'd love to do it myself, but when it actually comes to finding time I keep coming up short. Cheers, Steve P.S. If you just want to discuss optimisation techniques or benchmarking in general, without specific application to CPython 3.6, there's a whole internet out there. Please don't make me the cause of a pointless centithread. :)

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just a friendly developer
by ty armour Feb. 1, 2016

Feb. 1, 2016

I am looking for tutorials on basically how to write the python language. As well I want to know how to write wrappers for things like alsa and directx and coreaudio and jackd and pulseaudio. I would be looking to write wrappers for coreaudio in mac and coreaudio for windows as well as alsa. i think it would benefit you to have this information. I am looking to aid in development of computers and languages and tutorials on how to write the actual python language would be super useful. but yeah im looking to write applications like guitarix rakarrack blender ardour lmms. I am also going to build my own computers so these tutorials would help a lot. anyhow thanks for your time

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Fun with ancient unsupported platforms
by Larry Hastings Jan. 31, 2016

Jan. 31, 2016

Check out and cd into Python trunk. % grep -Ri win16 * | wc 10 66 625 % grep -Ri nextstep | wc 23 119 1328 % grep -Ri rhapsody * | wc 47 269 3390 % grep -Ri msdos * | wc 56 381 3895 % grep -Ri ms-dos * | wc 20 180 1425 win16! *laughs* *wipes tear from eye* It's currently 2016. Perhaps it's time to remove all vestiges of these unsupported operating systems nobody's cared about since a year that started with a '1'? //arry/ p.s. I suspect some of the uses of "rhapsody" are actually live code used for OS X. So this isn't necessarily dead code, some of it is merely long-out-of-date comments. p.p.s. At least there were no references to "taligent", "copland", or "gershwin"...!

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How to resolve distinguishing between documentation and implementation
by Serhiy Storchaka Jan. 29, 2016

Jan. 29, 2016

How to resolve distinguishing between documentation and implementation if current implementation is incorrect, but third-party code can implicitly depends on it? For example see issue26198. Currently buffer overflow of predefined buffer for "es#" and "et#" format units causes TypeError (with misleading message, but this is other story). The correct and *documented* exception is ValueError. User code can depend on current behavior, because TypeError is what is raised now for this type of errors, and this is what is raised for other types of errors. Unlikely authors of such code read the documentation, otherwise this issue would be reported earlier. On other hand, looks these format units are rarely used with predefined buffer (never in the stdlib since 3.5). I think it is obvious that the code in the development branch should be changed to produce documented and more logical exception. But what about bugfix releases? Changing the documentation would be misleading, changing the code can break existing code (unlikely, but).

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Summary of Python tracker Issues
by Python tracker Jan. 29, 2016

Jan. 29, 2016

ACTIVITY SUMMARY (2016-01-22 - 2016-01-29) Python tracker at http://bugs.python.org/ To view or respond to any of the issues listed below, click on the issue. Do NOT respond to this message. Issues counts and deltas: open 5381 (+27) closed 32615 (+30) total 37996 (+57) Open issues with patches: 2359 Issues opened (39) ================== #26182: Deprecation warnings for the future async and await keywords http://bugs.python.org/issue26182 opened by marco.buttu #26184: raise an error when create_module() is not defined by exec_mod http://bugs.python.org/issue26184 opened by brett.cannon #26185: zipfile.ZipInfo slots can raise unexpected AttributeError http://bugs.python.org/issue26185 opened by Matthew Zipay #26186: LazyLoader rejecting use of SourceFileLoader http://bugs.python.org/issue26186 opened by brett.cannon #26187: sqlite3 trace callback prints duplicate line http://bugs.python.org/issue26187 opened by palaviv #26188: Provide more helpful error message when `await` is called insi http://bugs.python.org/issue26188 opened by Nicholas Chammas #26192: python3 k1om dissociation permanence: libffi http://bugs.python.org/issue26192 opened by mancoast #26193: python3 k1om dissociation permanence: readelf http://bugs.python.org/issue26193 opened by mancoast #26194: Undefined behavior for deque.insert() when len(d) == maxlen http://bugs.python.org/issue26194 opened by rhettinger #26195: Windows frozen .exe multiprocessing.Queue access is denied exc http://bugs.python.org/issue26195 opened by alex_python_org #26198: PyArg_ParseTuple with format "et#" and "es#" detects overflow http://bugs.python.org/issue26198 opened by hniksic #26200: SETREF adds unnecessary work in some cases http://bugs.python.org/issue26200 opened by rhettinger #26204: compiler: ignore constants used as statements? (don't emit LOA http://bugs.python.org/issue26204 opened by haypo #26205: Inconsistency concerning nested scopes http://bugs.python.org/issue26205 opened by Roscoe R. Higgins #26207: distutils msvccompiler fails due to mspdb140.dll error on debu http://bugs.python.org/issue26207 opened by haypo #26208: decimal C module's exceptions don't match the Python version http://bugs.python.org/issue26208 opened by encukou #26209: TypeError in smtpd module with string arguments http://bugs.python.org/issue26209 opened by lorenzo.ancora #26210: `HTMLParser.handle_data` may be invoked although `HTMLParser.r http://bugs.python.org/issue26210 opened by Hibou57 #26212: Python with ncurses6.0 will not load _curses module on Solaris http://bugs.python.org/issue26212 opened by jonesrw #26213: Document BUILD_*_UNPACK opcodes http://bugs.python.org/issue26213 opened by brett.cannon #26214: textwrap should minimize number of breaks in extra long words http://bugs.python.org/issue26214 opened by Tuomas Salo #26215: Make GC_Head a compile-time option http://bugs.python.org/issue26215 opened by yuriy_levchenko #26216: run runtktests.py error when test tkinter http://bugs.python.org/issue26216 opened by allensll #26218: Set PrependPath default to true http://bugs.python.org/issue26218 opened by Wallison Resende Santos #26219: implement per-opcode cache in ceval http://bugs.python.org/issue26219 opened by yselivanov #26221: asynco run_in_executor swallows StopIteration http://bugs.python.org/issue26221 opened by ikelly #26222: Missing code in linux_distribution python 2.7.11 http://bugs.python.org/issue26222 opened by Rasmus Rynning Rasmussen #26223: decimal.to_eng_string() does not implement engineering notatio http://bugs.python.org/issue26223 opened by serge.stroobandt #26224: Add "version added" for documentation of asyncio.timeout for d http://bugs.python.org/issue26224 opened by Udi Oron #26225: New misleading wording in execution model documenation http://bugs.python.org/issue26225 opened by abarnert #26226: Various test suite failures on Windows http://bugs.python.org/issue26226 opened by ebarry #26228: pty.spawn hangs on FreeBSD 9.3, 10.x http://bugs.python.org/issue26228 opened by chris.torek #26229: Make number serialization ES6/V8 compatible http://bugs.python.org/issue26229 opened by anders.rundgren.net(a)gmail.com #26231: HTTPResponse.close() should consume all remaining data in body http://bugs.python.org/issue26231 opened by Jacky #26233: select.epoll.poll() should avoid calling malloc() each time http://bugs.python.org/issue26233 opened by haypo #26234: The typing module includes 're' and 'io' in __all__ http://bugs.python.org/issue26234 opened by gvanrossum #26235: argparse docs: Positional * argument in mutually exclusive gro http://bugs.python.org/issue26235 opened by paul.j3 #26236: urllib2 initiate irregular call to gethostbyaddr http://bugs.python.org/issue26236 opened by juliadolgova #26238: httplib use wrong hostname in https request with SNI support http://bugs.python.org/issue26238 opened by lvhancy Most recent 15 issues with no replies (15) ========================================== #26238: httplib use wrong hostname in https request with SNI support http://bugs.python.org/issue26238 #26236: urllib2 initiate irregular call to gethostbyaddr http://bugs.python.org/issue26236 #26235: argparse docs: Positional * argument in mutually exclusive gro http://bugs.python.org/issue26235 #26224: Add "version added" for documentation of asyncio.timeout for d http://bugs.python.org/issue26224 #26216: run runtktests.py error when test tkinter http://bugs.python.org/issue26216 #26214: textwrap should minimize number of breaks in extra long words http://bugs.python.org/issue26214 #26209: TypeError in smtpd module with string arguments http://bugs.python.org/issue26209 #26200: SETREF adds unnecessary work in some cases http://bugs.python.org/issue26200 #26195: Windows frozen .exe multiprocessing.Queue access is denied exc http://bugs.python.org/issue26195 #26193: python3 k1om dissociation permanence: readelf http://bugs.python.org/issue26193 #26192: python3 k1om dissociation permanence: libffi http://bugs.python.org/issue26192 #26187: sqlite3 trace callback prints duplicate line http://bugs.python.org/issue26187 #26185: zipfile.ZipInfo slots can raise unexpected AttributeError http://bugs.python.org/issue26185 #26184: raise an error when create_module() is not defined by exec_mod http://bugs.python.org/issue26184 #26176: EmailMessage example doesn't work http://bugs.python.org/issue26176 Most recent 15 issues waiting for review (15) ============================================= #26233: select.epoll.poll() should avoid calling malloc() each time http://bugs.python.org/issue26233 #26228: pty.spawn hangs on FreeBSD 9.3, 10.x http://bugs.python.org/issue26228 #26224: Add "version added" for documentation of asyncio.timeout for d http://bugs.python.org/issue26224 #26219: implement per-opcode cache in ceval http://bugs.python.org/issue26219 #26204: compiler: ignore constants used as statements? (don't emit LOA http://bugs.python.org/issue26204 #26198: PyArg_ParseTuple with format "et#" and "es#" detects overflow http://bugs.python.org/issue26198 #26194: Undefined behavior for deque.insert() when len(d) == maxlen http://bugs.python.org/issue26194 #26192: python3 k1om dissociation permanence: libffi http://bugs.python.org/issue26192 #26185: zipfile.ZipInfo slots can raise unexpected AttributeError http://bugs.python.org/issue26185 #26177: tkinter: Canvas().keys returns empty strings. http://bugs.python.org/issue26177 #26175: Fully implement IOBase abstract on SpooledTemporaryFile http://bugs.python.org/issue26175 #26173: test_ssl.bad_cert_test() exception handling http://bugs.python.org/issue26173 #26168: Py_BuildValue may leak 'N' arguments on PyTuple_New failure http://bugs.python.org/issue26168 #26167: Improve copy.copy speed for built-in types (list/set/dict) http://bugs.python.org/issue26167 #26145: PEP 511: Add sys.set_code_transformers() http://bugs.python.org/issue26145 Top 10 most discussed issues (10) ================================= #26194: Undefined behavior for deque.insert() when len(d) == maxlen http://bugs.python.org/issue26194 17 msgs #26207: distutils msvccompiler fails due to mspdb140.dll error on debu http://bugs.python.org/issue26207 12 msgs #26198: PyArg_ParseTuple with format "et#" and "es#" detects overflow http://bugs.python.org/issue26198 11 msgs #26039: More flexibility in zipfile interface http://bugs.python.org/issue26039 7 msgs #26219: implement per-opcode cache in ceval http://bugs.python.org/issue26219 7 msgs #26223: decimal.to_eng_string() does not implement engineering notatio http://bugs.python.org/issue26223 7 msgs #19883: Integer overflow in zipimport.c http://bugs.python.org/issue19883 6 msgs #20598: argparse docs: '7'.split() is confusing magic http://bugs.python.org/issue20598 6 msgs #25314: Documentation: argparse's actions store_{true,false} default t http://bugs.python.org/issue25314 6 msgs #26204: compiler: ignore constants used as statements? (don't emit LOA http://bugs.python.org/issue26204 6 msgs Issues closed (27) ================== #18018: SystemError: Parent module '' not loaded, cannot perform relat http://bugs.python.org/issue18018 closed by brett.cannon #18898: Apply the setobject optimizations to dictionaries http://bugs.python.org/issue18898 closed by rhettinger #19023: ctypes docs: Unimplemented and undocumented features http://bugs.python.org/issue19023 closed by martin.panter #22363: argparse AssertionError with add_mutually_exclusive_group and http://bugs.python.org/issue22363 closed by martin.panter #24705: sysconfig._parse_makefile doesn't expand ${} vars appearing be http://bugs.python.org/issue24705 closed by berker.peksag #25296: Simple End-of-life guide covering all unsupported versions http://bugs.python.org/issue25296 closed by berker.peksag #26034: venv documentation out of date http://bugs.python.org/issue26034 closed by berker.peksag #26146: PEP 511: Add ast.Constant to allow AST optimizer to emit const http://bugs.python.org/issue26146 closed by haypo #26181: argparse can't handle positional argument after list (help mes http://bugs.python.org/issue26181 closed by martin.panter #26183: 2.7.11 won't clean install on Windows 10 x64 http://bugs.python.org/issue26183 closed by Roger Cook #26189: Interpreter returns control to cmd.exe early http://bugs.python.org/issue26189 closed by Ivan.Pozdeev #26190: GC memory leak using weak and cyclic references http://bugs.python.org/issue26190 closed by koehlma #26191: pip on Windows doesn't honor Case http://bugs.python.org/issue26191 closed by SilentGhost #26196: Argparse breaks when a switch is given an argument beginning w http://bugs.python.org/issue26196 closed by eric.smith #26197: arange from numpy function has some limits....I propose a pyth http://bugs.python.org/issue26197 closed by ebarry #26199: fix broken link to hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality http://bugs.python.org/issue26199 closed by berker.peksag #26201: Faster type checking in listobject.c http://bugs.python.org/issue26201 closed by rhettinger #26202: The range() object is deepcopied as atomic http://bugs.python.org/issue26202 closed by serhiy.storchaka #26203: nesting venv in virtualenv segfaults http://bugs.python.org/issue26203 closed by brett.cannon #26206: test_socket.testRecvmsgPeek() timeout on "AMD64 Debian root 3. http://bugs.python.org/issue26206 closed by martin.panter #26211: HTMLParser: “AssertionError: we should not get here!” http://bugs.python.org/issue26211 closed by Hibou57 #26217: Fatal error when importing ``test.test_os`` in debug mode on W http://bugs.python.org/issue26217 closed by ebarry #26220: Unicode HOWTO references a question mark that isn't in snippet http://bugs.python.org/issue26220 closed by martin.panter #26227: Windows: socket.gethostbyaddr(name) fails for non-ASCII hostna http://bugs.python.org/issue26227 closed by haypo #26230: Cookies do not correct if cookiename includes [ or ] http://bugs.python.org/issue26230 closed by tom_lt #26232: Mock(spec=spec) has no effect http://bugs.python.org/issue26232 closed by michael.foord #26237: UnboundLocalError error while handling exception http://bugs.python.org/issue26237 closed by haypo

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